Engineering
‘Posthumans’: To Be
or Not to Be?
Marianna Karamanou,1
Theodore G. Papaioannou,2,*
Dimitrios Soulis,2 and
Dimitrios Tousoulis2
Emerging technological innovations
have transformed some science
fiction ideas into reality,
promising radical changes in
human nature. New philosophical
and intellectual movements such
as ‘transhumanism’ and ‘posthumanism’
try to foretell and even
direct the future of our existence
while dealing with new and complex
ethical, social, political issues
and dilemmas.
Transhumanism aims to use science and technology to enhance human capabilities and overcome biological limitations. It could allow humans to significantly extend their lifespans through interventions like replacing failing organs with artificial ones, combating aging at the cellular level, and transferring one's consciousness to a computer. However, others are more skeptical of such predictions and believe longevity increases will be more modest. The future of transhumanism and its impact on human evolution remains uncertain and raises ethical issues that require philosophical consideration.
This document provides a history of vivisection (experimentation on live animals), from its origins in ancient Greece and Rome up to modern practices. It discusses key figures like Galen who performed vivisections and helped establish the practice. It outlines the development of vivisection through the Renaissance, Classical age with Descartes, and modern era with influential vivisectors like Magendie and Bernard. It also notes criticisms of and alternatives to vivisection.
Michael A. Rappenglück - The human face of science trends, challenges, and de...SC4CS
The document discusses various challenges and strategies for effectively communicating science to the public. It argues that communicating science faces difficulties from political and economic pressures, but can inspire people by making scientific concepts tangible and relatable to human experiences. It also stresses the importance of balancing scientific rigor with accessibility and of involving both professional and amateur scientists in communication efforts.
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This paper articulates new perspectives and integrates existing frameworks on cultural change from the point of view of Twenty-first century anthropology. This paper also identifies the key drivers of cultural change across epochs and investigates the mechanics of cultural change, and our proposed approaches towards cultural change (characterized by Activism which we believe is an adjunct for the globalisation of the field) are intertwined with our core philosophy of Neo-centrism which is intended to be used in a wide variety of domains. The approaches that we adumbrate, bear some resemblance to ‘The Theory of Linguistic Osmosis’ as propounded in an earlier paper, may be referred to as ‘Cultural Osmosis’, and as such are opposed to more simplistic theories of Cultural Change. We refer to this approach as the “Proactive-interactive-symbiotic approach to long-term cultural change”. This eventually leads to what cultural anthropologists refer to Cultural integration in some form with different cultures retaining their own characteristics. The ethics and the pros and cons of activism are also explored, along with their role in ensuring the long-term survivability of civilization, their ability to foster cultural symbiosis, and extirpate other outmoded approaches. This paper also introduces concepts such as Manumittology and Manumittonomics as a part of the Neo-centrist framework, and the ‘Theory of Mindspace’ as well. These approaches are expected to integrate with Applied Anthropology and Developmental Anthropology take them to greater heights.
This document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on the intelligibility of science from an Islamic perspective. It begins with defining key terms like science, sustainability, ecocentrism, and khalifah. It then discusses the two faces of science as both natural philosophy and instrumentality. The role of religion, specifically Islam, in balancing science to ensure sustainability is explored through the Islamic concepts of ecocentrism and khalifah. The presentation concludes with a discussion of how an Islamic worldview can provide an alternative solution to address unsustainability issues.
Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs. Michał Klic...eraser Juan José Calderón
Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs. Michał Klichowski .
We are cyborgs. We are transhumans; transitory people that exist in a luminal
phase2, waiting for a transfer to the posthuman world.3 Our children do not
need education; it is cyborgization that ensures their development. This is the
idea of transhumanistic philosophy, a thoroughly (non-/anti-)pedagogic idea.
Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs. Michal Klich...eraser Juan José Calderón
Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs. Michal Klichowski. Adam Mickiewicz University
We are cyborgs. We are transhumans; transitory people that exist in a luminal
phase2, waiting for a transfer to the posthuman world.3 Our children do not
need education; it is cyborgization that ensures their development. This is the
idea of transhumanistic philosophy, a thoroughly (non-/anti-)pedagogic idea.
In this paper, I will present basic transhumanism ideas and stress the criticism
on education created within this philosophy. This text is neither a systematic
study on transhumanism nor a pedagogical analysis. It is merely an attempt
at showing teachers how education can be deprecated in modern philosophies
that are technologically-oriented.
Transhumanism aims to use science and technology to enhance human capabilities and overcome biological limitations. It could allow humans to significantly extend their lifespans through interventions like replacing failing organs with artificial ones, combating aging at the cellular level, and transferring one's consciousness to a computer. However, others are more skeptical of such predictions and believe longevity increases will be more modest. The future of transhumanism and its impact on human evolution remains uncertain and raises ethical issues that require philosophical consideration.
This document provides a history of vivisection (experimentation on live animals), from its origins in ancient Greece and Rome up to modern practices. It discusses key figures like Galen who performed vivisections and helped establish the practice. It outlines the development of vivisection through the Renaissance, Classical age with Descartes, and modern era with influential vivisectors like Magendie and Bernard. It also notes criticisms of and alternatives to vivisection.
Michael A. Rappenglück - The human face of science trends, challenges, and de...SC4CS
The document discusses various challenges and strategies for effectively communicating science to the public. It argues that communicating science faces difficulties from political and economic pressures, but can inspire people by making scientific concepts tangible and relatable to human experiences. It also stresses the importance of balancing scientific rigor with accessibility and of involving both professional and amateur scientists in communication efforts.
Sujay theories of cultural change final final final final finalSujay Rao Mandavilli
This paper articulates new perspectives and integrates existing frameworks on cultural change from the point of view of Twenty-first century anthropology. This paper also identifies the key drivers of cultural change across epochs and investigates the mechanics of cultural change, and our proposed approaches towards cultural change (characterized by Activism which we believe is an adjunct for the globalisation of the field) are intertwined with our core philosophy of Neo-centrism which is intended to be used in a wide variety of domains. The approaches that we adumbrate, bear some resemblance to ‘The Theory of Linguistic Osmosis’ as propounded in an earlier paper, may be referred to as ‘Cultural Osmosis’, and as such are opposed to more simplistic theories of Cultural Change. We refer to this approach as the “Proactive-interactive-symbiotic approach to long-term cultural change”. This eventually leads to what cultural anthropologists refer to Cultural integration in some form with different cultures retaining their own characteristics. The ethics and the pros and cons of activism are also explored, along with their role in ensuring the long-term survivability of civilization, their ability to foster cultural symbiosis, and extirpate other outmoded approaches. This paper also introduces concepts such as Manumittology and Manumittonomics as a part of the Neo-centrist framework, and the ‘Theory of Mindspace’ as well. These approaches are expected to integrate with Applied Anthropology and Developmental Anthropology take them to greater heights.
This document provides an outline and overview of a presentation on the intelligibility of science from an Islamic perspective. It begins with defining key terms like science, sustainability, ecocentrism, and khalifah. It then discusses the two faces of science as both natural philosophy and instrumentality. The role of religion, specifically Islam, in balancing science to ensure sustainability is explored through the Islamic concepts of ecocentrism and khalifah. The presentation concludes with a discussion of how an Islamic worldview can provide an alternative solution to address unsustainability issues.
Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs. Michał Klic...eraser Juan José Calderón
Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs. Michał Klichowski .
We are cyborgs. We are transhumans; transitory people that exist in a luminal
phase2, waiting for a transfer to the posthuman world.3 Our children do not
need education; it is cyborgization that ensures their development. This is the
idea of transhumanistic philosophy, a thoroughly (non-/anti-)pedagogic idea.
Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs. Michal Klich...eraser Juan José Calderón
Transhumanism and the idea of education in the world of cyborgs. Michal Klichowski. Adam Mickiewicz University
We are cyborgs. We are transhumans; transitory people that exist in a luminal
phase2, waiting for a transfer to the posthuman world.3 Our children do not
need education; it is cyborgization that ensures their development. This is the
idea of transhumanistic philosophy, a thoroughly (non-/anti-)pedagogic idea.
In this paper, I will present basic transhumanism ideas and stress the criticism
on education created within this philosophy. This text is neither a systematic
study on transhumanism nor a pedagogical analysis. It is merely an attempt
at showing teachers how education can be deprecated in modern philosophies
that are technologically-oriented.
THE FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE TO INCREASE THE COGNITIVE, PHYSICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICA...Fernando Alcoforado
This article aims to demonstrate the extreme need to create more biologically evolved human beings with the use of science and technology to make them defy the limits imposed by nature and survive as a species today and in the future. It is necessary to make the formation of super-men and super-women that can be achieved through the use of science and technology (biotechnology, nanotechnology and neurotechnology) to increase the cognitive capacity and overcome the physical and psychological limitations of beings humans. This situation can be achieved through transhumanism, which is a philosophy that aims to eradicate in any way the suffering caused by diseases, aging or even the death of human beings, as well as reaching the maximum potential in terms of human development.
The Modern Renaissance Essay discusses how the Renaissance changed science, philosophy, religion, and art. It influenced people's lifestyles and thoughts through ideas like natural law from Humanists. People started studying ancient Greek and Latin thinkers, believing their ideas provided all one needed for an effective and moral life. This sparked a new intellectual era involving independent thinking. Art also became very popular, like Michelangelo's David statue. The scientific method encouraged discovery and invention, shifting focus from mechanical philosophy to evidence-based study. Many modern technologies have roots in Renaissance ideas.
Brad Allenby gave a lecture on technology and the reconstruction of the world from human to transhuman. Some key points:
1) We live in an "Anthropocene" age dominated by human impacts like cities, technology, and cultural/economic systems that influence the planet. The earth's spectrum now carries our technological signature.
2) Technologies are integrated cultural processes, not just things, that drive wide-ranging social, economic, and environmental changes. The railroad is used as an example of a technology that transformed landscapes, markets, and ideas.
3) Emerging technologies like synthetic biology will further blur the lines between nature and culture, making biodiversity and biological systems increasingly subject to human design choices and
The document discusses the nature and functions of social science disciplines and their relationship with natural sciences. It provides background on how social sciences emerged from the natural philosophy and moral philosophy of the Age of Enlightenment to become an academic discipline focused on human society and relationships. The document outlines key branches of social sciences like anthropology, economics, political science, psychology and sociology. It also discusses how natural sciences and social sciences are interrelated and work together to study humans, environment and society. The major branches of natural sciences are life sciences and physical sciences.
1) The document discusses how technology is transforming humanity and the world in profound ways. As technologies become more powerful, they allow for greater human enhancement and modification.
2) It analyzes how humanity has already significantly altered planetary systems and created an "Anthropocene" period defined by the dominant influence of human activity. Examples given include altering the Earth's radiation spectrum and significantly impacting climate and biodiversity.
3) The development of new technologies like synthetic biology is further blurring the boundaries between human, natural, and engineered systems. This is reconstruction humanity's relationship with nature and other lifeforms.
Environmental Science Introduction to Ecology.pptxRicaDeCastro1
The document provides an overview of environmental science. It discusses four main areas of focus: (1) how ecology emerged as a science based on historical perspectives and key ecological concepts, (2) the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that affect human reproduction, (3) the impact of human activities on the environment and consequences for humans, and (4) assessing science, culture, ethics around information technology. It also defines environmental science as studying interactions between humans and the natural environment. Principles from various fields like biology, chemistry, physics, geography, anthropology, ethics, and political science are important to environmental science as it is interdisciplinary in nature.
In defense of posthuman dignity. Nick Bostrom (2005).Jorge Pacheco
This document summarizes a debate between transhumanists and bioconservatives on the ethics of human enhancement technologies. Transhumanists believe technologies should be available to improve human capacities and extend lifespans, which could result in posthumans. Bioconservatives worry this could undermine human dignity or result in a degraded posthuman state. The document distinguishes two common fears about posthumans - that the posthuman state itself could be degrading, and that posthumans may pose a threat to natural humans. It argues these fears are unfounded and that banning technologies is not the best response to legitimate social concerns about inequity that could arise.
Transhumanism is an intellectual and cultural movement that aims to fundamentally transform the human condition through applied reason, especially by developing and making widely available technologies to greatly enhance human intellectual, physical, and psychological capacities. Key aspects covered in the document include definitions of transhumanism and related terms like transhuman and posthuman; potential benefits of future technologies like indefinite lifespan, increased intelligence and sensory abilities; the history and development of transhumanist ideas; emerging technologies of interest; potential risks and ways transhumanism could fail to achieve its goals; moral concerns related to the movement; and an overview of the Transhumanist Declaration.
This document introduces the concept of the human biofield or energy field that underlies the physical body. Researchers from various disciplines believe that we are quantum beings influenced by quantum fields and forces. The human biofield is a complex network of energies and information that direct cellular function and overall health. Pioneering research is exploring the biofield using concepts from physics, investigating phenomena like biophotons, electromagnetic fields, and quantum effects in tissues. This research may lead to more effective, non-invasive medical therapies based on correcting distortions in a person's biofield through various energy and information-based mechanisms.
The document introduces transhumanism as a philosophy that advocates using technology to enhance human capabilities and ameliorate limitations. It discusses how transhumans would have better lifespans, intellects, bodies, and senses. It then outlines the history of ideas related to human enhancement and provides examples of emerging technologies. It notes potential concerns about inequality and risks but emphasizes transhumanist values like exploring posthuman realms and ensuring wide access.
HOW TO MAKE THE UTOPIA OF ACHIEVING THE IMMORTALITY OF HUMAN BEINGS A REALITY...Faga1939
This article aims to present the progress of what has been done to make the achievement of immortality for human beings a reality and to eliminate the dystopia represented by the inevitability of the death of human beings. There has long been a human obsession with overcoming death. In the contemporary era, people began to believe that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology. The belief that, if it is not possible to overcome death, but that it would be possible to prolong life considerably, it is based on the fact that man's life expectancy increased from 30 years in 1500, 37 years in 1800, 45 years in 1900 , 46.5 years in 1950 and 80 years in 2012. The achievement of a longer existence in the 20th century resulted from the improvement of sanitary conditions in cities and the creation of public health services. Furthermore, science discovered vaccines and antibiotics that made it possible to prevent diseases and control epidemics. The increase in educational and income levels also contributed to improving the quality of life and further extending longevity in the third or – perhaps we could say – fourth age. We are heading towards the difficulty of distinguishing between what is organic and what is machine in the future of the human being. In medicine, the heralds of immortality claim that it is nothing more than a real consequence of an ongoing revolution that is already causing the increase in human life expectancy to skyrocket at unprecedented speed. The replacement of diseased organs with healthy ones is another of the reasons given by scientists to justify the belief in a spectacularly long life. Aging is a biological process that can be perfectly controlled, in the same way that science has already managed to combat many diseases that were previously considered incurable. The idea of altering or increasing the capacity of the human body through technology is as old as humanity itself.
This document provides summaries of various philosophical concepts and movements throughout history. It includes brief explanations of concepts like empiricism, rationalism, positivism, utilitarianism, idealism, pragmatism, existentialism, structural realism, and phenomenology. For each entry it lists one or two prominent thinkers associated with that concept. The document serves as a high-level overview of major topics and figures in the history of philosophy.
This document discusses the ethical issues surrounding the use of living organisms in biomedical research. It begins with a brief history of animal experimentation dating back to ancient Greece. While early experimenters faced few objections, concerns grew in the 19th century as anesthesia became available and domestic pets became more common. The development of utilitarian philosophy also questioned whether animals could experience pain or pleasure. As views on animal sentience changed, defenders of animal research had to provide stronger moral arguments to justify experiments that caused animal suffering. The document examines these historical perspectives to inform current debates around using animals in medical studies.
Science consists of observing the natural world through careful observation and experimentation. While scientific progress influences society, it also regularly challenges ethical values, requiring discussion on adapting new technologies. One area requiring bioethical discussion is biotechnology, as it can affect humans, other species and the environment, with benefits but also risks like gene modification and cloning. There are commonly accepted ethical principles like autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice that can guide choices, but science also requires rules and consideration of impacts on all life and nature's balance.
Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century.desbloqueadoPapa Torres Barrios
This document summarizes the emergence and development of social epidemiology as a field. It discusses:
1) How social epidemiology gained its name in the mid-20th century through works examining relationships between health and factors like residential segregation.
2) The three main theories currently used in social epidemiology - psychosocial theory, social production of disease theory, and ecosocial theory - which seek to explain social inequalities in health.
3) How while theories are key to shaping research and debates, literature explicitly discussing theoretical frameworks in social epidemiology remains limited. There is still room for developing more useful theories for the 21st century.
Scopus is a bibliographic database that covers a wide range of academic disciplines. It was developed by Elsevier, a prominent academic publishing company, and was first launched in 2004. Scopus is designed to provide researchers with access to a vast repository of scholarly literature, including journal articles, conference papers, patents, and more. Unlike some other databases, Scopus places a strong emphasis on citation analysis, making it an invaluable tool for assessing the impact and influence of research publications.
the topic is all about the intellectual revolution and how the earth evolves every century and how the ancient or the philosopher used the technology and science in the past, what is the science.
The document discusses three major intellectual revolutions that transformed society's views of science: the Copernican, Darwinian, and Freudian revolutions. The Copernican Revolution involved Nicolaus Copernicus' proposal of a heliocentric solar system, challenging the geocentric view. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection presented in On the Origin of Species established that all species evolve over generations. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory introduced the importance of the unconscious mind and concepts like the id, ego and superego, establishing psychology as a science. These intellectual revolutions significantly changed perceptions of science and its relationship to society.
The document discusses several key ideas about the nature and social aspects of science:
1) Science has had a huge impact on society but its claims of absolute truth are challenged by thinkers like Popper who see science as fallible and open to criticism through falsification of theories.
2) Sociologists like Merton argue science is guided by social norms like communalism, universalism, and organized skepticism that promote open sharing and testing of knowledge.
3) However, interpretivists see science as socially constructed, with facts produced through dominant paradigms and needing community acceptance of interpretations.
4) Marxists and feminists critique science for serving the interests of dominant social groups like men and capitalists rather than
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias digitales docentes medi...eraser Juan José Calderón
Evaluación de t-MOOC universitario sobre competencias
digitales docentes mediante juicio de expertos
según el Marco DigCompEdu.
Julio Cabero-Almenara
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
cabero@us.es
Julio Barroso--‐Osuna
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
jbarroso@us.es
Antonio Palacios--‐Rodríguez
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
aprodriguez@us.es
Carmen Llorente--‐Cejudo
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
karen@us.es
This document announces a special issue of the journal "Comunicar" on hate speech in communication. It provides details such as the issue date, submission deadline, thematic editors, and scope. The scope describes hate speech and calls for research analyzing hate speech messages, backgrounds, and intervention strategies. The document lists descriptive keywords and questions to guide submitted papers. It introduces the three thematic editors and provides their backgrounds and research interests related to communication, media, and online environments. Submission guidelines and relevant website links are also included.
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2) The three main theories currently used in social epidemiology - psychosocial theory, social production of disease theory, and ecosocial theory - which seek to explain social inequalities in health.
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2) Sociologists like Merton argue science is guided by social norms like communalism, universalism, and organized skepticism that promote open sharing and testing of knowledge.
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Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
karen@us.es
This document announces a special issue of the journal "Comunicar" on hate speech in communication. It provides details such as the issue date, submission deadline, thematic editors, and scope. The scope describes hate speech and calls for research analyzing hate speech messages, backgrounds, and intervention strategies. The document lists descriptive keywords and questions to guide submitted papers. It introduces the three thematic editors and provides their backgrounds and research interests related to communication, media, and online environments. Submission guidelines and relevant website links are also included.
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL LAYING DOWN HARMONIS...eraser Juan José Calderón
Proposal for a
REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
LAYING DOWN HARMONISED RULES ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
(ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ACT) AND AMENDING CERTAIN UNION
LEGISLATIVE ACTS
Predicting Big Data Adoption in Companies With an Explanatory and Predictive ...eraser Juan José Calderón
Predicting Big Data Adoption in Companies With an Explanatory and Predictive Model
Predecir la adopción de Big Data en empresas con un modelo explicativo y predictivo. @currovillarejo @jpcabrera71 @gutiker y @fliebc
Innovar con blockchain en las ciudades: Ideas para lograrlo, casos de uso y a...eraser Juan José Calderón
La jornada analizó casos reales de uso de blockchain y sus posibilidades en Las Rozas a través de varias mesas redondas. Se presentó el proyecto DeConfianza que usa blockchain para dar transparencia a la compra de viviendas. También se discutió el potencial de la identidad digital soberana basada en blockchain y algunas aplicaciones posibles en Las Rozas como la gestión energética. Las Rozas fue elogiado como un espacio para probar innovaciones como blockchain.
Ética y Revolución Digital
Revista Diecisiete nº 4 2021. Investigación Interdisciplinar para los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.
PANORAMA
Ética y Derecho en la Revolución Digital
Txetxu Ausín y Margarita Robles Carrillo
artículoS
¿Cuarta Revolución Industrial? El reto de la digitalización y sus consecuencias ambientales y antropológicas
Joaquín Fernández Mateo
Hacia una ética del ecosistema híbrido del espacio físico y el ciberespacio
Ángel Gómez de Ágreda y Claudio Feijóo
Aprendizaje-Servicio y Agenda 2030 en la formación de ingenieros de la tecnología inteligente
Angeles Manjarrés y Simon Pickin
Tecnología Humanitaria como catalizadora de una nueva arquitectura de Acción Exterior en España: Horizonte 2030
Raquel Esther Jorge Ricart
Revolución digital, tecnooptimismo y educación
Ricardo Riaza
Desafíos éticos en la aplicación de la inteligencia artificial a los sistemas de defensa
Juan A. Moliner González
notas y colaboraciones
Hacerse viral: las actividades artísticas y su respuesta ante los retos que impone la transformación digital
Marta Pérez Ibáñez
Salud digital: una oportunidad y un imperativo ético
Joan Bigorra Llosas y Laura Sampietro-Colom
El futuro digital del sector energético
Beatriz Crisóstomo Merino y María Luz Cruz Aparicio
Innovación y transformación digital en las ONG. La visión de Acción contra el Hambre
Víctor Giménez Sánchez de la Blanca
El impacto de la inteligencia artificial en la Sociedad y su aplicación en el sector financiero
María Asunción Gilsanz Muñoz
La ética en los estudios de ingeniería
Rafael Miñano Rubio y Gonzalo Génova Fuster
An ethical and sustainable future of work
David Pastor-Escuredo, Gianni Giacomelli, Julio Lumbreras y Juan Garbajosa
Los datos en una administración pública digital - Perspectiva Uruguay
María Laura Rodríguez Mendaro
Ciudades y digitalización: construyendo desde la ética
David Pastor-Escuredo, Celia Fernandez-Aller, Jesus Salgado, Leticia Izquierdo y María Ángeles Huerta
#StopBigTechGoverningBigTech . More than 170 Civil Society Groups Worldwide O...eraser Juan José Calderón
#StopBigTechGoverningBigTech: More than 170 Civil Society Groups Worldwide Oppose Plans for a
Big Tech Dominated Body for Global Digital Governance.
Not only in developing countries but also in the US and EU, calls for stronger regulation of Big Tech
are rising. At the precise point when we should be shaping global norms to regulate Big Tech, plans
have emerged for an ‘empowered’ global digital governance body that will evidently be dominated
by Big Tech. Adding vastly to its already overweening power, this new Body would help Big Tech
resist effective regulation, globally and at national levels. Indeed, we face the unbelievable prospect
of ‘a Big Tech led body for Global Governance of Big Tech’.
Este documento presenta un pacto por la ciencia y la innovación en España. Propone aumentar la inversión pública en I+D+I gradualmente hasta alcanzar el 1.25% del PIB en 2030 para alcanzar los niveles de inversión de la UE. También compromete dotar de autonomía a las entidades financiadoras de I+D+I y consolidar una carrera pública estable para los investigadores.
The document announces the expert panel members of the European Blockchain Observatory and Forum. It lists over 100 experts from academia and industry across Europe who will advise on strengthening the European blockchain ecosystem. The experts come from a variety of backgrounds including law, technology, finance, government, and consulting.
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminis...eraser Juan José Calderón
Desigualdades educativas derivadas del COVID-19 desde una perspectiva feminista. Análisis de los discursos de profesionales de la educación madrileña.
Melani Penna Tosso * Mercedes Sánchez SáinzCristina Mateos CasadoUniversidad Complutense de Madrid, España
Objetivos: Especificar las principales dificultades percibidas por las profesoras y los departamentos y equipos de orientación en relación con la atención a las diversidades en la actual situación de pandemia generada por el COVID-19. Exponer las prácticas educativas implementadas por dichas profesionales para disminuir las desigualdades. Visibilizar desigualdades de género que se dan en el ámbito educativo, relacionadas con la situación de pandemia entre el alumnado, el profesorado y las familias, desde una perspectiva feminista. Analizar las propuestas de cambio que proponen estas profesionales de la educación ante posibles repeticiones de situaciones de emergencia similares.
Resultados: Los docentes se han visto sobrecargados por el trabajo en confinamiento, en general el tiempo de trabajo ha tomado las casas, los espacios familiares, el tiempo libre y los fines de semana. Las profesionales entrevistadas se ven obligadas a una conexión permanente, sin limitación horaria y con horarios condicionados por las familias del alumnado. Se distinguen dos períodos bien diferenciados, en que los objetivos pasaron de ser emocionales a académicos. Como problemática general surge la falta de coordinación dentro los centros educativos.
Método: Análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas a través de la metodología de análisis crítico de discurso.
Fuente de datos: Entrevistas
Autores: Melani Penna Tosso, Mercedes Sánchez Sáinz y Cristina Mateos Casado
Año: 2020
Institución: Universidad Complutense de Madrid
País al que refiere el análisis: España
Tipo de publicación: Revista arbitrada
"Experiencias booktuber: Más allá del libro y de la pantalla"
Maria Del Mar Suárez
Cristina Alcaraz Andreu
University of Barcelona
2020, R. Roig-Vila (Coord.), J. M. Antolí Martínez & R. Díez Ros (Eds.), XARXES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Llibre d’actes / REDES-INNOVAESTIC 2020. Libro de actas (pp. 479-480). Alacant: Universitat d'Alacant. ISBN: 978-84-09-20651-3.
Recursos educativos abiertos (REA) en las universidades españolas. Open educational resources (OER) in the Spanish universities. Gema Santos-Hermosa; Eva Estupinyà; Brigit Nonó-Rius; Lidón París-Folch; Jordi Prats-Prat
El modelo flipped classroom: un reto para una enseñanza centrada en el alumnoeraser Juan José Calderón
Este documento presenta el índice del número 391 de la Revista de Educación, correspondiente a enero-marzo de 2021. La revista es un medio de difusión de investigaciones y avances en educación publicado por el Ministerio de Educación de España. El número presentado es monotemático y se centra en el modelo de enseñanza conocido como "flipped classroom". Incluye 7 artículos en la sección monográfica sobre este tema y una sección de investigaciones.
Pensamiento propio e integración transdisciplinaria en la epistémica social. ...eraser Juan José Calderón
This document discusses using one's own thinking as a pedagogical strategy to promote critical thinking, leadership, and humanism in university students. It describes teaching an epistemology course where collaborative dynamics and transdisciplinary integration were used to develop students' cognitive abilities and social construction of knowledge. The strategy began with collaborative practice in the classroom and concluded with students publishing a reflective journal.
Escuela de Robótica de Misiones. Un modelo de educación disruptiva. 2019, Ed21. Fundación Santillana.
Carola Aideé Silvero
María Aurelia Escalada
Colaboradores:
Alejandro Piscitelli
Flavia Morales
Julio Alonso
La Universidad española Frente a la pandemia. Actuaciones de Crue Universidad...eraser Juan José Calderón
Este documento resume el contexto internacional de la pandemia de COVID-19 y sus efectos en la educación superior a nivel mundial. Se cerraron universidades en 185 países, afectando al 90% de los estudiantes. Las instituciones tuvieron que adaptar rápidamente la enseñanza a la modalidad online. Organismos internacionales como la UNESCO y el Banco Mundial publicaron recomendaciones para garantizar la continuidad educativa y mitigar los impactos sociales y económicos a corto y largo plazo. Además, asociaciones
Covid-19 and IoT: Some Perspectives on the Use of IoT Technologies in Prevent...eraser Juan José Calderón
Covid-19 and IoT: Some Perspectives on the Use of
IoT Technologies in Preventing and Monitoring
COVID-19 Like Infectious Diseases & Lessons
Learned and Impact of Pandemic on IoT
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
This presentation gives information on the pharmacology of Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes and Leukotrienes i.e. Eicosanoids. Eicosanoids are signaling molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid. They are involved in complex control over inflammation, immunity, and the central nervous system. Eicosanoids are synthesized through the enzymatic oxidation of fatty acids by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes. They have short half-lives and act locally through autocrine and paracrine signaling.
Fexofenadine is sold under the brand name Allegra.
It is a selective peripheral H1 blocker. It is classified as a second-generation antihistamine because it is less able to pass the blood–brain barrier and causes lesser sedation, as compared to first-generation antihistamines.
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Fexofenadine has been manufactured in generic form since 2011.
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
TEST BANK For Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing, 14th Edition (Hinkle, 2017) Verified Chapter's 1 - 73 Complete.pdf
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
Home
Organization
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
1. Scientific Life
Engineering
‘Posthumans’: To Be
or Not to Be?
Marianna Karamanou,1
Theodore G. Papaioannou,2,
*
Dimitrios Soulis,2
and
Dimitrios Tousoulis2
Emerging technological innova-
tions have transformed some sci-
ence fiction ideas into reality,
promising radical changes in
human nature. New philosophical
and intellectual movements such
as ‘transhumanism’ and ‘posthu-
manism’ try to foretell and even
direct the future of our existence
while dealing with new and com-
plex ethical, social, political issues
and dilemmas.
Technology and Human Evolution
Since antiquity, humans have sought to
invent technologies that enhance or
extend their ability to survive, adjust to
environmental conditions, outperform,
and achieve goals. From the ancient The-
riac, an all-purpose cure for a wide range
of illnesses [1], to modern medical tech-
nologies, the purpose remains the same:
treat or eradicate diseases, improve qual-
ity of living, and prolong the human life
span.
Over the last two decades, emerging
technological innovations in the fields of
biotechnology, information technology,
material science, electronics, nanotech-
nology, and robotics have transformed
some ideas from science fiction into real-
ity. Currently, bioengineered tissues and
artificial organs [2], brain–computer or
brain–machine interaction [3], and gene
editing [4] promise drastic changes in the
human species, while in the near future,
human functions, capacities, and even
fundamental rights will be transmuted into
a radically revised concept of what we
currently know as a ‘human being’.
Philosophical and Intellectual
Perspectives
As a precursor of this new world order,
philosophical theories and intellectual
movements have been born trying to fore-
tell and even direct the future of our exis-
tence while dealing at the same time with
new and complex ethical issues and
dilemmas. Since the huge production of
innovative medical technologies and ser-
vices are often accompanied by
increased costs, bioethical debates seem
to shift from rationing to the avoidance of
waste [5], triggering new social and politi-
cal trends. Two new philosophical and
intellectual movements, ‘transhumanism’
and ‘posthumanism’, may influence
future health policies. Interestingly, these
philosophical theories have already tran-
scended into political and religion move-
ments such as the ‘Transhumanist Party’,
an American political organization, dedi-
cated to putting science, health, and
technology in the forefront of United
States politics (http://www.
transhumanistparty.org), and the ‘Chris-
tian Transhumanist Association’, whose
purpose is described as ‘participating
with God in the redemption, reconcilia-
tion, and renewal of the world’ (http://
www.christiantranshumanism.org).
The term ‘transhumanism’ is historically
associated with the British evolutionary
biologist and philosopher Sir Julian Hux-
ley (1887–1975). In his book New Bottles
for New Wine he stated, ‘The human spe-
cies can, if it wishes, transcend itself . . .
man will remain man, but transcending
himself, by realizing new possibilities of
and for his human nature. I believe in
transhumanism: once there are enough
people who can truly say that, the human
species will be on the threshold of a new
kind of existence, as different from ours as
ours is from that of Peking man. It will at
last be consciously fulfilling its real des-
tiny’ [6]. Transhumanism evolves technol-
ogies that may overcome fundamental
human biological functions boosting
physical, intellectual, and psychological
capabilities and transforming humans to
a different entity defined as ‘transhuman’.
However, transhumanism focuses on
technologies that can enhance normal
human functions rather than create new
ones.
By contrast, posthumanism moves
beyond transhumanism and adopts ‘sci-
ence fiction’ ideas and concepts, accord-
ing to which the ‘posthuman’ will be the
biotechnologically mutated non-human, a
creature which will remain biologically
encased but at the same time separated
from its natural biological origin [7]. Others
describe the posthuman as the techno-
logical successor to the biological human,
namely a cyborg entity, inhabiting data
space and enjoying a computationally
generated consciousness unconstrained
by the physics of materiality and the pres-
sures of mortality (http://ieet.org). Post-
humanism focuses more on the function
of ‘beings’ rather than their appearance.
According to this school of thinking,
humans and machines will be effectively
merged.
Scientific and Social Awareness
on Transhumanism/
Posthumanism
Nevertheless, how much the scientific
community and the public are aware of
these philosophies? The scientific com-
munity (especially biomedical/biological
researchers) publishing their work in jour-
nals indexed by MEDLINE do not discuss
or write frequently about transhumanism/
posthumanism, as indicated by the
extremely small number of papers
(<100) published from 2003 until today
that include these terms. By contrast,
scientists who published their papers in
journals indexed by Scopus (which covers
a broader scientific field including philos-
ophy, history, theology, ethics, etc.) are
more frequently concerned about these
theories but still in a limited extent (up to
1000 publications so far). Notably, the
number of publications discussing
Trends in Biotechnology, August 2017, Vol. 35, No. 8 677
2. transhumanism and posthumanism has
increased during the last five years.
Social networks such as Twitter may pro-
vide information about public awareness
or interest on specific topics by mining
and analyzing data from posts that
include key terms of interest. Twitter is
a social media and microblogging site that
has rapidly grown in popularity, with more
than 320 million monthly active users who
generate more than 340 million tweets
daily; it also offers a great opportunity
for public health campaigns [8]. Using a
custom-made data mining computational
tool, we sought to find out how often
Twitter users discuss about these terms
(‘transhumanism’ OR ‘trans-humanism’
OR ‘posthumanism’ OR ‘post-human-
ism’). During a randomly selected period
of 1 month (May 2016) Twitter users men-
tioned these keywords in their posts 6179
times; which at a first glance seems to be
non-negligible.
Concluding Viewpoints
Decades ago, several ‘science fiction’
writers described imaginary technologies
some of which became reality, proving
the writers to be either prophets or
inspired scientists. One example is the
Luke Skywalker’s artificial arm in the Star
Wars film The Empire Strikes Back, which
inspired the ‘LUKE’ (Life Under Kinetic
Evolution), the successor of a Food and
Drug Administration-approved, DEKA
neuro-controlled arm. ‘LUKE’ can trans-
late electrical signals from electromyo-
gram electrodes, enabling users to
perform complex actions. Many more
examples exist, and more are to come.
Another similar case of science fiction that
turned into reality is the development and
use of ‘exoskeletons’. Several writers and
movies makers have described construc-
tions that can be used as wearable tech-
nologies to empower the functions of the
human body and provide supernatural
abilities transforming humans into super-
heroes. A powerful ‘body’ with mechani-
cal muscles appeared in science fiction in
middle 1860s in the dime novel The
Steam Man of the Prairies by Edward
Sylvester Ellis (1840–1916). The book
depicted a giant humanoid-shaped
steam engine invented by the ingenious
Johnny Brainerd, moving at speeds of 60
mi/h (96.5 km/h) chasing buffaloes and
terrorized Indians (Figure 1A). The ‘Iron-
Man’, appearing in the early 1960s in
Marvel Comics, is another classic exam-
ple. Today several types of exoskeletons
have been developed for medical, mili-
tary, or labor-working purposes
(Figure 1B,C).
Control of the human mind or technologi-
cal interfering with human memory or
thinking has been a main theme for sev-
eral science fiction movies. Mind control is
commonly perceived as ‘conspiracy the-
ory’ or ‘X-Files’ fare, and there is general
belief that brain code and function is still
an unexplored and very complex domain.
However, evidence-based scientific stud-
ies have shown that several sophisticated
mind control methods and technologies
are already under experimental develop-
ment, such as for memory modification
[9], genetically targeted magnetic control
of the nervous system [10], or brain-to-
brain communication [11].
One important challenge is the future of
human species from physical, cognitive,
and moral perspectives. Are we really
ready to ‘engineer’ humanity’s future and
manage the benefits and dangers derived
from the use of these emerging technolo-
gies in our life? Yes, under certain condi-
tions. Since antiquity, humans have been
trying to improve their life and health. Pre-
historic humans used animal skin to stay
warm; in antiquity, Hippocrates (460–377
BCE) provided science with a rational and
systemic basis that contributed to the con-
cept of methodology; medieval physicians
were trying through alchemy to find the
elixir of eternal health and longevity; and
the advent of chemistry, biochemistry, and
pharmacology at the end of 19th/begin-
ning of 20th century saved millions of lives
from plagues such as syphilis and tuber-
culosis. Currently, we use technology for
procreation (in vitro fertilization), transcath-
eter implantation of bioprosthetic aortic
valves as an alternative to open-heart sur-
gery,andtargetednanoparticlesforcancer
theranostics.
Therefore, ‘transhumanization’ toward an
advanced or/and artificially enhanced bio-
logical status is not really a new phenom-
enon or concept. Throughout history we
(A) (B) (C)
Figure 1. Exoskeletons in Science Fiction and Reality. (A) Cover of The Steam Man of the Prairies by
Edward S. Ellis (1882 edition). (B) Design of XOS exoskeleton developed by Sarcos Lab, capable of lifting over
200 lb, funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, USA; Source: https://
singularityhub.com). (C) HAL for Medical Use is a medical device (exoskeleton) for people who have disorders
in the lower limb and people whose legs are weakening.
678 Trends in Biotechnology, August 2017, Vol. 35, No. 8
3. were always in a state of perpetual
change and self-overcoming. It depends
on us to use any new technology for our
benefit, establishing and adopting rules
and behaviors under ethical and moral
terms. In this way, it will not be ‘appallingly
obvious that our technology has
exceeded our humanity’ as it was through
the eyes of Albert Einstein (1879–1955).
1
Institute of History of Medicine and Public Health,
Medical School, University of Lausanne, Lausanne,
Switzerland
2
Biomedical Engineering Unit, First Department of
Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital, Medical School,
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens,
Greece
*Correspondence: thepap@med.uoa.gr (.G. Papaioannou).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.04.011
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Science & Society
Designer Probiotics:
Paving the Way to
Living Therapeutics
Birbal Singh,1,
* Gorakh Mal,1
and Francesco Marotta2
Enhancing the functional reper-
toire of probiotics is a promising
approach to cope with the
inexorable rise of antibiotic-resis-
tant pathogens and the rather slow
development of new antibiotics.
Probiotics that deliver novel thera-
peutics efficiently and with site
specificity are emerging living
therapeutics that may transform
existing paradigms of disease
diagnosis and prevention.
The normal microbiota are essential
determinants of vital processes such as
hematopoiesis, aging, immunity against
infectious diseases, and behavior.
Whereas the normal microbiota occa-
sionally fails to protect the host against
pathogens, a perturbed gut microbiota is
associated with inflammation, obesity,
insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiovascu-
lar diseases (CVDs), and neuropsychiatric
disorders.
The WHO has recently released a list of 12
antibiotic-resistant families of pathogenic
bacteria, described as ‘priority patho-
gens’, which pose a grave threat. Para-
doxically, the development of new
antibiotics has also slowed down, which
increases the demand for alternative ther-
apeutics. Expanding the efficacy of pro-
biotics by introducing new genetic circuits
to deliver drug biomolecules is crucial.
These recombinant probiotics, informally
called ‘designer probiotics’ or ‘probiotics
2.0’, are poised to reduce the gap
between the mounting antibiotic resis-
tance and the dearth of new antibiotics
[1–4].
The science of probiotics, which was for-
merly confined to basic microbiology and
food processing, has emerged in the
postgenomic era of medicine and biology
as a premier area of research towards
functional nutraceuticals, gastroenterol-
ogy, allergology, skin care, oncotherapy,
psychoneuroendocrinology, and veteri-
nary applications. The lactic acid bacteria
(LAB), bifidobacteria, Escherichia coli Nis-
sle 1917, and yeasts (Saccharomyces
cerevisiae, Saccharomyces boulardii,
Kluyveromyces lactis, and Pichia pastoris)
are some of the prospective probiotics
used for expressing heterologous genes
encoding antimicrobial and anti-inflam-
matory biomolecules.
Designer Probiotics against
Infectious Diseases
As the efficacy of orally administered anti-
gens is reduced during passage through
the alimentary tract, probiotic-mediated
drug delivery could be a promising strat-
egy for administering multiple therapeu-
tics (cytokines, antibody fragments,
antigens, peptides, etc.) in situ at the site
of infection, therefore circumventing the
side effects associated with the systemic
administration of drugs.
For example, the vaccination of mice with
recombinant Lactobacillus gasseri
NM713 expressing streptococcal M6
protein (CRR6) protected them against
streptococcus group A infections [5],
and recombinant Lactococcus lactis
(LL-Thy 12) expressing human interleu-
kin-10 (IL-10) provided relief from Crohn’s
disease (CD) [1]. Furthermore, L. lactis
strains that produce native (and pilin-
deleted) immunomodulatory surface pili-
ation appendages (SpaCBA) were found
to activate Toll-like receptor 2-dependent
signaling in cell lines and to modulate
synthesis of anti-inflammatory cytokines
(TNF-a, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12) in human
dendritic cells [6]. Another study reported
recombinant L. lactis delivering therapeu-
tic proteins at mucosal surfaces in murine
models of human inflammatory bowel dis-
eases (IBDs) and human papillomavirus
type 16 (HPV-16) [7].
In addition, epidemiological, experimen-
tal, and clinical evidence convincingly
shows that genitourinary microbiota dom-
inated by LAB protect the host against
bacterial vaginosis (BV) and sexually
transmitted viral infections [9]. One con-
tributor to host protection is a group of
antimicrobial proteins including riboso-
mally-synthesized bacteriocins, micro-
cins, peptides, and the type VI secretion
Trends in Biotechnology, August 2017, Vol. 35, No. 8 679