This article aims to present the progress of what has been done to make the achievement of immortality for human beings a reality and to eliminate the dystopia represented by the inevitability of the death of human beings. There has long been a human obsession with overcoming death. In the contemporary era, people began to believe that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology. The belief that, if it is not possible to overcome death, but that it would be possible to prolong life considerably, it is based on the fact that man's life expectancy increased from 30 years in 1500, 37 years in 1800, 45 years in 1900 , 46.5 years in 1950 and 80 years in 2012. The achievement of a longer existence in the 20th century resulted from the improvement of sanitary conditions in cities and the creation of public health services. Furthermore, science discovered vaccines and antibiotics that made it possible to prevent diseases and control epidemics. The increase in educational and income levels also contributed to improving the quality of life and further extending longevity in the third or – perhaps we could say – fourth age. We are heading towards the difficulty of distinguishing between what is organic and what is machine in the future of the human being. In medicine, the heralds of immortality claim that it is nothing more than a real consequence of an ongoing revolution that is already causing the increase in human life expectancy to skyrocket at unprecedented speed. The replacement of diseased organs with healthy ones is another of the reasons given by scientists to justify the belief in a spectacularly long life. Aging is a biological process that can be perfectly controlled, in the same way that science has already managed to combat many diseases that were previously considered incurable. The idea of altering or increasing the capacity of the human body through technology is as old as humanity itself.

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HOW TO MAKE THE UTOPIA OF ACHIEVING THE IMMORTALITY OF
HUMAN BEINGS A REALITY
Fernando Alcoforado*
This article represents the continuation of the article whose title is Como fazer com que
as utopias planetárias se realizem visando a construção de um mundo melhor (How to
make planetary utopias come true with a view to building a better world) [1]. This article
is the tenth of 12 articles that address the 12 planetary utopias that need to be realized
with a view to building a better world and contributing to the achievement of happiness
for human beings, individually and collectively. This article aims to present what has been
done to make the tenth of the utopias considered, that of achieving the immortality of
human beings, become a reality to eliminate the dystopia represented by the inevitability
of the death of human beings.
The article O homem em busca da imortalidade (Man in search of immortality) [2] reports
that the human obsession with overcoming death has long existed. In the past, man sought
to overcome death through religions. In the contemporary era, people began to believe
that it would be possible to overcome death through the use of science and technology.
The belief that, if it is not possible to overcome death, but that it would be possible to
prolong life considerably, it is based on the fact that man's life expectancy increased from
30 years in 1500, 37 years in 1800, 45 years in 1900 , 46.5 years in 1950 and 80 years in
2012. The article under the title Quem quer viver 1.000 anos? (Who wants to live 1,000
years?) [3] reports that the achievement of a longer existence in the 20th century resulted
from the improvement of sanitary conditions in cities and the creation of public health
services. Furthermore, science discovered vaccines and antibiotics that made it possible
to prevent diseases and control epidemics. The increase in educational and income levels
also contributed to improving the quality of life and further extending longevity in the
third or – perhaps we could say – fourth age.
The article A era dos homens imortais (The Age of Immortal Men) [4] informs that the
year 2045 will mark the beginning of an era in which medicine will be able to offer
humanity the possibility of living for a time never seen in history. Organs that are not
working can be exchanged for better ones, created especially for us. Parts of the heart,
lungs and even the brain can be replaced. Tiny computer circuits will be implanted in the
body to control chemical reactions that occur inside cells. We will be just a few steps
away from immortality. This is the prediction of a group of scientists known for being at
the forefront of research covering topics such as computer science, biology and
biotechnology. Among them are George Church, professor at Harvard University in the
United States, gerontologist and biomedical specialist in anti-aging Aubrey de Gray and
engineer Raymond Kurzweil, from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
They are the leaders of a kind of new philosophy, called Singularity.
According to inventor and futurist Raymond Kurzweil, the “father” of the much talked
about concept of Singularity, we are heading towards the difficulty of distinguishing
between what is organic and what is machine in the future. Artificial intelligence will
evolve so much that by 2025 it will be difficult to recognize a human being from a robot.
It is worth noting that singularity marks a transition point between two “domains”, or two
“worlds”, at a point or instant. In astronomy, singularity means a place in space (black
hole) where a body does not age because time stops. In medicine, the heralds of
immortality claim that it is nothing more than a real consequence of an ongoing revolution
that is already causing the increase in human life expectancy to skyrocket at

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unprecedented speed. Considering the speed of innovations, a person born in 2050 will
have a 95% chance of living a thousand years, according to Aubrey de Grey. At this
moment, the aforementioned group of scientists is involved in the growth of the
Singularity University, already located in Silicon Valley, in the United States. Making an
analogy with single-celled bacteria that live for millions of years without aging, members
of the Singularity University state that our germ cells, such as eggs and sperm, can also
live indefinitely, which they claim believes in the greatest extension of human life.
The certainty of this group of researchers in the success of their research is supported by
the advances already achieved and those that will certainly come. In the opinion of these
researchers, based on the resources we currently have, a child born today could live until
at least 150 years old. One of the fields in which advances have been most notable is that
of stem cells. In the area of cardiology, experiments with 16 people with heart failure, all
of whom had part of their heart tissue regenerated with stem cells taken from the organ
itself. The replacement of diseased organs with healthy ones is another of the reasons
given by scientists to justify the belief in a spectacularly long life. It has already been
possible to create and implant the trachea, bladder, urethra and blood vessels in humans.
There are experiments in creating more organs, including the heart and liver.
The article A era dos homens imortais (The Age of Immortal Men) [4] reports that one of
the most important factors associated with a man's lifespan is his genetics. Your DNA
indicates what your average lifespan will be and can also bring about changes that
predispose you to diseases. Therefore, much of the effort is focused on inventing
resources that interfere with each person's genetic material. Avoiding the possible damage
that food can cause to DNA is also a support point for science that seeks immortality.
According to the main representative of the Singularity, engineer Raymond Kurzweil, a
calorie restricted diet, with only the nutrients necessary for life, can lead us to live much
longer. These are just examples of the instruments currently available to help the human
race surpass longevity limits.
Another researcher dedicated to the study of human longevity is Lawrence Alexander,
surgeon, urologist and neurogeneticist, who presented, through You Tube, a video filmed
on October 6, 2012 under the title O declínio da morte - a imortalidade em um futuro
próximo? (The decline of death - immortality in the near future?) [5], when he announced
that genome sequencing will allow us to achieve personalized medicine, guided by our
genetic characteristics that, through modeling carried out with increasingly powerful
computers, we will be able to understand the human body. According to Lawrence
Alexander, progress will develop in three waves. First, with medical electronics that can
now, through implants in the brain, treat Parkinson's disease, treat depression and
Alzheimer's disease. Then comes the wave of bioengineering and, finally, nanomedicine,
medicine on a microscopic scale. From 2020, we can expect decades of extra life. It is
possible, according to Lawrence Alexander, to reach a life expectancy that we cannot
imagine today.
The article Quem quer viver 1.000 anos? (Who wants to live 1,000 years?) [3] informs
that the English biogerontologist Aubrey de Gray linked to the University of the
Singularity is convinced that aging is a biological process that can perfectly be controlled,
in the same way that science has already managed to combat many diseases that were
previously considered as incurable. De Grey, who has a degree in computer science but
has become one of the world's leading theorists on human longevity compared the human
body to a car. With periodic and adequate maintenance – fix a defect here, add lubricant
there, replace an old part there – you can significantly increase the useful life of a car.

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Although the human body is much more complex than a car, De Gray believes it is
possible to do the same by regularly combating the processes that lead to aging and cell
death. It is difficult to find anyone in the scientific community who agrees with De Grey's
wild predictions. The predominant opinion in the scientific community is that, despite all
the technology, there should be no significant advances in human longevity in the near
future. On the subject, scientists gathered in a panel promoted a few years ago by
Scientific American magazine did not give reasons for much optimism considering all the
imminent achievements, such as gene therapy and the possibility of replacing almost all
natural organs, and even human hibernation, life expectancy on the planet will reach, at
most, 140 years in 2500.
The article Mundo rumo à singularidade humana (World towards human singularity) [6]
presents the great revolution represented by human singularity that could occur in the
future. What is Singularity? It is the characteristic of what is singular, that is, uncommon,
unusual or extraordinary. Singularity is a term that refers to something or someone that
has a unique characteristic. The idea of singularity can be used to present physical
characteristics and behaviors of human beings that differ from what is considered
standard. Human singularity concerns the use of science and technology to create a new
category of more evolved human beings. Human singularity means making human beings
defy the limits imposed by nature. Human singularity is achieved with transhumanism,
which is a philosophy that aims to improve the human condition through the use of
science and technology (biotechnology, nanotechnology and neurotechnology) to
increase cognitive capacity and overcome physical and psychological limitations of
human beings.
The idea of altering or increasing the capacity of the human body through technology is
as old as humanity itself. From the moment humans created tools and learned to use fire,
humanity surpassed its biological limitations. Evolution has given humanity the most
sophisticated intelligence of any animal on the planet, and humans have used this
intelligence to overcome their biological deficits. Transhumanism talks about using this
dynamic to not only impact the world around us, but also, to augment or even replace our
biology with technology. While humanity has corrected poor vision with corrective
lenses, straightened a person's teeth with braces, or countless other examples of humans
altering bodies or senses through technology, the transhumanist wants to replace the eye
entirely or make mental transfers. A transhuman, then, is someone who has taken that
step and upgraded their body in a way that not only corrects a deficient part to behave as
commonly expected, but replaces something that functions perfectly well to do something
more than is biologically possible.
As computing technologies advance alongside biotechnology, there is a growing
convergence between the two in the form of neural interfaces that in the future could open
the door to connecting the human mind directly to Artificial Intelligence in order to
facilitate greater learning, mental transfer and overcome neurological conditions. How
can we make human beings improve significantly in a matter of decades, or even a few
years? The answer is transhumanism, a movement determined to use revolutionary
technologies to transform humanity into something superior. Some authors believe that
humanity would already be transhuman, because medical progress in recent centuries has
significantly altered the human species. However, it was not carried out in a conscious
and, therefore, transhumanist way. A common feature of transhumanism and
philosophical posthumanism is the future vision of a new intelligent species, into which
humanity will evolve and eventually complement or replace. Transhumanism stresses the
evolutionary perspective, including at times the creation of a highly intelligent animal

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species through cognitive enhancement (i.e., biological elevation), but clings to a
"posthuman future" as the ultimate goal of evolution.
REFERENCES
1. ALCOFORADO. Fernando. Como fazer com que as utopias planetárias se
realizem visando a construção de um mundo melhor. Available on the website
<https://www.academia.edu/104881861/COMO_FAZER_COM_QUE_AS_UTOPI
AS_PLANET%C3%81RIAS_SE_REALIZEM_VISANDO_A_CONSTRU%C3%8
7%C3%83O_DE_UM_MUNDO_MELHOR>.
2. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. O homem em busca da imortalidade. Available on the
website
<https://www.academia.edu/10435699/O_HOMEM_EM_BUSCA_DA_IMORTAL
IDADE>.
3. DEMARCHI, Celia. Quem quer viver 1000 anos? Available on the website
<http://super.abril.com.br/saude/quem-quer-viver-1-000-anos-445501.shtml>.
4. OLIVEIRA, Monique. A era dos homens imortais. Disponível no website
<http://www.istoe.com.br/reportagens/paginar/192193_A+ERA+DOS+HOMENS+I
MORTAIS/1>.
5. ALEXANDER, Lawrence. O declínio da morte - a imortalidade em um futuro
próximo? Available on the website <http://www.youtube.com/watch?featur>.
6. ALCOFORADO, Fernando. Mundo rumo à singularidade humana. Available on
the website
<https://www.academia.edu/43517794/MUNDO_RUMO_%C3%80_SINGULARI
DADE_HUMANA>.
* Fernando Alcoforado, awarded the medal of Engineering Merit of the CONFEA / CREA System, member
of the Bahia Academy of Education, of the SBPC- Brazilian Society for the Progress of Science and of
IPB- Polytechnic Institute of Bahia, engineer from the UFBA Polytechnic School and doctor in Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, college professor (Engineering,
Economy and Administration) and consultant in the areas of strategic planning, business planning, regional
planning, urban planning and energy systems, was Advisor to the Vice President of Engineering and
Technology at LIGHT S.A. Electric power distribution company from Rio de Janeiro, Strategic Planning
Coordinator of CEPED- Bahia Research and Development Center, Undersecretary of Energy of the State
of Bahia, Secretary of Planning of Salvador, is the author of the books Globalização (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova (Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998),
Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do
Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado. Universidade de
Barcelona,http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e Desenvolvimento (Editora
Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX e Objetivos Estratégicos
na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of the Economic and Social
Development- The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Müller Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG,
Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe Planetária (Viena- Editora e Gráfica,
Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e combate
ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011), Os Fatores
Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012), Energia no
Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV, Curitiba,
2015), As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2016), A Invenção de um novo Brasil (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2017), Esquerda x Direita e a sua
convergência (Associação Baiana de Imprensa, Salvador, 2018), Como inventar o futuro para mudar o
mundo (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2019), A humanidade ameaçada e as estratégias para sua sobrevivência
(Editora Dialética, São Paulo, 2021), A escalada da ciência e da tecnologia e sua contribuição ao progresso
e à sobrevivência da humanidade (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2022), a chapter in the book Flood Handbook
(CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida United States, 2022) and How to protect human beings from threats to

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their existence and avoid the extinction of humanity (Generis Publishing, Europe, Republic of Moldova,
Chișinău, 2023).