This document discusses fluid mechanics and its applications in various engineering systems. It begins by defining fluids and their properties such as being shapeless and transmitting pressure equally in all directions. It then discusses the two main types of fluids - hydraulic and pneumatic - and provides examples. Applications of fluid mechanics principles like Pascal's principle and Archimedes' principle are explained. Case studies on braking systems, lifting devices and aeronautical engineering are provided to illustrate how these principles are applied. Hydraulic and pneumatic systems for brakes in vehicles and trains are described. Innovation in ABS braking systems is also covered.
This document discusses applications of fluid mechanics principles in engineering, including braking systems and lifting devices. It describes how Pascal's principle allows hydraulic braking systems and elevators to function. Anti-lock braking systems and tower cranes are presented as innovations utilizing hydraulics. Wing flap hydraulics are provided as an example of hydraulics in aeronautics. Key fluid mechanics concepts like Pascal's principle, pressure, and Archimedes' principle are defined.
Fluid mechanics has many applications including:
1) Design of systems like canals, dams, turbomachinery and piping systems.
2) Aerodynamics of vehicles and buildings.
3) Use of nanofluids and smart fluids as advanced coolants with enhanced heat transfer properties.
4) Renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines and wave energy converters.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and forces on them. The history dates back to Ancient Greeks like Archimedes who developed the law of buoyancy. Islamic physicists in the 11th century were the first to apply experimental methods to fluid statics. In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal and Isaac Newton made important contributions and established hydrostatics as a science. Leonhard Euler applied calculus to fluid motion equations. In the 19th century, Hermann von Helmholtz established laws of vortex motion. Real-life applications include Bernoulli's principle in aerodynamics and hydraulics.
The document discusses hydraulic lifts. It describes that hydraulic lifts use Pascal's law of fluid mechanics to transmit pressure equally in all directions through a confined incompressible fluid. There are two main types - direct acting hydraulic lifts where the ram stroke equals the lift height, and suspended hydraulic lifts where the ram moves movable pulleys. Key components of direct acting lifts are the fixed cylinder, sliding ram, and cage. Hydraulic lifts find applications in wheelchairs, material handling, and industrial uses. Modern innovations have increased lift speeds and improved energy recovery efficiency.
presentation is made with a view to simplify the understanding of fluid mechanics ( fluid kinematics is given more credit ) in civil engineering - mechanical engineering - body science
This document discusses flow through pipes, including:
- Laminar and turbulent flow characteristics defined by Reynolds number
- Head losses calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and minor loss equations
- Friction factors determined from Moody diagrams for laminar and turbulent flows
- Total head loss in a pipe system equals major losses in pipe sections plus minor losses from fittings
1. The document discusses ideal fluids and their properties, including being incompressible and nonviscous.
2. It introduces concepts like laminar and turbulent flow, and uses Bernoulli's principle and the continuity equation to relate fluid properties like pressure, velocity, and flow rate.
3. Examples are given to demonstrate how Bernoulli's principle can be used to understand phenomena like decreases in pressure associated with increases in flow speed.
This document discusses two-phase flow models and compares different pressure drop correlation methods. It begins with an introduction to two-phase flow and important variables like liquid holdup, gas void fraction, and slip velocity. It then describes the different flow patterns or regimes that can occur, including dispersed bubble, stratified smooth, wavy, slug, annular, and spray flows. The document outlines factors that affect flow patterns and discusses how patterns vary between horizontal, upward inclined, and downward inclined pipes. It concludes that selecting the most suitable correlation is key to accurately sizing pipelines for different applications.
This document discusses applications of fluid mechanics principles in engineering, including braking systems and lifting devices. It describes how Pascal's principle allows hydraulic braking systems and elevators to function. Anti-lock braking systems and tower cranes are presented as innovations utilizing hydraulics. Wing flap hydraulics are provided as an example of hydraulics in aeronautics. Key fluid mechanics concepts like Pascal's principle, pressure, and Archimedes' principle are defined.
Fluid mechanics has many applications including:
1) Design of systems like canals, dams, turbomachinery and piping systems.
2) Aerodynamics of vehicles and buildings.
3) Use of nanofluids and smart fluids as advanced coolants with enhanced heat transfer properties.
4) Renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines and wave energy converters.
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids and forces on them. The history dates back to Ancient Greeks like Archimedes who developed the law of buoyancy. Islamic physicists in the 11th century were the first to apply experimental methods to fluid statics. In the 17th century, Blaise Pascal and Isaac Newton made important contributions and established hydrostatics as a science. Leonhard Euler applied calculus to fluid motion equations. In the 19th century, Hermann von Helmholtz established laws of vortex motion. Real-life applications include Bernoulli's principle in aerodynamics and hydraulics.
The document discusses hydraulic lifts. It describes that hydraulic lifts use Pascal's law of fluid mechanics to transmit pressure equally in all directions through a confined incompressible fluid. There are two main types - direct acting hydraulic lifts where the ram stroke equals the lift height, and suspended hydraulic lifts where the ram moves movable pulleys. Key components of direct acting lifts are the fixed cylinder, sliding ram, and cage. Hydraulic lifts find applications in wheelchairs, material handling, and industrial uses. Modern innovations have increased lift speeds and improved energy recovery efficiency.
presentation is made with a view to simplify the understanding of fluid mechanics ( fluid kinematics is given more credit ) in civil engineering - mechanical engineering - body science
This document discusses flow through pipes, including:
- Laminar and turbulent flow characteristics defined by Reynolds number
- Head losses calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and minor loss equations
- Friction factors determined from Moody diagrams for laminar and turbulent flows
- Total head loss in a pipe system equals major losses in pipe sections plus minor losses from fittings
1. The document discusses ideal fluids and their properties, including being incompressible and nonviscous.
2. It introduces concepts like laminar and turbulent flow, and uses Bernoulli's principle and the continuity equation to relate fluid properties like pressure, velocity, and flow rate.
3. Examples are given to demonstrate how Bernoulli's principle can be used to understand phenomena like decreases in pressure associated with increases in flow speed.
This document discusses two-phase flow models and compares different pressure drop correlation methods. It begins with an introduction to two-phase flow and important variables like liquid holdup, gas void fraction, and slip velocity. It then describes the different flow patterns or regimes that can occur, including dispersed bubble, stratified smooth, wavy, slug, annular, and spray flows. The document outlines factors that affect flow patterns and discusses how patterns vary between horizontal, upward inclined, and downward inclined pipes. It concludes that selecting the most suitable correlation is key to accurately sizing pipelines for different applications.
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
DERIVATION OF THE MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMIN...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
This document discusses the different types of fluid flows:
- Steady and unsteady flows, uniform and non-uniform flows, laminar and turbulent flows, compressible and incompressible flows, rotational and irrotational flows, and one, two, and three-dimensional flows. Each type of flow is defined and examples are provided. The key characteristics such as changes in velocity, density, and flow patterns with respect to time and space are outlined for each type of flow. Reynolds number criteria for laminar versus turbulent flow is also mentioned.
Fluid properties like density, viscosity, and specific gravity are important to characterize different fluids. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and determines whether a flow is compressible or incompressible. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. It is proportional to shear stress and inversely proportional to velocity gradient. Water has a viscosity of 1x10-3 N-s/m2 while air is less viscous at 1.8x10-5 N-s/m2. Specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to that of water and is a dimensionless property.
This document discusses hydraulic machines and presents a student project on a hydraulic pick and place machine. It provides background on hydraulics, explaining that hydraulics deals with mechanical properties of fluids and is used for generating, controlling, and transmitting fluids to produce mechanical work. The basic laws of hydraulics like Pascal's law and relationships between pressure, force and area are then outlined. The document proceeds to describe the students' hydraulic pick and place machine project, which uses syringes as actuators and switches to achieve various motions through water transmission. It details the working mechanism involving different syringe pairs and discusses advantages like many industrial uses and simplicity, as well as disadvantages like needing mechanical input.
This document discusses Pascal's principle of fluid mechanics, which states that pressure changes in an enclosed fluid are transmitted equally in all directions. It then discusses applications of hydraulics including hydraulic lifts, elevators, and bridges which use Pascal's principle to transmit pressure through liquid and amplify force. Hydraulic systems use an incompressible fluid like oil to transfer pressure from a pump to actuators with advantages over other systems in withstanding heat and pressure.
This document discusses two-phase flow patterns and flow pattern maps. It describes different flow patterns that can occur in horizontal and vertical tubes, including stratified, wavy, plug, dispersed bubble, slug and annular flows. Flow pattern maps are used to predict the flow patterns based on gas and liquid velocities. Empirical maps are developed based on experiments, while theoretical maps are developed using models. Examples of both empirical maps, like those by Baker and Hewitt & Roberts, and theoretical maps, like by Taitel & Dukler, are provided and compared.
1. This document describes various types of ideal fluid flow, including uniform flow, source/sink flow, vortex flow, and combinations of different flows.
2. Special cases of flow geometry allow the stream function ψ to be related to the distance n along a path between streamlines by ψ = wn. Examples include uniform flow in the x-direction and uniform flow from a line source.
3. Combining different flow types allows modeling of more complex scenarios. A doublet represents a close source-sink pair, and combining it with uniform flow models flow around a cylinder.
This document summarizes different types of fluid flow, including:
- Steady and unsteady flow
- Laminar and turbulent flow
- Compressible and incompressible flow
- One, two, and three dimensional flows
It defines each type of flow and provides examples to explain the differences between steady and unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow, and compressible and incompressible flow.
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity that possesses both magnitude and direction. The conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant unless an external force acts on it. Viscoelastic materials exhibit both viscous and elastic properties, straining over time when stress is applied but also partially recovering when stress is removed. Common tests used to characterize viscoelastic materials include creep-recovery, stress relaxation, and cyclic tests by applying and removing constant loads/strains over time.
This presentation gives a general idea on process simulation in Aspen HYSYS and Aspen Plus software. It provides an introduction to different process simulators and their capabilities. It also provides comparison of Aspen Hysys and Aspen Plus. A high level getting started guidelines are provided.
1. The document analyzes a pipe network using the Hardy Cross and Newton-Raphson methods. It provides an example application of each method to solve a single looped pipe network.
2. The Hardy Cross method iteratively calculates discharge corrections for initial assumed flows until the corrections converge to zero. The Newton-Raphson method sets up nonlinear equations for the whole network and solves them simultaneously using partial derivatives and matrix inversion.
3. Both methods are demonstrated on a sample network with four pipes to determine pipe discharges and verify that the algebraic sum of head losses around the loop is zero.
The document discusses Moody's chart, which plots the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number for various relative roughnesses. It was developed based on over 10,000 experiments to characterize pipe flow. The chart shows laminar flow has a friction factor that decreases with Reynolds number, while turbulent flow's friction factor increases with roughness. It can be used to determine friction losses in pipe flow problems by reading the chart based on flow properties. The document also discusses pumps, pumping power requirements, efficiency, and using pump curves alongside system curves to select an appropriate pump.
Diploma mechanical iv hhm u i introduction to fluidlavmaheshwari28
This document provides an introduction to fluids and their properties. It defines different types of fluids including liquids, gases, and ideal fluids. It describes key fluid properties such as viscosity, compressibility, specific weight, and capillary action. Viscosity is defined as a fluid's resistance to internal shear stresses, while compressibility refers to how easily a fluid can be compressed. Capillary action explains how fluids behave in narrow spaces due to adhesion and cohesion between fluid molecules. Real world applications of these concepts are also discussed.
An Overview to the most common Industrial Mass Transfer Operations & Process Separation Technologies
Course Description
In this course we will cover the most basic processes involved in Mass Transfer Operations. This is an overview of what type of processes, methods and units are used in the industry. This is mostly an introductory course which will allow you to learn, understand and know the approach towards separation processes involving mass transfer phenomena.
It is an excellent course before any Mass Transfer Process or Unit Operation Course such as Distillations, Extractions, Leaching, Membranes, Absorption, etc...
This course is extremely recommended if you will continue with the following:
Flash Distillation, Simple Distillation, Batch Distillation
Gas Absorption, Desorption & Stripping
Binary Distillation, Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers, Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers, Tray Towers
Membranes
Liquid Extraction
Dryers / Humidifiers
Adsorbers
Evaporators/Sublimators
Crystallizers
Centrifugations
And many other Separation Technology!
At the end of the Course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer operations concepts. You will be able to identify Mass Transfer Unit Operations. You will be also able to ensure the type of method of separation technology used.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations.
Theory-Based Course
This is a very theoretical course, some calculations and exercises are present, but overall, expect mostly theoretical concepts.
Different types of flows and lines in fluid flow.Muhammad Bilal
this presentation includes all the possible flows which a fluid can have when it is moving in a 3D space it also contain the different kinds of lines such as stream lines,path lines and streak lines for a fluid flow ( steady and unsteady).
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics which involves the study of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms; that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from microscopic. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many problems that are partly or wholly unsolved. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex, and can best be solved by numerical methods, typically using computers. A modern discipline, calledcomputational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual nature of fluid flow.
The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece, when Archimedes investigated fluid statics and buoyancy and formulated his famous law known now as the Archimedes' principle, which was published in his work On Floating Bodies - generally considered to be the first major work on fluid mechanics. Rapid advancement in fluid mechanics began with Leonardo da Vinci (observations and experiments), Evangelista Torricelli (invented the barometer), Isaac Newton (investigated viscosity) and Blaise Pascal (researched hydrostatics, formulated Pascal's law), and was continued by Daniel Bernoulli with the introduction of mathematical fluid dynamics in Hydrodynamica .
Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest. It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stableequilibrium; and is contrasted with fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion.
• the dynamics of fluids are the foundation of the understanding of water movement in streams and in the subsurface
• we need to understand this in order to figure out how to measure river discharge, for example
• the basic principles also apply to the flow of air, lava, glaciers, and the Earth's mantle
• we usually classify matter as either solid, liquid, or gas, based on macroscopic properties
o a gas takes on the shape and volume of a container,
o a liquid takes the shape of the portion of the container that it fills but retains a fixed volume
o a solid has its own defined shape as well as volume
• liquids and gases are called fluids
• shear stress is a tangential force per unit area acting on a surface
The document summarizes key concepts in fluid mechanics and applications to transport and lifting devices. It discusses innovations in braking systems, including electronic wedge braking that uses electric motors and sensors to finely control brake pad position for improved braking performance. The document also examines the use of hydraulics in lifting devices such as elevators, cranes, and aircraft control systems where hydraulic power enables movement of heavy components.
A fluid is a state of matter in which its molecules move freely and do not bear a constant relationship in space to other molecules.
In physics, fluid flow has all kinds of aspects: steady or unsteady, compressible or incompressible, viscous or non-viscous, and rotational or irrotational to name a few. Some of these characteristics reflect properties of the liquid itself, and others focus on how the fluid is moving.
Fluids are :-
Liquid : blood, i.v. infusions)
Gas : O2 , N2O)
Vapour (transition from liquid to gas) : N2O (under compression in cylinder), volatile inhalational agents (halothane, isoflurane, etc)
Sublimate (transition from solid to gas bypassing liquid state) : Dry ice (solid CO2), iodine
DERIVATION OF THE MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMIN...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
This document discusses the different types of fluid flows:
- Steady and unsteady flows, uniform and non-uniform flows, laminar and turbulent flows, compressible and incompressible flows, rotational and irrotational flows, and one, two, and three-dimensional flows. Each type of flow is defined and examples are provided. The key characteristics such as changes in velocity, density, and flow patterns with respect to time and space are outlined for each type of flow. Reynolds number criteria for laminar versus turbulent flow is also mentioned.
Fluid properties like density, viscosity, and specific gravity are important to characterize different fluids. Density is defined as mass per unit volume and determines whether a flow is compressible or incompressible. Viscosity measures a fluid's resistance to flow and internal friction. It is proportional to shear stress and inversely proportional to velocity gradient. Water has a viscosity of 1x10-3 N-s/m2 while air is less viscous at 1.8x10-5 N-s/m2. Specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to that of water and is a dimensionless property.
This document discusses hydraulic machines and presents a student project on a hydraulic pick and place machine. It provides background on hydraulics, explaining that hydraulics deals with mechanical properties of fluids and is used for generating, controlling, and transmitting fluids to produce mechanical work. The basic laws of hydraulics like Pascal's law and relationships between pressure, force and area are then outlined. The document proceeds to describe the students' hydraulic pick and place machine project, which uses syringes as actuators and switches to achieve various motions through water transmission. It details the working mechanism involving different syringe pairs and discusses advantages like many industrial uses and simplicity, as well as disadvantages like needing mechanical input.
This document discusses Pascal's principle of fluid mechanics, which states that pressure changes in an enclosed fluid are transmitted equally in all directions. It then discusses applications of hydraulics including hydraulic lifts, elevators, and bridges which use Pascal's principle to transmit pressure through liquid and amplify force. Hydraulic systems use an incompressible fluid like oil to transfer pressure from a pump to actuators with advantages over other systems in withstanding heat and pressure.
This document discusses two-phase flow patterns and flow pattern maps. It describes different flow patterns that can occur in horizontal and vertical tubes, including stratified, wavy, plug, dispersed bubble, slug and annular flows. Flow pattern maps are used to predict the flow patterns based on gas and liquid velocities. Empirical maps are developed based on experiments, while theoretical maps are developed using models. Examples of both empirical maps, like those by Baker and Hewitt & Roberts, and theoretical maps, like by Taitel & Dukler, are provided and compared.
1. This document describes various types of ideal fluid flow, including uniform flow, source/sink flow, vortex flow, and combinations of different flows.
2. Special cases of flow geometry allow the stream function ψ to be related to the distance n along a path between streamlines by ψ = wn. Examples include uniform flow in the x-direction and uniform flow from a line source.
3. Combining different flow types allows modeling of more complex scenarios. A doublet represents a close source-sink pair, and combining it with uniform flow models flow around a cylinder.
This document summarizes different types of fluid flow, including:
- Steady and unsteady flow
- Laminar and turbulent flow
- Compressible and incompressible flow
- One, two, and three dimensional flows
It defines each type of flow and provides examples to explain the differences between steady and unsteady flow, laminar and turbulent flow, and compressible and incompressible flow.
Momentum is defined as the product of an object's mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity that possesses both magnitude and direction. The conservation of momentum states that the total momentum of an isolated system remains constant unless an external force acts on it. Viscoelastic materials exhibit both viscous and elastic properties, straining over time when stress is applied but also partially recovering when stress is removed. Common tests used to characterize viscoelastic materials include creep-recovery, stress relaxation, and cyclic tests by applying and removing constant loads/strains over time.
This presentation gives a general idea on process simulation in Aspen HYSYS and Aspen Plus software. It provides an introduction to different process simulators and their capabilities. It also provides comparison of Aspen Hysys and Aspen Plus. A high level getting started guidelines are provided.
1. The document analyzes a pipe network using the Hardy Cross and Newton-Raphson methods. It provides an example application of each method to solve a single looped pipe network.
2. The Hardy Cross method iteratively calculates discharge corrections for initial assumed flows until the corrections converge to zero. The Newton-Raphson method sets up nonlinear equations for the whole network and solves them simultaneously using partial derivatives and matrix inversion.
3. Both methods are demonstrated on a sample network with four pipes to determine pipe discharges and verify that the algebraic sum of head losses around the loop is zero.
The document discusses Moody's chart, which plots the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor against Reynolds number for various relative roughnesses. It was developed based on over 10,000 experiments to characterize pipe flow. The chart shows laminar flow has a friction factor that decreases with Reynolds number, while turbulent flow's friction factor increases with roughness. It can be used to determine friction losses in pipe flow problems by reading the chart based on flow properties. The document also discusses pumps, pumping power requirements, efficiency, and using pump curves alongside system curves to select an appropriate pump.
Diploma mechanical iv hhm u i introduction to fluidlavmaheshwari28
This document provides an introduction to fluids and their properties. It defines different types of fluids including liquids, gases, and ideal fluids. It describes key fluid properties such as viscosity, compressibility, specific weight, and capillary action. Viscosity is defined as a fluid's resistance to internal shear stresses, while compressibility refers to how easily a fluid can be compressed. Capillary action explains how fluids behave in narrow spaces due to adhesion and cohesion between fluid molecules. Real world applications of these concepts are also discussed.
An Overview to the most common Industrial Mass Transfer Operations & Process Separation Technologies
Course Description
In this course we will cover the most basic processes involved in Mass Transfer Operations. This is an overview of what type of processes, methods and units are used in the industry. This is mostly an introductory course which will allow you to learn, understand and know the approach towards separation processes involving mass transfer phenomena.
It is an excellent course before any Mass Transfer Process or Unit Operation Course such as Distillations, Extractions, Leaching, Membranes, Absorption, etc...
This course is extremely recommended if you will continue with the following:
Flash Distillation, Simple Distillation, Batch Distillation
Gas Absorption, Desorption & Stripping
Binary Distillation, Fractional Distillation
Scrubbers, Gas Treating
Sprayers / Spray Towers
Bubble Columns / Sparged Vessels
Agitation Vessels
Packed Towers, Tray Towers
Membranes
Liquid Extraction
Dryers / Humidifiers
Adsorbers
Evaporators/Sublimators
Crystallizers
Centrifugations
And many other Separation Technology!
At the end of the Course:
You will be able to understand the mass transfer operations concepts. You will be able to identify Mass Transfer Unit Operations. You will be also able to ensure the type of method of separation technology used.
You will be able to apply this theory in further Unit Operations.
Theory-Based Course
This is a very theoretical course, some calculations and exercises are present, but overall, expect mostly theoretical concepts.
Different types of flows and lines in fluid flow.Muhammad Bilal
this presentation includes all the possible flows which a fluid can have when it is moving in a 3D space it also contain the different kinds of lines such as stream lines,path lines and streak lines for a fluid flow ( steady and unsteady).
This ppt is more useful for Civil Engineering students.
I have prepared this ppt during my college days as a part of semester evaluation . Hope this will help to current civil students for their ppt presentations and in many more activities as a part of their semester assessments.
I have prepared this ppt as per the syllabus concerned in the particular topic of the subject, so one can directly use it just by editing their names.
FLUID MECHANICS
Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics which involves the study of fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms; that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from microscopic. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many problems that are partly or wholly unsolved. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex, and can best be solved by numerical methods, typically using computers. A modern discipline, calledcomputational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual nature of fluid flow.
The study of fluid mechanics goes back at least to the days of ancient Greece, when Archimedes investigated fluid statics and buoyancy and formulated his famous law known now as the Archimedes' principle, which was published in his work On Floating Bodies - generally considered to be the first major work on fluid mechanics. Rapid advancement in fluid mechanics began with Leonardo da Vinci (observations and experiments), Evangelista Torricelli (invented the barometer), Isaac Newton (investigated viscosity) and Blaise Pascal (researched hydrostatics, formulated Pascal's law), and was continued by Daniel Bernoulli with the introduction of mathematical fluid dynamics in Hydrodynamica .
Fluid statics or hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies fluids at rest. It embraces the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stableequilibrium; and is contrasted with fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion.
• the dynamics of fluids are the foundation of the understanding of water movement in streams and in the subsurface
• we need to understand this in order to figure out how to measure river discharge, for example
• the basic principles also apply to the flow of air, lava, glaciers, and the Earth's mantle
• we usually classify matter as either solid, liquid, or gas, based on macroscopic properties
o a gas takes on the shape and volume of a container,
o a liquid takes the shape of the portion of the container that it fills but retains a fixed volume
o a solid has its own defined shape as well as volume
• liquids and gases are called fluids
• shear stress is a tangential force per unit area acting on a surface
The document summarizes key concepts in fluid mechanics and applications to transport and lifting devices. It discusses innovations in braking systems, including electronic wedge braking that uses electric motors and sensors to finely control brake pad position for improved braking performance. The document also examines the use of hydraulics in lifting devices such as elevators, cranes, and aircraft control systems where hydraulic power enables movement of heavy components.
The document discusses the components and basic functions of a hydraulic transmission system. It describes the key components as the fluid reservoir, pump, valves, pressure lines, and actuating mechanisms. The fluid reservoir stores the fluid until needed. The pump creates fluid flow and pressure. Valves direct and regulate fluid flow. Pressure lines carry pressurized fluid. The actuating mechanisms, like clutches, are where hydraulic force causes mechanical work. It also explains basic hydraulic principles like Pascal's law, force multiplication, and piston travel.
The document discusses hydraulic brake systems, describing Pascal's law of hydraulic pressure transmission and how it enables the master cylinder to multiply the driver's foot force to provide pressure to individual wheel brakes. It explains the design and function of master cylinders, including how they work in both applied and released brake pedal positions to build and release hydraulic pressure. The dual split master cylinder design is described as having separate front and rear chambers to independently operate front and rear brakes in vehicles with a split brake system.
The document provides information about air brake systems used in large vehicles. It begins with an opening prayer for online studies. It then discusses the objectives of discussing the purpose and components of air brake systems and explaining their working principle. It defines brakes as devices that use friction to slow or stop motion. It explains that air brakes use compressed air to apply pressure to brake pads to stop vehicles. The document outlines the three stages of braking - charging, applying, and releasing brakes. It identifies the main components of the air brake system including the service brake, parking brake, and emergency brake. It closes by noting air brakes require trained operators due to their complex nature.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of a pneumatic braking system. It discusses how pneumatic brakes work by using compressed air to apply pressure to brake pads to stop a vehicle. The system works through three stages - charging, applying, and releasing brakes. It is commonly used in large vehicles like trucks and buses. While powerful, pneumatic brakes require special training to operate due to their complexity compared to hydraulic systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of how pneumatic braking systems function in vehicles.
PROJECT REPORT ON HYDRAULIC ROBOTIC ARMFarhan Fahim
The document describes a project report for a hydraulic robotic arm. It includes an acknowledgements section thanking those involved. The content section lists topics to be covered such as introductions, principles of hydraulic robotic arms, classifications of robotic arms, conceptual design and methodology, development of the model, safety precautions, and future scope. It then provides details on the introduction, including applications in assembly lines and construction, the parts involved, and hydraulic actuation using syringes. It also explains the principles of hydraulic systems, including Pascal's law which states that pressure in an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
The document discusses hydraulic brake systems, specifically focusing on Pascal's Law and how it enables brake systems to function. It explains that hydraulic force can be used to supply high pressures to individual wheel brakes using liquids that cannot be compressed. The master cylinder is described as the heart of the brake system, where the driver's force is transmitted through hydraulic pressure to push brake pads against rotors or drums. Piston sizes throughout the system determine both hydraulic pressure and mechanical force applied to brakes.
This document discusses hydraulics and its applications in braking systems, lifting devices, and aeronautics. It begins by explaining fluid mechanics concepts like Pascal's law. It then provides examples of hydraulic braking systems for cars, motorcycles, buses, and trains. The document also discusses innovations like electronic wedge brakes. It covers developments in lifting devices such as cranes, elevators, forklifts, and incline platform lifts. Finally, it describes how hydraulics are used for critical functions in aircraft like controlling primary systems, landing gear, doors, and shock absorption.
The document provides an overview of vacuum braking systems used on trains. It discusses how vacuum braking systems work by using vacuum pressure in a brake pipe to activate brakes on each vehicle. When the brake pipe is under full vacuum, the brakes are released, and when atmospheric pressure is present in the pipe, the brakes are fully applied. It then describes the key components of vacuum braking systems, including the driver's brake valve, brake cylinders, vacuum reservoirs, brake blocks, brake rigging, exhausters, brake pipes, and dummy couplings. The document outlines the advantages of vacuum braking systems compared to air brakes and concludes by summarizing the system design methodology.
! Vehicles Hydraulic And Pneumatic Systems.pptأحمد دعبس
This document provides an overview of fluid power systems, including hydraulics and pneumatics. It discusses the basic components of fluid power systems, such as pumps, valves, actuators and piping. Examples are given of common hydraulic systems, like vehicle brakes and power steering. Advantages of fluid power include easy control and force multiplication. The document also compares hydraulic, pneumatic and electrical systems for lifting a load.
1. The document describes the fabrication of an electro hydraulic jack to lift vehicles without requiring large physical force.
2. It works on the principle of Pascal's law, using a hydraulic system including a pump, cylinder, and reservoir to transmit pressure throughout the fluid.
3. The electro hydraulic jack is powered by an electric motor and can be operated automatically by a button in the vehicle's dashboard, making lifting easier than conventional screw jacks.
Soft copy of railway wagon braking system1Salim Malik
This document discusses different braking systems used in railway wagons and passenger cars. It describes pneumatic braking systems including air brakes and vacuum brakes. Air brakes are more efficient and powerful than vacuum brakes. The document also discusses electrodynamic braking used in electric trains, mechanical braking systems using wheel or disc brakes, and electromagnetic braking which generates braking force through magnetic fields without relying on adhesion to the rails.
The aim is to design and to develop an air brake system based on exhaust gas is called “fabrication of air brake system using engine exhaust gas”. The main aim of this project is to reduce the workloads of the engine drive to operate the air compressor, because here the compressor is not operated by the engine drive.
Here we are placing a turbine in the path of exhaust from the engine. The turbine e is connected to a dynamo by means of coupling, which is used to generate power. Depending upon the airflow the turbine will start rotating, and then the dynamo will also starts to rotate. A dynamo is a device which is used to convert the kinetic energy into electrical energy. The generated power can be stored in the battery and then this electric power has loaded to the D.C compressor. The air compressor compresses the atmospheric air and it stored in the air tank and the air tank has pressure relief valve to control the pressure in the tank . The air tank supplies the compressed pneumatic power to the pneumatic actuator through solenoid valve to apply brake. The pneumatic actuator is a double acting cylinder which converts hydraulic energy into linear moti on.
Railway wagon braking system pdf by salim malikSalim Malik
The document discusses different braking systems used in railway wagons and passenger cars. It describes how the main braking systems - air brakes, vacuum brakes, and electric dynamic brakes - work by converting kinetic energy from a moving train into heat energy to slow and stop the train. It also introduces newer electronically controlled pneumatic brakes that aim to overcome some limitations of traditional air braking systems. Specifically, air brakes are now the most common system and work by using compressed air to push brake blocks onto wheels or pads onto discs to slow the train down.
This document provides an overview of aircraft hydraulic systems. It discusses how hydraulic pumps convert mechanical power to hydraulic power, which is then used by actuating cylinders to provide mechanical actuation. The key components of hydraulic systems include reservoirs, filters, pumps, accumulators, relief valves, pressure regulators, and actuating cylinders. Hydraulic power allows for strong, responsive actuation and is well-suited for aircraft applications due to advantages like weight and reliability. Pressure regulated power systems are also summarized, which use a pressure regulator to control system pressure.
The document discusses hydraulic systems used in mobile applications. It provides an overview of basic hydraulic systems and their advantages like being lighter weight and developing unlimited force. Hydraulic systems are widely used in mobile equipment like tractors, construction vehicles, and aircraft. The case study section examines the hydraulic system used in tractors for lifting and lowering agricultural implements. It describes the key components like the pump, valves, motor, and cylinder and explains how hydraulic pressure is used to transfer force via Pascal's law.
South east central railway (secr) bilaspur mechanical vocational training rep...haxxo24
Indian Railways operates the fourth largest railway network globally. It carries over 30 million passengers and 2.8 million tons of freight daily, earning $20.8 billion in 2011-2012. The ICF bogie is a conventional bogie used on Indian Railway passenger coaches. It has a fabricated steel frame and uses helical springs and roller bearings for suspension. The bogie transfers the weight of the coach to its wheels through side bearers and a pivoting bolster.
The document provides information about braking systems, including their purpose, fundamental principles, and key components. It discusses how braking systems use leverage, hydraulics, and friction to slow or stop a moving vehicle. The master cylinder is described as the component that converts pressure on the brake pedal into hydraulic pressure to feed the brake circuit. A tandem master cylinder has two pistons to create more equal pressure for the front and rear brakes. Heat energy from motion is converted to kinetic energy through brake pad friction with the disc or drum, slowing the vehicle's velocity.
The vacuum brake system was an important early braking system for trains introduced in the 1860s that used vacuum pressure to engage brake pads against train wheels to slow trains. It worked by creating a vacuum within a pipe running the length of the train such that when the vacuum was released, atmospheric pressure would force brake pistons to engage the brakes. While it represented an improvement over manual and steam brakes, vacuum brakes had limitations in brake force and responsiveness. They have now been largely replaced by higher pressure compressed air brake systems.
Similar to Engineering mechanics powerpoint fluid mechanics (20)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
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Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
2. The term fluid applies to both liquids and gases. Fluid mechanics is
the study of gases and liquids, their physical behaviour, and their role
in engineering systems.
3. Fluids are:
Shapeless and do not resist being sheared
When a force is exerted on fluid the pressure increases, whereas
the force is directional the pressure is omnidirectional ( exerted in all
directions)
Viscous (Oil has a high viscosity whilst water has a low viscosity)
Oil has a higher viscosity when cold. As the temperature increases
the viscosity becomes lower so the oil becomes thinner
Subject to turbulence when force is applied
There are two types of fluids
Hydraulic fluids are:
Incompressible ( when a pressure is exerted no volumetric change
occurs). Oil is often used as a hydraulic fluid.
Pneumatic fluids are:
Gases can be compressed. An example is Liquid Petroleum Gas
(LPG). This is pressurised into a gas tank to be sored as a liquid.
When released it turns back to a gas.
4. Advantages of hydraulic systems include:
Appropriate method of power transmission over long distances
(Example: trucks use hydraulic power instead of fuel)
Good flexibility
Variable speed control
Safe and reliable
Disadvantages:
Need to be in a confined space
Fire hazard
Leaks can pose a safety hazard or environmental hazard
Oil filtration must be maintained
5. Archimedes Principle
In 212 B.C., the Greek scientist Archimedes discovered the
following principle:
When an object is completely or partly immersed in a fluid it
experiences a force thrusting it up.
The force (upthrust on object) is equal to the weight of the fluid
displaced by the object.
6. Archimedes Principle cont.…d
If the density of the object is greater than that of the fluid, the object
will sink.
If the density of the object is equal to that of the fluid, the object will
neither sink or float.
If the density of the object is less than that of the fluid, the object will
float.
7. Pascal's Principle cont.…d
Pascals principle states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined
fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid.
A good example of this is when two pistons are fitted into two glass
cylinders filled with oil and connected to one another with an oil filled pipe.
If you applied a downward force on one of the pistons then the force is
transmitted to the second piston through the oil in the pipe. Since oil is
incompressible, efficiency is very good so most of the applied force
appears at the second piston.
8. Pascals Principle cont.…d
Therefore the application of a force (F1) in a cylinder of cross sectional
area (A1), an equal pressure will be transmitted to the other piston and
cylinder, of area (A2), causing a thrust or force in this piston, of
magnitude F2.
If A2 is very large compared to A1 a comparatively smaller force
applied to the smaller piston can overcome a large resistance acting
on the larger piston. Additionally, this can apply to a number of
different cylinders and pistons attached to the sealed system.
9. Pascal's Principle
So we see that Pascals principle states that pressure exerted
anywhere in a confined fluid is transmitted equally in all directions
throughout the fluid.
What is meant by pressure?
Pressure is force per unit area
Thus the total force or thrust on a surface is the area of the surface, times
a pressure exerted on that surface
F=pxA
Basic unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa)
Pascal’s Principle
F1 = F2
A1 A2
F2 = F1 x F2
A1
10. Case Study: Braking Systems in Private Vehicles
Brakes are the most important feature of any modern vehicle.
A typical modern vehicle weighs around 1.4 tonnes, has a 3.5 litre
engine, and accelerates from 0 to 100 kph in approximately 10
seconds.
To do this it has a sophisticated engine, transmission and drive line
system. This system has thousands of parts and takes up nearly half
the vehicles weight. In contrast the braking system of a car has only
approximately 200 parts weighing less than 40 kilos and has to be
able to stop the vehicle from 100kph to 0 in 3 to 5 seconds.
11. We all know that a car slows down and stops when we apply brakes.
How does this happen?
How does the force exerted on the foot pedal stop or slow down a
car?
How does it multiply the force enough to stop something as big as a
car?
The basic idea behind any hydraulic system is very simple. The force
applied at one point is transmitted to another point (as stated by
Pascal's principle) using an incompressible fluid, generally oil. Most
brake systems multiply the force in the process.
The advantages of hydraulic systems are the pipe connecting the two
cylinders can be of any length and shape allowing to choose any path
separating the two pistons and the force applied is multiplied.
12. Here you can see the hydraulic
brake system of a car.
It consists of a pipeline containing fluid.
One end of which is connected
to the master cylinder fitted with
a piston attached to the foot pedal.
The other end of the pipeline is
connected to the wheel cylinder
which has two steel caliper pistons
on either side of it. Attached to the
pistons is the brake drum and within
the brake drum is the brake shoes.
The area of cross-section of
the wheel cylinder is greater
than the area of the cross-section
of the master cylinder
13. Let us see what
happens when brakes are applied.
When the brakes are applied
the foot pedal is pushed exerting
pressure on the fluid in
the master cylinder.
14. This pressure is transmitted equally and
undiminished throughout the fluid and to
the pistons of the wheel cylinder.
This pushes the pistons outwards forcing
the brake shoes to press against the
rim of the wheel due to which the motion
retards. On releasing the pressure
on the pedal the return spring
forces the pistons of the
wheel cylinder back and the
fluid flows back into the master cylinder.
15. Case Study: Air Brake System used in Trains (Pneumatic System)
The air brake is the standard, fail-safe, train brake used by
railways all over the world
It is based on the simple physical properties of compressed
air
A moving train has kinetic energy which needs to be removed
in order for it to stop.
The majority of trains still use the compressed air braking
system.
These systems are known as air brakes or pneumatic brakes
16. Air Brake System used in Trains (Pneumatic System) cont.…d
The force of the air pushes blocks
or pads onto the train wheels.
The compressed air is fed through
the train by a brake pipe.
Varying the level of air pressure
in the pipe causes change in the
state of the brake on each vehicle.
The driver can apply the brake,
release it or hold it on after
a partial application.
17. Air Brake System used in Trains (Pneumatic System) cont.…d
When the driver places the brake valve in the application position
this causes air pressure in the brake pipe to escape.
This loss of pressure is detected by the slide vale in the triple valve
Due to the loss of pressure on one side, the brake side, one side of
the valve has fallen causing the auxiliary reservoir pressure to push
the valve towards the right so that the feed groove over the valve
closes.
This in turn causes the connection between the brake cylinder and
the exhaust to be closed
The connection between the auxiliary reservoir and the brake
cylinder has become open.
Auxiliary air feeds through into the brake cylinder
This air forces the piston to move against the spring putting
pressure on the brake blocks which then are applied to the wheels.
Air will still pass through the reservoir to the brake cylinder until the
pressure in both equalises.
18. Case Study: Innovation in Braking Systems
Anti-Lock Braking system (ABS)
Anti- lock braking(ABS) systems first came about around the 1920’s
when it was applied to the concept of an automatic override system for
aircraft brakes.
ABS was primarily used up until the 1950’s for aircraft braking
technology
Car manufactures started to experiment with ABS in the 1960’s
however it became an expensive project which was soon abandoned
In the 70’s saw the addition of computer-controlled sensors which led
to the revival of ABS for safety purposes.
Advantages
Effective way to prevent crashing due to the sensors detecting lockup
thus reducing hydraulic pressure at the wheel
Disadvantages
Debate on whether the driver should have full control of the car and not
rely on a braking system that could fail
Drivers tend to drive aggressively knowing they have the ABS to rely on
19. Innovation in Braking Systems
Anti-Lock Braking system (ABS)
The existing hydraulic braking
system which consists of the
master cylinder, calipers,
wheel cylinders, pads, shoes
and associated connecting valves,
line and hoses has the ABS system
incorporated into the car as well.
The computer receives a signal from
the individual sensors which are
located at each wheel
It compares the speed of each
wheel with the other wheels
If the comparison indicates wheel
lock up is present signals are sent
to valves and actuators which raise or
lower the hydraulic pressure to each
wheel which corrects the skid.
20. Innovation in Braking Systems cont...d
Anti-Lock Braking system (ABS)
This process is produced thousands of times per second enabling
maximum stopping ability under any condition
All of these actions go unnoticed by the driver unless warnings lights
are shown signalling failure of the braking system.
When the driver applies the brakes and ABS kicks the driver will feel a
shudder or vibration. This is normal, however the driver tends to ease
of the brakes. The driver should carry on applying the brakes which
will eventually stop the car skidding.
21. Case Study: Fluid Mechanics in Lifting Devices
Prior to the introduction of the hydraulic jack in 1851 by Richard
Dudgeon, screw jacks were being used. Screw jacks took more time
and effort to raise the desired object.
Scissor screw jacks are usually used to lift a car to change a flat tyre
The bottom of the jack rests on the ground while the top fits under the
body of a car. A screw is inserted in the center of the scissor system
and is turned to the right to raise the jack and lift the car. After the tire
is replaced, the screw is turned to the left to lower the car back to the
ground.
22. Case Study: Fluid Mechanics in Lifting Devices
Hydraulic Bottle Jacks are extremely adaptable since they can be
placed in restricted spaces and provide good leverage.
They have a longer handle as compared to rest of the hydraulic jacks
and push up against a lever that gives a lift to the main lift arm.
With their use, it is possible to give a greater lift per stroke.
They are extensively used in the construction of buildings and
repairing the foundation of houses.
It has also been found to be very useful in search and rescue
operations.
23. Case Study: Fluid Mechanics in Lifting Devices
Hydraulic jacks have revolutionised the way we lift heavy objects and
are widely used all across the globe.
They make our life much more comfortable than it was before.
These jacks have outweighed conventional screw jacks that were in use
at some point of time.
They have two cylinders which are joined together and are filled with a
fluid usually oil.
The hydraulic jack works on the principle of Pascal's law
24. Case Study: Fluid Mechanics in Lifting Devices
The jack basically consists of two cylinders, one small, one large.
The two cylinders are each filled with oil, and there is a passage
between them. Inside each cylinder is a piston.
The oil in the jack is a liquid, so it’s incompressible.
When you push down on the jack’s lever, you create a force, F1, on the
small piston.
This then creates equal pressure in the oil under both the small and
large pistons.
25. Case Study: Fluid Mechanics in Lifting Devices
We know that pressure is force divided by area p = F
A
In the diagram the large piston is going to lift the weight of the car.
Because the large piston has a greater surface area than the small
piston, the fluid in the large cylinder will create a much larger force to
push against the weight of the car hence lifting it off the ground.
26. Case Study: Hydraulic Systems in Aeronautical Engineering
Hydraulics are used for different aircraft applications.
Brakes
Landing gear
Flight control
Flaps
Speed brakes
Nose wheel tillers
Hydraulic Fluid
Superior hydraulic fluid should be:
Incompressible
Flows with minimal friction
Has strong lubricating properties
Resistant to foaming
Maintain properties at high temperatures
Should never be mixed
Flammable at 5606 C
27. Case Study: Hydraulic Systems in Aeronautical Engineering
System Components
Hydraulic pumps are usually engine or electrically driven gear type
pumps that provide system pressure
Large aircraft will have more than one interconnected hydraulic
systems with backup pumps in case of failure
Hydraulic motors utilise hydraulic pressure to provide mechanical
power to flaps or landing gear
Hydraulic cylinders use pistons to translate hydraulic pressure into
linear mechanical movement for brakes
Hydraulic lines deliver hydraulic power from pump to motor or
actuator
Pressure gauge supplies the pilot with system pressure information.
28. Case Study: Hydraulic Systems in Aeronautical Engineering
Valves direct the flow of hydraulic fluid and control and regulate
pressure
Actuators convert hydraulic pressure to move components to a
desired position, also helps maintain a constant pressure within the
system. Absorbs the shocks due to rapid pressure variations
Reservoir store adequate hydraulic fluid fro system
Standpipe is designed into the reservoir to guard against system
leakage.
The diagram represents a
hydraulic landing gear system
in a aeroplane
29. Case Study: Hydraulic Systems in Aeronautical Engineering
Landing gear
The aircraft landing gear is a combination of mechanical
structure, pneumatics (air springs) and hydraulic damping.
A good landing gear design reduces the loads produced into the
airframe during landing and take-off.
30. Metcalf, P & Metcalf, R. (2009) Excel Senior High School Engineering Studies:
Your Step –By-Step Guide To Exam Success. Sydney. Pascal Press.
EDUC6505 Engineering Education Studies 2 Notes
B.O.S (2009) NSW HSC Online Engineering Studies Syllabus. Retrieved February
8th 2012, from www.hsc.csu.edu.au/engineering_studies
Schlenker, B.R., & McKern, D. (1979) IntroductionTo Engineering Mechanics (2nd
ed).Sydney, Jacaranda Wiley Ltd.
PBR (2005) Hydraulic Brake Systems Guide. Retrieved 21st May 2012
fromhttp://www.pbr.com.au/technical/documents/hydraulicbrakesystemsguide.pdf
Selkirk College (2008). Hydraulic Landing Gear. Retrieved 18th May 2012 from
http://selair.selkirk.ca/Training/systems/power-
point/AVIA%20140/11HYDRAULICS%20AND%20LANDING%20GEAR.pdf
TAFE NSW (2002) Engineering Studies Preliminary Stage 6 Course: Braking
Systems . Retrieved 16th May 2012 from http://www.picnicpt-
h.schools.nsw.edu.au/Faculty_Webs/Industrial%20Arts/Engineering/Braking%20sy
stems.pdf
Prepared by Yanake Tennant SID No: 3159851