The document discusses student engagement and motivation. It defines engagement as resulting from the interaction between motivation and active learning. Motivation is influenced by students' expectations of success and the value they place on tasks. Expectancy is impacted by students' beliefs in their ability to succeed through effort. While extrinsic rewards may boost short-term motivation, intrinsic motivation from experiencing flow is most effective for deep engagement. Flow occurs when students are absorbed in challenging yet skill-appropriate tasks with clear goals and immediate feedback. The document advocates for active learning, where students dynamically participate and reflect on their learning by connecting new ideas to prior knowledge and experience.