Eng 157 Multicultural Analysis Paper

Eng 157 Multicultural Analysis Paper
The Importance of Multicultural Literature ENG/157 David McCarthy The Importance of
Multicultural Literature The introduction to multicultural literature into the broad world of differing
walks of life, the reader may be surprised by the similarities between the cultures as well as the
differences. Cultures are as eclectic as we are as individuals, each with their own quirks, intricacies,
and uniqueness that inspires individuality regarding how the vast differences between cultures
correlate to our own. Upon deeper examination of multicultural literature, however; we are also
given the privilege to walk the path of the individual from whose perspective we are privy to
through the written word. As many have wished at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The character represents not only what the people of Africa forced to suffer but also hope that the
effect of what transpired can be overcome through perseverance despite devastation endured. The
author, Ken Saro–Wiwa, also politically motivated which is a characteristic prominent within his
short story "Africa Kills Her Sun". Having sided with the minority Ogoni within his homeland of
Nigeria, his protests and resistance against the dictatorship of General Sani Abacha led to his
imminent execution. Within this particular short story, though, he wrote the character Bana as one
who sees his acts of criminality no different from that of those in more prestigious standing. This
ultimately leads the reader to question how criminal activity, such as robbery is any different from
that of the sly, underhanded actions of a politician or any other individual in a position of power.
Readers also develop an emotional attachment to a character, such as the main character in Chitra
Divakaruni's "Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter". From the direct perspective of the character, the reader
looks through the eyes of an elderly widow from India who struggles to find balance between her
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation : Oil
During the 1950's vast reserves of petroleum were discovered in Nigeria, making oil a crucial aspect
of the Nigerian economy. Foreign oil companies have then since dominated the oil exploration,
drilling, and shipping and 87% of the government's revenue comes from oil production. Shell Oil
decided to enter Nigeria in 1937 through a joint venture with the government owned Nigerian
National Petroleum Corporation (55%), Total E&P Nigeria Ltd (10%), and Agip Oil Company
Limited (5%). Shell Oil controls approximately 60% of the domestic oil market and operates
majority of its facilities in the Delta region of Nigeria. The Ogoni region is a highly oil rich area in
the Delta region that has been greatly affected by the environmental ... Show more content on
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Ken Saro–Wiwa, the leader of MOSOP has gathered support from international nongovernmental
organizations and has received international attention through media and U.N. meetings. The group
presented Shell with demands to pay 10 billion dollars in damages to the Ogoni people and to end its
harmful treatment of the environment in the region. If Shell did not meet the demands, widespread
resistance was threated. In response to the group's threat, the Nigerian government announced that
all disturbances of oil production were considered of treason and banned public meetings. MOSOP
continued to lead peaceful protests despite the ban of public assemblies, yet there was an incident
were a Shell employee was injured by angry protestors and Shell temporary pulled out of the region
in response. This dramatically decreased the petroleum extracted and decreased profits by 200
million in 1993. The Nigerian government attempted to suppress the Ogoni protest through
violence. Over 750 people were killed in a series of attacks on the Ogoni villages, yet the protests
continued. International support of MOSOP increased and Greenpeace and Amnesty International
led campaigns for Ken Saro–Wiwa's release after his repeated arrests in 1993 and 1994. Ken Saro–
Wiwa experienced a disagreement with the other MOSOP movement leaders and on May 21, 1994,
four leaders and eight other activists were murdered. Ken Saro–Wiwa

Extractivism: A Rhetorical Analysis
Around 1938, George Orwell stated that mining of coal was the metabolism of civilization in
western countries. What this metaphor by Orwell meant was that coal was the major catalyst of the
early industrial revolution, the same way enzymes act as catalysts in the body of animals. Were he to
be alive today, he would have been happy and could have reformulated his insightful observation.
For it should be noted that modern mining, that is, the extraction of coal, rich minerals, gas and oil is
the alchemic catalyst that is driving the 21st century metabolism of the economic globalization.
However, the effects and consequences of modern extraction usually take on grim symbolism as
compared to the mentioned chemical metaphor. This is due to the ... Show more content on
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For instance, most of the developments in the developed countries are based on growth, that is, they
are depend on natural resources like minerals, gas and oil for their economic development.
Moreover, the emerging developing countries such as India, china and brazil need a lot of natural
resources to develop. This means that countries which are rich in resources in Latin America have
emphasized and focused on the extraction of natural resources for their development and export.
Neo extractivisim has been coined to refer to policies and regulations which strengthen states role in
the ownership and exploitation of natural resources, a development which has gained great
momentum inmost parts of the developing nations (Burchardt, Hans–Jürgen, and Kristina, 2014).
Extractivisims is a development model that has political, natural and socioeconomic influences
(class structure, interaction between public and state and gender) within a country majorly in
countries with abundant resources in the

Procurement in Oil and Gas Industry in Developing...
Procurement in Oil and Gas Industry in Developing Countries
A Case of AGIP Nigeria
Name
Course
Professor
Date
Abstract
This is a thesis about procurement process in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria with specific stress
on AGIP Nigerian AGIP Energy and Natural Resource." The report starts with an introduction to the
country Nigeria itself. It develops with the research on the oil and gas sector in the country and then
focuses on the AGIP and its operations. Thus the first section comprises the Introduction, the
background of the problem the research objectives, literature review regarding the procurement
process and the company AGIP. The second section is about the research methodology, the data
analysis and presentation of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Introduction 4
1.1 Research Rational.....................................................................................................7
1.2 Research Objective....................................................................................8
2. Literature Review 9
2.1 Supply Chain Management.........................................................................................12
2.2 Procurement Process....................................................................................14
2.3 AGIP.....................................................................................................19
3. Research Methododology 23
3.1 Research Design...................................................................................................24
3.2 Research Methods......................................................................26
3.3 Data Collection and Analysis.........................................................28
3.4 Ethical Consideration.......................................................30
4 Description of Case Study 31
5. Analysis and Presentation 34
6. Discussion 38
7. Conclusion 40
8.

Chiquita Csr Case Study
Analysis: Litigation & Chiquita This case study deals primarily with the issue of litigation. The case
study focuses especially on litigation concerned with U.S. companies being held accountable in U.S.
courts for their actions and influences in foreign countries. The main company highlighted within
the case study is Chiquita, the largest employer of banana workers in Latin America.
This analysis will dive deeper into the actual issue of litigation and will focus on the Alien Tort
Statute (also called the Alien Tort Claims Act [ATCA]), which was a part of the Judiciary Act of
1789. The issue of accountability and the analysis of multiple cases including Chiquita will be
discussed in relevancy to litigation and the ATCA. Finally, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
If the corporate entity wrongs the constitutional rights of others, shouldn't the state that chartered the
corporation be held accountable in some way?
Moving forward, who then should hold the state governments accountable for their corporate
entities misbehaving overseas if the state governments do nothing to remedy the situation? Since the
US Congress has the Constitutional authority to "regulate commerce... among the several States" as
well as "with foreign Nations," (Article 1, Section 8 of the US Constitution) should it not also have
authority over states involved (via their corporate entities) in foreign commerce with citizens and
businesses of other nations? Werther and Chandler raise the question of whether or not U.S. courts
should be expanding their jurisdiction, or should these cases be a matter of U.S. foreign and trade
policy? Regardless of one's opinion, since the State governments bring the corporations into
existence, they should be responsible for the actions taken by their corporations.
Chiquita:
Another strong example and reinforcement of the ATCA was the lawsuit where 3,000 foreign
banana workers were allowed to be heard in U.S. Courts in 2002. These banana workers represented
a fraction of those that have been exposed to the pesticide dibromochloropropane (DBCP), also
known as Nemagon and Fumazone. Developed by Shell and Occidental Chemical, DBCP

Blood Oil Essay
Blood Oil in the Niger Delta Introduction Situated along the coast of the Gulf of Guinea is a region
about the size of South Carolina that offers a land full of sweet, light crude oil, known as the Niger
Delta (Delta). The Delta sits within the country of Nigeria in West Africa and is in a constant state of
crisis, underpinned by a multitude of key issues. Those issues include severe poverty, soil and water
contamination, high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, depletion of natural resources,
corruption, and armed militia groups. These issues have one thing in common: oil. In 1956, oil was
discovered in the Nigerian state of Bayelsa, less than 50 miles south of the Delta state line. In 1958,
the Delta started producing oil at around

Analysis Of The True Prison By Ken Saro Wiwa
The definition of a prison in Google states, "a building in which people are legally held as a
punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial," but is a true prison? Although
places seem free, the people can be truly trapped through the lack of ability to express oneself.
Without the capability to express oneself people feel stifled, cut off from the world around them,
resulting in them feeling locked up. Through the use of opposition as a metaphor for imprisonment
in The True Prison, Ken Saro Wiwa, the author, describes that a true prison is a lack of freedom of
expression.
The use of the "It is" statements as an opposition is a metaphor for what the imprisonment truly is,
which is the imposed ideas and not being able ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The leaking roof and mosquitoes are signs unfair treatment in a jail which can seem overwhelming
for most people, however; the idea of moral ineptitude, lack of morals, and mental decrepitude, the
mental state of being worn out, was what brought down our the author. The abusers' lack of morals
caused the mental decrepitude which entraps the author. He is unable to escape because he was worn
down and gave into the propaganda, and is in his true prison. The author sounds like he was about to
give into mental decrepitude and be unable to stand up against the oppressors. Overall, the prison is
a mental state when one begins to accept the ideas forced upon oneself, instead of standing up for
one's own beliefs. This is the metaphor of lack of expression because the author cannot stand up for
his beliefs and is being worn down until he no longer can speak out. The opposition of the free
world and a prison is the metaphor of imprisonment through the lack of expression. Towards the end
of the poem, he convinces the reader with one final statement of what makes a true prison. He
proclaims,"It is this/Dear friend, turns our free world/Into a dreary prison" (Wiwa 29–30). People of
the author's country seem to live in a so–called "free world" which was supposed to be happy and
lively but then he reveals the truth to the reader about the reality of the country. By using "it is
this..." he was comparing

Impact Of The Nigerian Presidential Amnesty Program
In this paper, I estimate the impact of the Nigerian Presidential Amnesty Program (Amnesty), a local
form of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR), on crude oil production in
Nigeria. The President of Nigeria announced the program on June 25th, 2009 which aimed to put an
end to the insurgency crisis experienced in the Niger Delta region, particularly between 2006 – 2009
which had led to an average loss of about 650,000 barrels of crude oil per day (cited in Asuni, 2009)
and which had major implications for the government 's revenue. Militants were given the
opportunity for a state pardon by submitting their weapons in exchange for empowerment training
and monthly stipends of N65,000 per month. I used a difference–in–difference approach and the
results indicate an average increase of about 73% in crude oil production in the treated states.
The production and export data for this work was retrieved from the Nigerian National Petroleum
Corporation (NNPC) database, the regulating body for the Oil and Gas industry, beginning from Q1,
2005, to Q4, 2013. I also collected crude oil prices from the British Petroleum website. Although the
Amnesty Program led to a significant increase in oil production, it does not necessarily suggest it is
the best policy that could have been adopted due to its challenges. Introduction The Niger Delta
region, the Nigeria crude oil base, had witnessed numerous protests at various times by its citizens
over resource wealth and control.

The And Environmental Energy Conservation
PERSONAL STATEMENT DRAFT_081114
Growing up my dad would always say "switch off the lights, save power" and "do not waste things,
other people need to use it" those statements instilled in me an indelible dislike for wastage of any
kind and to be considerate of other people's needs like just my dad. These doctrines helped also
helped to forge my interest in recycling and environmental energy conservation especially now as
the demand for energy resources is growing at an alarming rate. Chevron PLC stated in an article
that the world population which is currently around 7 billion is projected to grow by an additional 1
billion in the next 12 years, especially in NOECD or developing countries as predicted by the
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), this growth would result in more demand for energy
resources particularly global fossil fuel consumption, clean water supply, electricity as well as food,
public health services and shelter.
Having grown up in Nigeria, a country with a population of 167 million persons and ranked as the
seventh crude oil producer in the world and the largest oil–producing country in Africa, it is ironic
that about 117.8 million Nigerians rely on fuels such as animal dung, crop residues, wood, charcoal
and kerosene as sources of energy to cook and to power lanterns, an estimated 60 million Nigerians
own generators, and spend an estimated N1.56 trillion ($13.35m) annually to power them. Only
about 40% of the populations have access to

Business Ethics Essay
Introduction
Background
The literature being studied is an article written by Hellen O' Sullivan, the Director of Scientific
Methods Australia. The article entitled "Business ethics are set to set to stage a comeback" was
published on the 75th page of The Australian Financial Review on the 6th February 1990.
Literature Review
Basically, the article discussed several important issues about business ethics. One of the most
prominent was the remark she made about business ethics making a comeback. The conclusion was
made upon the fact that business ethics are becoming more and more popular among business
practitioners as the era of 'Me–generation', and its obsession with greed and profit at any cost ...
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The presumption she made a decade ago has seemed to come through in the new millennium, as
companies are now increasingly wonder not only what constitute ethical corporate behaviour, but
also how to get their employees to observe it both locally and globally. Management schools
nowadays teaches courses on the subject to their students and you can even study at any number of
good schools for a graduate degree in Business Ethics as revealed in The Economist (22nd February
2000) and the article written by Clive Crook in The National Journal (24 April 1999).
The change of the perception towards business ethics is so apparent today. The business community
in the 1980's perceived business ethics as a contradiction in terms. Those who practise them were
oftenly seen as naïve and worst, unambitious. This is totally vice versa to the current thinking. For
instance, Professor Richard DeGeorge of the University of Kansas shatters the myth of business
ethics being a contradiction in terms by using simple logical analogy. He stated that if business is
viewed a amoral i.e. it is not expected to behave according to the moral rules and it is not
appropriate to do whatever necessary to increase profit, then there would be no surprise when a
business acted immorally. The uncovering of bribes and corruption would not be news.
The

Sustainability Royal Dutch Shell Essay
Table of Contents Page
1. Executive Summary2
2. Introduction3
3. Definition of Sustainability.......3
4. An Overview of Sustainability ..................4
5. Shell's Strategic Approach to Sustainability6
6. Literature focusing three sustainable issues9
7. Theory/Models used to evaluate Shell's response to sustainability12
8. Recommendation on What Shell could do to become a sustainable business14
9. Conclusion15
10. References 17
Executive Summary
Sustainability in companies is a broad subject. In order ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shell's sustainable development strategy takes a long term and short term approach which ensures
that economics, environment and social considerations are implemented within its decision making
process (Report2010, 2010).
This report will define sustainability, give an overview of sustainability, discuss Shell's strategic
approach to sustainability, review three sustainable issues, discuss theories and models used to
evaluate Shell's response to sustainability, recommend what Shell could do to become a sustainable
business and lastly will draw its conclusion.
Definition of Sustainability

The introduction of the term "sustainable" into the political language came about in a report titled
"The limits to growth" in 1972 by the Club of Rome. Club of Rome was an international association
which consisted of scientists, business executives, public officials and scholars. "Sustainable" is
defined by the writers as a model of output that represents a sustainable world system which does
not have a dynamic collapse. It is able to meet the basic material requirements that are needed by the
environment (Meadows et al, 1972).
However, the term "sustainability" has several definitions. One, being the ability of people and
organisations to preserve the remaining natural resources and use these resources wisely in order to
sustain an environmentally healthy future. The

The And Environmental Energy Conservation
Growing up my dad would always say "switch off the lights, save power" and "do not waste things,
other people need to use it" those statements instilled in me an indelible dislike for wastage of any
kind and to be considerate of other people's needs like just my dad. These doctrines helped also
helped to forge my interest in recycling and environmental energy conservation especially now as
the demand for energy resources is growing at an alarming rate. Chevron PLC stated in an article
that the world population currently around 7 billion is projected to grow by 1 billion in the next
isus12 years, especially in NOECD or developing countries as predicted by the UNFPA (United
Nations Population Fund), this growth would result in more demand for energy resources
particularly global fossil fuel consumption, clean water supply, electricity as well as food and
shelter.
Having grown up in Nigeria, a country with a population of 167 million persons and ranked as the
seventh crude oil producer in the world, the largest oil–producing country in Africa, it is ironic that
about 117.8 million Nigerians rely on fuels such as animal dung, crop residues, wood, charcoal and
kerosene as sources of energy to cook and to power lanterns, an estimated 60 million Nigerians own
generators, and spend an estimated N1.56 trillion ($13.35m) annually to fuel them. Only about 40%
of the populations have access to electricity supply which is not consistent and 60% of the time they
have to endure

Zewei's Article Analysis
I. Zewei's Article an Explanation, Thesis, and Conclusion
Nestled in the center of the world, the Celestial Empire is ruled by an Emperor tasked by Heaven
with the responsibility of governing the world. Under Heaven there is no part of the land that is not
the Emperor's and within the sea–boundaries of the land, there is none that is not a subject. This was
the Confucian world view.
Entrenched in the Tributary System, the Chinese were ill–prepared to enter into an equal
relationship with European countries. It is no wonder; the Chinese viewed the inhabitants of the
outside world as barbarians. China was superior to all and it was their responsibility to shepherd and
teach the occupants of neighboring realms. Lands surrounding China were welcomed ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
NGOs exist independent of the governments in which they are formed and these organizations can
operate in several states, or globally, depending on their mission. NGOs are endowed with a soft
power. Soft power is essentially the ability to obtain their objectives by attraction instead of
compulsion. Hard power is naturally not in their arsenal, but with enough funds and very little
oversight, NGO activity can be a liability to any state that doesn't conform to the ideals that NGOs
subscribe to. In the case of the Arab–Israeli conflict, NGOs comprised of powerful citizens and
officials are able to manipulate governmental applications of law creating negative outcomes for
states like Israel who may or may not actually be acting outside of international law.
III. When and Why Business and Human Rights Became an International Topic: What's Up with the

Consequences Of Globalisation For Sub Saharan Africa
5. Is the 'criminalisation' of the State a useful and accurate analysis of the consequences of
globalisation for Sub–Saharan Africa? Exemplify your answer.
The Criminalisation of the State in Africa is an unhelpful and inaccurate phenomena which
postulates that at the heart of political and governmental institutions within Africa lies crime. It is
clear that in the wake of globalisation and post–colonial neoliberal reforms Africa has struggled to
maintain its stature in the world wide global economy; the GDP for the whole of Sub–Saharan
Africa stands at $744 billion, which is just 28% of Chinas. The rise of the Asian Tiger economies in
the east marked the beginning of modern globalisation; improvements in technology and the
outsourcing of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although growth has been slow in comparison to the rest of the world increases in FDI, social
enterprise and the manufacturing sector suggest that there is hope for the continent; with historical
social unrest and political deviance thus far preventing wide–spread economic growth and
development.
Africa has a history of political and civil unrest dating back to the late 19th century and the start of
the colonial occupation of African nations. Since independence many nations have struggled with
undemocratic governments famous for corruption, embezzlement and money laundering. Within the
criminalisation of state theory it is claimed that Sub–Saharan Africa has a standardised criminal
model derived from dominant social groups exploiting the income gained from their insertion into
the international economy as a method of dependence (Bayart, Ellis and Hibou 1999). This is an
attempt to show the historical context of the criminality within the state as if it is something that has
existed throughout all of the African nations importing and exporting life–span. In order to suit this
argument it is easy to use few famous state leaders, such as Charles Taylor or Joseph Momoh, who
are renowned for their criminal activity as examples; however to paint a whole continent with the
same brush seems nonsensical and inaccurate. Botswana emerged from the colonial regime one of
the poorest nations in Africa yet due to a

The Conflict Of The Niger Delta
INTRODUCTION TO THE CONFLICT IN THE NIGER DELTA
Nigeria is the 7th world largest oil producer and is a major player in the world energy market. Oil
and gas is Nigeria's main source of revenue. It accounts for about 40% of the Gross Domestic
Product and 70% of government revenues (Lawal 2004). Crude oil was first discovered in 1956 by
Shell British Petroleum in a small village called Oloibiri present day Bayelsa State. Two years later
oil in larger quantities was discovered in Ogoni.
The Niger delta region has a population of 28 million people, a coverage of 70,000 square
kilometers consisting of 606 fields, 5,284 wells, 7,000 kilometers of pipelines, 10 export terminals,
275 flow stations and a liquefied natural gas sector (Williams 2011). The Niger delta which is
Nigeria's oil belt has been embroiled in conflict and resistance against the government and
multinational oil corporations that extract oil in the region. The Niger delta is highly volatile with
insurgent groups controlling the area. Years of oil exploitation, environmental degradation and
neglecting by the states has created an impoverished, marginalized and exploited region which has
produced resistance form the youth in the Niger delta region. A regime of state repression and
corporate violence has further generated popular criminal violence, lawlessness, illegal
appropriations and insecurity (Williams 2011).
Conflict in the Niger delta arose in the early 1990's due to tension between the foreign oil

The Stateless Nation Of O-Go-Knee
Hello everybody. This presentation is on the stateless nation of Ogoni (O–go–knee).
Some background information on them. They are known as the Ogoni people. Most are christian
and/or believe in their ancient traditions. They live in Ogoniland, Nigeria. The nation is about 404
square miles. They speak the Ogoni language and their population is about 2 million people. The
group that is helping them most to become a state is MOSOP.
Ogoniland is located in River State on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, east of Port Harcourt.
Ogoniland is divided into the 6 kingdoms of Babbe (Bab), Gokhana (Gawk–na), Ken–Khana (Ken
Kana), Nyo–Khana (Knee–o Kana), Eleme (El–a–may), and Tai (Tie). As shown on the map Ken–
Kahna and Nyo–Khana are usually referred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In February of 1995, after eight months of being detained without official charges, Ken Saro–Wiwa
and the other Ogoni leaders were brought before a special tribunal, established by the military
government. Independent international observers expressed their deep doubts about the fairness of
the trial in protest of the Tribunal's failure to meet even Nigeria's own standards of fairness. On
October 31, 1995, Ken Saro–Wiwa and eight other Ogoni were sentenced to death by the Special
Tribunal. In March 1996, non–partisan elections were held in Nigeria to fill all local government
seats with elected civilian Chairs and Councilors. It was widely reported that all persons associated
with MOSOP were prevented from participation, and those who presented themselves were either
beaten or detained and later disqualified. By June, 1998, the maximum dictator, General Sani
Abacha under whose watch thousands of Ogoni people perished eventually died in mysterious
circumstances. This ushered in a new attempt at democratic engagement and electoral processes.
The electoral process ushered in Chief Olusegun Obasanjo ( olu–se–gun ob–a–san–jo), himself a
former prisoner on death row under

Shell Oil in Nigeria
Shell Oil in Nigeria
1. What are some of the factors explaining why corruption and bribery are so high in Nigeria?
Nigeria is considered to be one of the most corrupt countries in the world. Many different forms of
corruption are familiar to Nigeria including political corruption, bureaucratic corruption, electoral
corruption, embezzlement, and bribery. Corruption has even been said to be a viable enterprise in
Nigeria due to the involvement of citizens, government officials, and private corporations alike. Two
main factors help explain why corruption and bribery are so high in Nigeria, these factors include
Nigeria's complete dependence on the petroleum industry and profit–focused companies taking
advantage of a less developed, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It ignited world–wide protests and criticisms of the industry. Financially Shell was not burdened by
the lawsuit, but the light that was shed on what was going on would ultimately cause Shell increase
investment to the community. Today Shell makes efforts to contribute to small businesses and
education in Nigeria.
3. Was Shell taking advantage of weak local regulation?
Shell was taking advantage of weak local regulation and using third party companies to funnel
bribes to the Nigerian government. These bribes bought them many sources of preferential treatment
including using government manpower to move ships, rigs, workboats, and other equipment
throughout the country. Shell was also able to exploit the military and secured the use of military
aircraft for quick movement of special goods. Bribes also allowed Shell to circumvent visa
inspections and avoid having their employees deported for over–staying their visas. Many
precautions were taken to cook the books and hide these bribes in case of an audit. One such
precaution included drawing up fake invoices to create line items on the balance sheet to mask
certain bribes. All of these actions taken by Shell are clear examples of how they took advantage of
the weak government. A strong government with proper checks and balances would be much harder
to manipulate. Bribery and other forms of corruption would be treated harshly in order to deter

Solutions to the Niger Delta Problems in Nigeria
SOLUTIONS TO THE NIGER DELTA PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA
AN ASSIGNMENT WRITTEN IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE
COURSE DVS 512: TECHNOLOGY, ENERGY, NATURAL RESOURCES AND
DEVELOPMENT
BY
ISU, DORATHY AKWUGO
PG/MSC/07/46529
LECTURER: DR. OGAKWU
INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, ENUGU CAMPUS.
AUGUST 2009
BACKGROUND
The Niger Delta produces the oil wealth which accounts for the bulk of Nigeria's foreign earnings.
Paradoxically however, these vast revenues from an international industry have barely touched the
Niger Delta's own pervasive local poverty (UNDP, 2006:1). The majority of the population in the
rural areas in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria are living in extreme poverty in spite of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over time, the effects of oil and gas exploration on the environment have become a cause of concern
to stakeholders, government, NGOs communities and individuals. This has led the government to
formulate various policies to arrest the situation and thus promote sustainable exploration activities.
Unfortunately, most of these programs have not yielded the desired results (Guardian Newspaper
2006: 16).
The rural populace in the Niger Delta mainly practice fishing and subsistence farming, but during
floods, which lasts for over half of the year in some areas the waters are usually contaminated which
negatively affects marine life; with the waters unable to sustain vegetation due to petroleum
hydrocarbon pollutants. Drinking water is scarce and in the dry season, water is usually not
available which also increases the risk of water borne diseases. The inhabitants of the area also
experience scorching heat daily from gas flaring which is also detrimental to the health of the people
(Chukwuezi, 2006:4).
The major problems of the Niger Delta Region mentioned above can be summarized as follows:

Poverty
Poverty has been described as the inability of a person to meet basic needs such as food, shelter,
clothing, healthcare and education. The poverty situation in the Niger Delta region is perhaps the
worst in Nigeria today. It also results in poor

Cultural Anthropology
Anthropology 1A03 Exam Review Week 7 Monday October 18–Thursday October 21 "Expressive
Culture" (Miller Text Chapter 11) Expressive Culture October 18: Expressive Culture is: Behaviour
and beliefs related to art, leisure, and play. – linked to other cultural domains such as: Exchange: pot
latching art and dance, Bodily modification. Decorations, tattoos Religion: clothing, practices, etc.
What is Art? Art is application of imagination, skill and style to matters movement, and sound that
goes beyond the purely practical. * High art= in a museum * Low art= graffiti Who decides: What is
Art? Emic/etic confusions regarding art * Emic: insider (member) view or members of culture *
Etic: outsider (observer) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wrote the Midterm Communication: October 27 Linguistic and Cultural Anthropology: * Material
from both fields of anthropology about human communication * Connections to biological
anthropology, ex. Nonhuman primate communication and archaeology regarding communication in
past cultures The Varieties of Human Communication: * Language and verbal communication *
Non verbal communication/language and embodied communication * Communicating with media
and technology Basic Concepts: Communication: conveying meaningful messages from one person
or animal to another. Language: based on a systematic set of learned and shared symbols and signs.
Two distinctive features of Human Language: 1. Productivity= the ability to create an infinite range
of understandable messages. 2. Displacement= the ability to refer to event in the past and future
(displaced domains) What do the Pirahas have to teach us: language as a tool, happiness is way of
life – seem very happy, Daniel Everett– Endangered languages video – the ways in which the case
of the piraha can teach us about language elsewhere, they don`t use numbers culturally. Little
evidence of productivity and displacement in Piraha language – their language is adequate for their
culture. Language

The Niger Delta Region
The Niger Delta Region of Nigeria produces a significant portion of the combined oil wealth of
Nigeria. Since 1956 when oil was first struck in Oloibiri in Southern Nigeria, the Niger Delta region
has accounted for over 90 per cent of Nigeria's oil income; however, the region has continually
suffered from environmental neglect, disintegrating infrastructures, high rate of unemployment,
social deprivation, abject poverty and widespread conflict. There have been incessant calls for the
multi– national corporations("MNCs") operating in the area to demonstrate the value of their
investments to Nigeria by undertaking increased corporate social responsibility("CSR") initiatives
that provide for environmental friendly practices as well as direct social benefits such as local
employment, new infrastructure, schools and improved health care delivery. In addition, the
Nigerian regulatory measures enforcing the adoption of codes and conduct of CSR policies by these
companies, their reporting practices and interaction with leading CSR institutions have either been
non–existent or inadequately formulated and have therefore failed the entire population. The
existing legal frame work needs to be reformulated into one which is fit for purpose. The is a dire
need for an effective, independent management and enforcement of the host state's regulatory
exercise to alleviate the current perilous state of the region in particular and the country in general.
INTRODUCTION
"You produce the oil from

Blood, Sweat, Tears and Oil: The mistreatment of the...
Blood, Sweat, Tears and Oil: The mistreatment of the Ogoni People by Royal Dutch Shell and the
Nigerian Government
Introduction
Nigeria, located in West Africa, is a densely populated nation of over 100 million people. Since the
nation's independence from Britain in 1960, the country has been in the hands of various leaders
ranging from religious to staunchly militant. Nigeria is the sixth largest producer of crude oil in the
world and it has one of the largest deposits of natural gas (Wiwa, 2001). Oil accounts for ninety five
percent of Nigeria's foreign exchange earning and one–fourth of the country's Gross Domestic
Product comes from oil. A large percentage of this oil is located in the Niger Delta.
The Niger Delta, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movement to speak out against the injustices endured by the Ogoni people are also chronicled
along with the resolutions to date that have been reached in the Niger Delta in order to ensure that
the cycle of wrongs suffered by indigenous peoples does not occur again.
Shell and the Nigerian government
Oil was first discovered in the eastern region of the Niger Delta in 1956. With the country still under
British rule, Shell teamed up with the British Petroleum Company to open up the Nigerian oil fields
and became the Royal Dutch Shell. For nearly a decade the joint venture produced 367,000 barrels
of oil per day. After Nigeria gained its independence from the British, Shell ensured that the
Nigerian government would have a share in the company. With oil production going on in the
eastern region of the country, it was only a matter of time until politics began to revolve around the
resource.
Oronto Douglas, Nigeria's leading environmental human rights lawyer, said it best when he noted in
the book Where Vultures Feast that "Oil is the stuff of contemporary Nigerian politics and the Niger
Delta is the field on which the vicious battle to this money spinner is waged." From July 1967 to
January 1970 a civil war broke out between the eastern region (whose people united for the war
effort and referred to the region as Biafra) and the rest of the country. The Biafra Civil War began
because of barrels of oils and would

Criminal Justice Research Paper
Whenever the subject of justice arises in the mind, millions of questions flood the neurons of the
brain. As one pauses to ponder over the birth of justice, often wonders what is really justice and why
is it so important to us? What is the role of every individual in the matter of justice? Can anyone
truly define it? Can a perfect justice be ever achieved? Whatever the dilemma, we know for sure, we
cannot ignore this topic as long as we are living together as a human race! We, as individuals, and
citizens certainly have some, if not all, important role to play in this battle of injustice versus justice.
From fairytales to holy scriptures all over the world, expound the victory of good over evil. Surely,
to achieve this, it has to do more than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This also demands impartiality in some sense, such as detachment from one's own vested interests.
The end results of any action define whether the initial purpose was just or unjust. If there is unfair
treatment of masses or dividing them into two or more groups with preferential treatment to only
one group, existing chaos, torture, and other misdemeanors that lead to unhappiness, no economical
or social progress of the masses, then certainly this cannot be a sign of something right. In the words
of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., "An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group
compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. This is difference made legal.
By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow and that it is
willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal (Web)." As the King raises the question in his
letter from Birmingham jail,"How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? The
answer is found in the fact that there are two types of laws: there are just laws, and there are unjust
laws... an unjust law is no law at all"(382). By following the unjust law, we are doing wrong openly,
under the pretext of doing the right thing. To bear wrong quietly is as unjust as doing wrong to
someone. Martin Luther King would not have fought white supremacy in 'the land of the free and
the home of the brave', without their apparent injustices. He was not trying to achieve a perfectly
just world but he did want to remove obvious injustices to the extent they

Corporations: Individual Profit Wthout Individual...
Corporations, presently, are legal citizens in the United States. This legal citizenship guarantees all
Corporations many of the legal rights that natural born citizens can enjoy with limited consequences
for their actions. Presently since the law sees Corporations as "artificial citizens" many of the
punishments for crimes committed by a Corporation are essentially null and void since these entities
cannot cordially be punished for committing a crime as a physically living human can.
Firstly before delving into the complex interwoven legalities of Corporations it is imperative to
know what a Corporation is and what separates it from another form of business i.e. a partnership,
trust or a hybrid of both. The main difference between a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people are fully supportive of these Corporations right to artificial citizenship. It is, in their
defense, essential to the survival of the Corporation to have the ability to possess property, enter
contracts, etc. without these guaranteed rights the U.S. Government could take any Corporations
property without compensation, suppress any Corporations rights to a fair trial, and raid any
Corporations warehouses for insignificant reasons. All of these injustices would be possible due to
the Corporation not being considered a partnership or another form of business and not being owned
by a single entity. Ultimately, these rights are seen as necessary and without these rights a
Corporation could not exist in society; and as an extension this is why the majority of people see the
need for these businesses to possess individual rights.
The only contradiction to this viewpoint is that while corporations are legally seen as humans with
human rights they are still treated/punished as real living humans. There are few laws regarding the
direct punishment of Corporations for committing a crime and as such few disciplinary actions
actually affect Corporations as a whole single entity. Josh Clark puts this simply in his statement that
says
"The laws that govern people take our hum
an weaknesses into account. For example, our prison
system is designed to incarcerate the human body. You can't imprison a corporation, though. So
granting human

Business And Human Rights : The Evolving International...
Article Reflection and Case Summary 2
Tong, Yiran (Nina) #3480572
University of New Brunswick, Saint John
MBA 7102
Deryk Stec
Jan 29, 2015
Article Reflections
Business and Human Rights: The Evolving International Agenda by John Gerard Ruggie
Summary and background
This paper analyzes the development of human rights and business in an international view, states
the factual issues, and provides strategies to improve the existing realities. The article explains the
conceptual challenges to let readers know the basic foundation of international human rights, such
as globalization, global value chains, transnational corporate networks, duties and rights.
Important Features and Reflections
Corporate Responsibility for International ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different Perspectives
Individuals and corporations have different perspectives and standards. Some of the standards are
contrary, so the government and relevant corporations can act the bridge between individuals and
corporations. The national legal system gives criminal punishment and limitations for companies'
actions.
Rights and Duties
A corporation is an independent entity created through a legal process. A group of people put their
capital together and incorporate a company in which they subsequently own shares. The
shareholders and the corporation are separate entities, each having its own rights and duties. General
rights and duties exist that apply to all corporations. However, there are also specific legal
obligations that depend on whether the corporation is publicly or privately held. Corporations have a
right to own, rent, hire or lease property and where applicable to sell it. One of the duties of a
corporation is to pay tax, since it is engaged in profit–making activities.
Society needs successful businesses, but today business is taking over society. The unfettered rise of
corporate power that presents the biggest threat to free markets, and to the ability of free markets to
promote individual freedom, equality before the law and equitable prosperity. Limited liability
means power without responsibility and it is spreading fast. Originally a privilege only of publicly–
quoted corporations, it has recently been extended to partnerships

Looking For Trans Wonderland By Noo Saro Wiwa
Have you ever desired to return back to your childhood neighborhood? Might you wonder how
much it's changed since you were last there? If your answer is somewhere in the state of Kansas, it
could possibly be argued. Might you perhaps change your mind if the place you grew up in was the
country of Nigeria? Though it might sound exotic; a rowdy airport, littered streets, malfunctioning
transportation and a possibility of access to water are just some of the matters you might come to
expect on your vacation get–a–way. For some, it's deemed to be the last tourist spot on many if any
travelers bucket list.
I have chosen to review the book Looking for Trans wonderland by Author Noo Saro–Wiwa, whom
as a little girl briefly grew up in a modest home in Port Hartcourt, Nigeria, yet shortly thereafter
found herself growing up midst the privileged in the upscale of England. Wiwa delights readers on a
riveting journey of her hometown of Lagos, Nigeria in which she travels back to find that not much
has changed, and perhaps gotten worse. None the less, she reinvents her country in her mind,
recapturing a beauty in which she once lost out on in her adolescence. Initially attempting her best to
distance herself of that a parallel universe from her current surroundings, it was only after the
hanging death of her father, playwright and activist Ken Saro– Wiwa, that Noo did her best to brush
off the ravages of her homeland to return to it much later. While additionally paying homage to her

A Month And A Day By Ken Saro Wiwa
Environmental injustice is a crucial topic in Ken Saro Wiwa's novel, A month and a Day. Saro
Wiwa. This will be the text that will be closely read and analyzed. I will also be discussing the video
from Blackboard week 5, which is examined in Saro Wiwa's novel and his life story. In this novel,
Saro Wiwa discusses the harm that is occurring due to the oil exploration. The violent and corrupted
government allows this harm to the locals and the environment. Some locals even stand up to the oil
companies, and are paid to protect the oil barrels (Blackboard Video Week 5). Chevron and Shell are
the two oil companies that are entwined in the history written by Saro Wiwa. Corruption is
displayed in Saro Wiwa's Diary. "Corruption against the environment, Local corruption,
Government corruption, Since it began producing oil in earnest in 1956, Nigeria has become the
poster child for the environmental, social, and economic devastation that can be wrought by
unfettered fossil fuel production" (Watts 1). The author of A Month and A Day, Ken Saro Wiwa's
home town is Port Harcourt Nigeria (Britannica 1). He's a well–known and award winning writer.
He's an activist that stood up for human and environmental rights in his homeland. The local's way
of living is gaining an income from selling vegetables and fruits. However, since the government
gave full reign to the oil companies, oil pipes have been located all over the land. Oil spills are
common with the pipes. The oil spilled onto the

A Brief Note On Justice And Environmental Cleanup
Sordum Deeyaa
ENG 1020
Ms. Campbell
29 November 2016
Research Paper
Justice Through Environmental Cleanup
I belong to a proud people called the Ogoni people. The Ogoni people are a minority tribe that's in
the Southeast of Nigeria and they happen to own most of the vast oil reserves in Nigeria. Why does
this matter you ask? Well because they've been economically exploited, suffered environmental
degradation and political marginalization in Nigeria for fighting for the right to self determine their
destiny and keep control of their resources. Shell, a oil company that was founded in 1907 when the
Dutch company practiced unfriendly environmental practices while drilling oil where people were
living. This caused oil spills and polluted the water and land that was used to produce fruits and
vegetables. Nigeria also allowed these practices to go on because a lot of Nigeria's wealth came
from oil. The Nigerian government also supported the efforts of Shell to get rid of the Ogoni so that
they can continue to take the oil without any consequences. With the help of Shell and the Nigerian
government the Ogonis were forced to go out of Nigeria as exiles. My dad came here as a refugee
and I was born here. While many see that some parts of the world are doing fairly well and operate
in a democracy, I believe that we as a world community should rally behind human rights and
address the degradation and devastation that has plagued the Ogoni community and other
indigenous

Why Do We Need The Oil Producing Community? Does This Look...
"You produce the oil from our lands, but we get no benefit from it. Look around, does this look like
an oil–producing community? Does this look like Saudi Arabia?" . This angry riposte, from
Vinkaviks Ekariko at a meeting between chiefs of a local community in Nigeria 's now volatile
Niger Delta region and officials of a Multinational Oil Corporation , reflects Amao's view that,
home jurisdictions in vulnerable areas are generally perceived to be powerless when it comes to the
operations of large organisations particularly multinational corporations(MNCs) situated in their
area . According to Mujih, MNCs operate on a large scale throughout the world producing both
constructive and damaging consequences . He proffers the promotion of economic growth as a
constructive consequence of their operations; while on the negative side, he accuses MNCs,
particularly those in the extractive industries of colluding with the governments of their host
countries, to inflict human rights abuses, damage the environment and consequently, destroying the
way of life of local communities .
The Niger Delta region of Nigeria, with a land mass of 17,900 square meters, comprises of Akwa–
Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross–River, Edo, Rivers and Ondo States and is located in the Southern part of
Nigeria . This region produces the oil wealth of the nation which has accounted for over 90 per cent
of the national income for over 40 years . However, the region has continually suffered from
environmental neglect,

The Niger Delta Struggles: Its Implications for Resource...
TOPIC: THE NIGER DELTA STRUGGLES: ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR RESOURCE CONTROL.
A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE STUDY The Niger Delta region, Nigeria 's oil belt has been
the site of a generalized ethnic and regional struggle for self–determination since 1998, the location
of often–violent confrontations between local ethnic communities and agents of the Nigerian state
and oil companies involved in the extraction and exploitation of oil in the area. What began as
community agitation has undoubtedly undergone several transformations. The first involved the
flowering of civil society, which mobilized a popular civil struggle. The second saw the extension of
the agitation from that against multinational oil companies (MNCs) to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Notable among the social movements and ethnic minority organisations that embarked upon a
national and international campaign against the state–oil partnership in the 1990s was the Movement
for the Survival of Ogoni People (MOSOP), led by the charismatic writer and Ogoni rights activist,
Ken Saro–Wiwa. He was hanged on 10 November 1995 along with eight other Ogoni activists on
the orders of a military–constituted tribunal that found them guilty of inciting a mob to kill four of
the "pro–government" Ogoni elite, after a trial that was described internationally as unfair (CLO
1996)[i]. Nigeria's return to democracy in 1999 both opened up the political space for the campaign
for resource control by the ethnic minorities of the Niger Delta, and unfortunately contributed to
increased militarization of the Niger Delta. This has also led to the emergence of many armed
groups and militias that tapped into existing grievances and politics that has provoked an escalation
in the violence in the region from 2003 onward. Given the high stakes built into the state–oil linkage
in Nigeria, where oil exports account for 95 per cent of exports earnings and over 85 per cent of
national revenues, politics continues to be influenced by oil. For those in power, access to oil is the
ultimate prize in

Oil Production Of Nigeria 's Niger Essay
Final TNC paper Oil production in Nigeria's Niger Delta began in 1956. Ever since then, the Delta
communities have recognized unrest as oil was being distributed in profitable quantities. Oil has
been Nigeria's leading export product for more than six decades. Even though, oil has given Nigeria
a tremendous economic boost, nearly sixty percent of that oil production has been carried out under
Shell's regulation, and during these past six decades, there has been enormous environmental
degradation because of frequent oil spills and gas flaring. This has led to a polluted fish ponds and
declining growth of crops in Niger communities. Shell has personally financed Nigerian militants to
insure the production of oil, and this has led to brutal murders and illegal executions of community
members who tried to protest the damages that shell was creating to their environment. So why and
how is Shell still operating and still committing human right crimes in Nigeria? This paper will
explain why Shell has dominated Nigeria since the 1950s, how the company has damaged the lives
of numerous communities, insured the production of oil to this day through militant use, and still
managed to separate themselves from the many years of violence that they founded.
Shell Oil Company, also known as Royal Dutch Shell is an international oil company that is not only
one of America 's largest oil and natural gas and gasoline producers and marketers but also amongst
the largest oil companies in the

Essay on Shell Nigeria
Shell Nigeria
In 1958 the Royal Dutch/Shell Group started drilling for, transporting and refining oil in Nigeria.
Nigeria's large supply of high quality crude oil helped Shell climb to the top, by 1994 Shell made
more money than other company in the world. Everything changed for
Shell in 1996 when the world became aware of their unethical business practices in
Nigeria. Shell had raped the environment, violated human rights of the Nigerian people and
manipulated local governments for profit.
Royal Dutch/Shell Group and Nigeria
Royal Dutch/Shell Group is the most successful large corporation in the world. In
1994 it recorded profits of nearly 6.2 billion dollars on revenues of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The number of oil spills in the country is outrageously high. An independent record of the spills
reported that the company spilled 7.4 million liters of oil in 27 separate incidents from 1982 to 1992.
This totals around 40% of the total number of Shell's oil spills worldwide in that time period. Shell
uses sabotage as a tactic so as not to take the blame for the spills. However, records indicate that
only 11% of the spills between 1976 and 1990 can be attributed to actual sabotage attacks.
Gas flaring is also a significant problem in Nigeria. As much as 76% of the natural gas pumped up
with crude oil in Nigeria is burned off compared to 0.6% in the United
States. The gas flares emit 34 million tons of carbon dioxide and 12 million tons of methane,
making petroleum operations in Nigeria one of the world's largest contributors to global warming.
Flaring has contributed to the death of plants and wildlife, the pollution of air and water and it has
left some residence with hearing problems and respiratory diseases. Social and Political Issues
Shell's presence in Nigeria has also had enormous social consequences, particularly in the Niger
Delta region. The people in this region are dissatisfied for many reasons with Shell's presence on
their land. The poor relationship between the company and the people of Niger

Shell Oil and the Exploitation of Nigeria Essays
Shell Oil and the Exploitation of Nigeria
Nigeria has been a country in political turmoil for a long time. The country was created in 1914
under British colonial rule and at that time it was considered a protectorate. It was not until 1960
that Nigeria received independence from the United Kingdom. One of Nigeria's problems politically
is that it has over three hundred different ethnic groups. The three largest of these are the Hausa–
Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba. At the time of the independence of Nigeria it was split up into three states
with each state being under the control of one of the major ethnic groups. The natural resources of
the other 297 ethnic groups were exploited for the major three groups, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He wrote a Bill of Rights calling for protection of the environment in the Ogoni region and basic
rights for the Ogoni people. His Bill of Rights was completely ignored by the government. He went
on to do peaceful demonstrations against Shell's oil plants where special police forces came in and
killed and injured many Ogoni people. In May 1995 Ken Sao–Wiwa and his close MOSOP
associates were accused of the murders of four Ogoni chiefs. Their trial was closed to the public
Ken Saro–Wiwa's legal defense resigned saying that the trial was not impartial or independent and
no matter what they would all be found guilty. Ken Saro–Wiwa and eight of his close associates
were all hanged. Shell has since spent millions trying to repair the damage they inadvertently caused
in Nigeria and the world's major powers have taken small actions against Nigeria.
Violation of Human Rights, destruction of the environment, and denial of freedom of speech and
congregation are the ethical issues raised in this case. The Human Rights violations are many. The
Nigerian special police force raped, tortured, and murdered hundreds who spoke out against the
tyrannical government. All together they killed 2,000 Ogoni, razed 27 villages and displaced over
80,000 people who fled into the bush as refugees. The oil spills by the Shell Company, the lying of
the pipeline across farmlands, and

Mission Statement Of Amnesty International
Amnesty International is a non profit organization that help in the fighting of human rights all
around the globe, this organization was founded by Peter Benenson in United kingdom 1961.
International has close to about 7 million members all around the world, and their main objective is
to ensure that human rights are never violated and also to help get justice to those whose right has
been tempered with. And also they help them prevent violation of any form of films right both
locally and internationally.
The motto of Amnesty International states that " It is better to light a candle than to curse the
darkness." And there vision is of a world in which every person enjoys all of the human rights
enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights
standards.
In pursuit of this vision, Amnesty International's mission is to undertake research and action focused
on preventing and ending grave abuses of the rights to physical and mental integrity, freedom of
conscience and expression, and freedom from discrimination, within the context of its work to
promote all human rights.
And indeed the motto states it all because Amnesty international services has contributed largely in
the area of ensuring proper human right, they've done so by rendering the services of legal advocacy,
media attentions, direct appeal campaigns, research and lobbying. The Amnesty international has
done greatly in contributing globally where ever there is

Multinational Companies and Their Social Responsibilities...
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 AN OVERVIEW OF SHELL DEVELOPMENT COMPANY IN NIGERIA
2.1 Introduction This chapter will provide basic knowledge of Shell Nigeria Oil Company and its
operation in Nigeria, in particular regarding its ethics, performance, social involvement, contribution
to national income and its contribution to keeping the environment green. Since the Rio Conference
of 1992 the code of conduct for all extractive industries including crude oil mining companies has
underlined the following principles that should be respected in doing business:
i. Social and economic development of host communities ii. Provision of basic social services iii.
Regard for Human Rights iv. Good governance and civil society involvement. There have also been
some ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They want the protection of the ecosystem and biodiversity of indigenous and local community
territories; iv. They want the revenue sharing formula based on derivation revived at 50 percent to
derivation, 35 percent to distributable common pool and 15 percent to the central government;
v. They want Shell and the Nigerian government to adopt policies that will recognize indigenous
communities as rightful owners in the crude oil business; vi. They want Shell to clean up their
environment after many years of ecological devastation and comply with all international standards.
Shell environmental legacy and community relations' efforts deserve priority attention. What is
however involved is the totality of the existence of the communities and their environment, their
farmland, economic development, education health, water management, spirituality and cultural
heritage – which are daily being threatened.
2.2 Introduction and Discussion of Theories and Models from the Literature In this section we
would look at the Royal Dutch Shell Oil company operations worldwide and in particular the
Nigeria operations from several different angles. We will look at how Shell Nigeria operations can
impact upon the three stakeholders; The CEO of Shell, an investor and a local Shell employee. Then
we would look at this wicked problem with the oil spill in the Niger delta. Shell is a global group of

Martin Luther King Justice And Injustice Essay
One wonders if justice is a product of rational thinking or is it merely an evolved primal mode of
survival of our ancestors reflecting in their use of discriminating judgment as they moved from
place to place, facing the challenges of their times? His desires, needs, and ambitions, being limited,
he was content in flowing with the moment; moral rightness was natural to him.The prehistoric man
hunted when he was hungry, sought shelter when he felt the need to rest or save himself from the
onslaught of the inclement weather or prey; using only as much natural resources as in its complete
rightfulness. He took from nature only as much as he needed and not going beyond his needs;
thereby preserving the environment, and knowingly or unknowingly exhibited a certain sense of
creating a rightful environment; the need to preserve nature and not destroy it unlike the example of
oil ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Justice is the power of making fine distinctions, which plays a very crucial role in manifesting the
desires; it affects all. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the most influential civil right activist of America,
very rightly once said, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere...whatever affects one
directly, affects all indirectly" (Jacobus 378). This perhaps should be the motivation for every person
to think and act right; directing their desires towards the right path. Henry David Thoreau asserts
that it is more important to develop a respect for the right, rather than a respect for law, for people's
obligations are to do what is right (Jacobus 306–307). His refusal to pay the taxes for the Mexican–
American war is a reflection of these thoughts, which leads him later in writing his lecture on Civil

Research Paper on Csr
Individual Integrative Paper– ORGS 5100.3S A Critical Review of Corporate Social Responsibility–
The Niger Delta Business Case Judith Idemudia ABSTRACT This paper contains a critical review
of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which is one of strategy being adopted by
businesses to address some of the challenges they confront in their external environment. This paper
examines various arguments from proponents and critics of CSR. In addition, this paper examines
the case of oil Multinational in Nigeria as way of ascertaining the validity of the different positions
in the CSR debate. Introduction Historical evidence suggests that societal concerns for businesses
to have social obligations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This widespread transmission of a corporation's misconduct will then have significant ramifications
for their reputation and profitability. The case of Shell in Ogoni (Niger Delta, Nigeria), the Brent
Spar in the UK as well as Nike's sweatshop saga in Asia in the 1990s are good examples of how the
social conducts of a corporation can affect their reputation. However, the tension between CSR
concepts and CSR practices remain and this has led some to 3 declare that there is a need for logic
and empirical evidence to show the true cost and benefit of CSR for both business and society
(Devinney, 2009, 44). This paper attempts to contribute to the CSR debate by addressing the
following questions: (1) To what extent has the adoption of the CSR principles and practices
resulted in positive outcomes for both oil MNCs and local communities in the Niger Delta area of
Nigeria? (2) What are the implications of the Nigerian case study for CSR theory from a developing
country perspective? Before I begin to address these questions, I will critically examine some of the
arguments for and against CSR. The CSR Debate: Contrasting Perspectives (The CSR Proponents &
Critics) Although there has been a lot of academic writing on Corporate Social

Our National Energy Policy
So how much energy did you use today? Probably you have little or no idea. You are not alone.
Unfortunately, this is just one of many resource–related questions that require our attention yet
receive little of it. Others include: Which energy sources did you use?; What was the price of the
energy per kilowatt–hour produced?; Where did this energy originate from both geologically and
geopolitically?; Is the energy source that you used exhaustible?; What social and ecological damage
can result from the use of this energy source and how does this compare with other available ones?
All of these questions require our attention if we are going to contribute to the dialogue concerning
our national energy policy.
You might recognize that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
reserves are relatively small (~3%) compared to the world's total. Our President and his cabinet are
making some very important decisions right now concerning the energy future of our county and it
is essential that the public becomes informed about oil for our representative democracy to operate
effectively.
Let's look at our nation's energy consumption for a moment. Currently we consume nearly
100,000,000,000,000,000 BTUs per year. Wow! In technical terms, a BTU (the abbreviation for
British Thermal Unit) is the amount of heat needed to raise one pound of 39? F water to 40? F.
Burning one gallon of gasoline produces roughly 123,000 BTUs. So if we only used oil to provide
the energy that we consume in just one year, we would need 812,000,000,000 gallons. This amount
of oil translates to over 900,000 Olympic sized swimming pools. Actually, the citizens of the U.S.
only get 39% of their energy from oil–equivalent to 350,000 such pools. The rest of our energy
comes from the following sources (in 1998): coal (23%), natural gas (23%), nuclear (8%),
hydroelectric (4%), and biomass (3%). (Hinrichs & Kleinbach) (Notice that we currently get
practically none, percentagewise, from wind, solar, or hydrogen.) Since oil (or petroleum to be more
precise) is the most widely used energy source currently in the U.S. and in the world, a closer
examination of this material will

Eng 157 Multicultural Analysis Paper

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