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Landfills produce renewable energy from the natural breakdown of garbage. As trash decomposes underground, it produces landfill gas that can be collected and used to power vehicles and generate electricity, reducing dependence on fossil fuels. Modern landfills are highly regulated facilities that safely collect gas through a system of wells and pipes. According to the Department of Energy, landfill gas accounts for over 5% of America's renewable energy. In addition to gas collection, some landfills are also installing solar panels and wind turbines on site to generate additional renewable energy. Once a landfill reaches capacity, it is closed and transformed into parks, wildlife areas, and other community spaces.
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Every other October since 1987, solar-powered cars have raced from Darwin to Adelaide, Australia, in the World Solar Challenge, an 2,900 km (1,800 mi) route that puts the latest alternative-energy technology to the test. The cars can run only on sunlight that their solar cells capture and convert to electricity. Electric motors that are at least 90% efficient are necessary. Racing teams are usually comprised of college students, and teams are backed by major aerospace and high-tech corporations. The eleventh race, held in 2011, was won by a Japanese team; a Netherlands team finished second, and the fast- est U.S. team, from the University of Michigan, finished third. Drivers had to avoid a bushfire, wallabies, cattle, sheep, lizards, and strong winds.1 Top speeds ranged from 143–154 km/hr (89–95 mph), and the average speed of the winning car was about 70 mph.
Suppose you decided to organize a team from your university, design and build a solar-powered car, and enter the race. Here’s the challenge: The roof of an automobile is just barely large enough to hold a solar panel that can gather enough energy to drive a car. It can’t power a regular sedan or SUV, and it can just barely power any car at all. How would you win? Should you build a car that, under the race rules, has the largest solar-powered area and tries to gather as much sunlight as possible, making the car as heavy as you can? Or would you opt for energy efficiency and build the lightest car, trading off a larger energy in- put for greater energy efficiency? Would you spend money and add weight to make the car’s shape as aerodynamic as possible, so that it would have the least resistance from the wind? And how about reliability? Would you build a stronger, therefore heavier car, or would you place your bet on the sleekest, lightest, car?
The car built by the Netherlands Nuon team, the Luna 6, had three wheels, a body made of carbon fiber, and solar panels covering nearly every inch of its top surface. The students who designed it tested a model in a wind tunnel
14.1 Outlook for energy
Energy Today and Tomorrow
The decisions we make today will affect energy use for generations. Should we choose complex, centralized en- ergy production methods, or simpler and widely dispersed
by covering it with oil; the oil activated an ultraviolet light used to highlight any impediments to its aerodynamic de- sign. The Luna 6 was 140 kg (308 lb), 20 kg (44 lb) lighter than the Luna 5 designed two years before.
The Tokai Challenger 2, also a three-wheeler, featured carbon monocoque construction on its top surface that incorporated a 6-m square array of silicon solar cells.
The Netherlands team lost out to the Tokai Challeng- er 2 largely because of the gains the Japanese team made on Day 3 of the four-and-a-half-day race, wrote British Diederik Kinds in The Register.2 He analyzed the ra ...
Maui - Agriculture and Water -- Yesterday and Today
The document discusses 11 ideas for improving agriculture on Maui, including establishing regional composting sites, re-building depleted soils through crop rotation and cover crops, allowing edible landscaping, protecting against invasive species, reforestation of native hardwoods, developing a bamboo industry, legalizing industrial hemp, providing incentives for farming and subsistence agriculture, restoring Hawaiian fishponds, developing aquaponics systems, and fairly allocating water resources between agricultural users. It also provides background information on the West Maui and East Maui irrigation systems.
President Barack Obama - Hawaii - Off-Shore Wind - Environment Impact and Cos...
President Barack Obama - Hawaii - Off-Shore Wind - Environment Impact and Cos...Clifton M. Hasegawa & Associates, LLC
“Government's first duty is to protect the people, not run their lives.” – Ronald Reagan
“If you really think that the environment is less important than the economy, try holding your breath while you count your money.” ― Guy McPherson
“Loyalty to the Nation all the time, loyalty to the Government when it deserves it.” – Mark Twain
FoE FREdome - can trees make it rain?
A presentation delivered to Friends of the Earth by The FREdome Visionary Trust about Operation OASIS - a project to reclaim arid lands for agroforestry - enabling the large-scale natural conversion of carbon emissions into diminishing carbon resources, such as food and fuel.
Project NarrativeW
This proposal requests funding from the Bureau of Land Management to support forest management efforts on both public and private lands. The objectives are to provide training for foresters, address issues like wildfires and endangered species, and support regional forestry cooperation. The technical approach involves collaborating with BLM, USDA, and others to advance stewardship. The applicant has experience with forestry programs and resolving land disputes. Forests are important for mitigating climate change and the proposal aims to prepare a campground for a forestry convention.
Sustainable ls audubon
A guidebook for sustainable landscaping practices for the Audubon Park Garden District, as prepared by Rollins College students.
Letter to President Obama from Group of Anti-Fossil Fuel Nutters Asking the P...
Letter to President Obama from Group of Anti-Fossil Fuel Nutters Asking the P...Marcellus Drilling News
A letter from a group of 400 mostly individuals, flying under the moniker of 400 "organizations," asking our Dear Leader to stop all fossil fuel extraction on federally controlled lands. Why? Because of mythical man-made global warming, of course! They have left their senses.The Sustainable Sites Initiative
Frits Steiner's presentation to the Penn IUR conference
"Re-imagining Cities: Urban Design After the Age of Oil"
1). List two positive comments or observations on fossil fuels.2)..pdf
1). List two positive comments or observations on fossil fuels.
2). List two negative comments or observations on fossil fuels.
3). List two systems that use fossil fuels.
4). Find two articles that are related to fossils fuels.
5). What exhaust (car and/or truck) emissions are regulated by the EPA?
6). How will 54.5-MPG Fuel Efficiency Standards affect the future economy?
7). List some alternative power systems for the IC engines and the gas-turbines (jet engine).
Note that answers to problems 5, 6, and 7 must be supported by a reference (Journal, news
article, & ….).
Solution
B) Other than the above observation, fossil fuels are easily available. fossil fuels have been of
such a great source of energy, and there are many extractions going every day. Scientists and
geologists try to find out coal mines and petroleum fields to explore more of the fossil fuel, as
the pressure is increasing day by day due to increase in population and demand. Recent
advancement in science and geology, the refineries and the extraction procedures have also
improved and simplified a lot as compared to the earlier decades. This makes the availability
even smoother.
2. A) The biggest issue now a days with fossil fuels are the rising prices, Middle-east countries
such as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait and African nation such as Nigeria, have huge reserves of
oil and natural gas and many other countries are dependent on them for constant supply of these
fuels. Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a group of 13 countries
including Iran, Iraq and UAE are responsible for supplying 37 to 43% percent of the world’s oil
production and hold the majority of the world’s oil reserves. OPEC has a close watch of all the
natural gas and oil consumed worldwide and then according to the statistics adjusts it with their
own production to maintain its desired barrel price, resulting in high fluctuations in oil rates per
barrel.
B) Fossil fuels are needed in huge reserves wherever their plants are set up. This requires them to
be transported to the desired location via truck, train, ship or airplane. Often we hear of some
leaks in oil tankers or ship getting drowned deep under the sea that were carrying crude oil to get
refined. The impact of this is that crude oil contains some toxic substances which when mixed up
with water poses serious impact on aquatic life. Transportation of crude oil via sea can cause oil
spill which can pose hazard to the aquatic life by lessening the oxygen content of water.
3. A) Coal is the most widely used fossil fuel for electricity generation, as the cost for producing
steam via coal is 3 times cheaper than any other medium according to the Asian Coal Reserves
2013 they are also used in Steam locomotives to produce energy for the engine to work..
B) Diesel is used in Heavy commercial vehicles and trains, as they produce large amount of
energy for engine to work for transportation heavy goods. In the United States, 93 percent of the
en.
Renewable energy sources.pdf
This document discusses renewable energy sources including hydropower, bioenergy, geothermal energy, and solar energy. It explains that renewable energy comes from natural sources like the sun, wind, water and plants that are continually replenished. It provides details on various renewable technologies and how they work, such as hydropower harnesses the energy of flowing water, bioenergy comes from biomass like plants, geothermal energy taps the Earth's natural heat, and solar technologies use sunlight. The document also discusses why renewable energy is important as fossil fuels are limited and polluting, while renewable sources are plentiful and cleaner.
The Case for Sustainable Landscapes_2009
The Sustainable Sites Initiative is a partnership between three organizations seeking to establish guidelines for sustainable landscape design, construction, and maintenance. The Initiative's guidelines in "The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks 2009" provide best practices aligned with healthy ecosystem functions to preserve natural resources for future generations, as defined by the United Nations. These voluntary guidelines are modeled after the LEED green building rating system and offer credits for practices that enhance environmental, economic, and social sustainability of landscapes according to ten guiding principles.
Last Updated October 31, 2011Hydrofracking Is hydraulic fractu.docx
Last Updated: October 31, 2011
Hydrofracking: Is hydraulic fracturing, or hydrofracking, a safe way to extract natural gas?
Pro/Con Article Media Editorials News
Page Tools Highlighting
FULL ARTICLE
Introduction
Background
Supporters Argue
Opponents Argue
Conclusion
Chronology
By the Numbers
Spotlights
Discussion Questions
Bibliography
Further Resources
Introduction
SUPPORTERS ARGUE
There is no proven case of hydrofracking contaminating drinking water, and the process is perfectly safe. Natural gas can revive local economies, reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil, and provide a cleaner-burning fossil fuel. Further regulation is unnecessary and will only prevent an opportunity for the United States to develop an alternative energy source and create jobs.
OPPONENTS ARGUE
The chemicals used in fracking fluid are toxic and pose a danger to public health if they contaminate drinking water reserves or leak out of wells. Oil and gas companies are not being honest with the public about the dangers of hydrofracking, and the federal government should apply much stricter, nationwide regulations to ensure that hydrofracking does not cause widespread health problems that could plague the public for generations.
Issues and Controversies: Hydrofracking Workers
Workers at a natural gas well site in Burlington, Pennsylvania, in April 2010 prepare a drill to begin the process of hydraulic fracturing, or hydrofracking.
AP Photo/Ralph Wilson
Many observers have hailed natural gas as a solution to several energy problems facing the U.S. Utilizing the country's ample domestic supply of the resource, many have said, could greatly decrease U.S. dependence on foreign oil and possibly drive energy prices down. Furthermore, natural gas produces much less carbon dioxide than other fossil fuels, about half as much as coal, making it the cleanest burning fossil fuel available. Energy experts have also touted natural gas as a cheap alternative to renewable energy sources, such as wind or solar energy, until engineers devise a way to make renewable energy more cost efficient. According to the Department of Energy, natural gas already produces about one-fifth of the nation's electricity, a proportion that may increase as energy firms tap more domestic reserves of natural gas.
The Marcellus Shale, a 95,000-square-mile geologic formation deep underground that stretches from West Virginia through Pennsylvania to upstate New York, is estimated to contain as much as 500 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. In order to access the natural gas in the Marcellus Shale and other shale formations, however, energy companies have to employ a controversial procedure called hydraulic fracturing—also known as "hydrofracking" or simply "fracking." Hydrofracking is a technique that releases natural gas by pumping millions of gallons of water, laced with sand and chemicals, thousands of feet underground to blast open, or fracture, shale formations, freeing the gas. [See Today's Science: Nat ...
SITES Certifies 12 New Projects _ SITES
The document summarizes that 12 new landscape projects have been certified under the Sustainable Sites Initiative program for meeting rigorous sustainability standards. The projects certified include a historic Maryland house landscape, a pocket park in San Francisco, and a children's garden in Austin, Texas. These 12 projects helped field test the 2009 version of the SITES rating system and bring the total number of certified projects to 46. The projects demonstrate that sustainable landscapes can be achieved in various types and sizes that provide environmental and community benefits.
Marketing_Zone_finalproof (2)
Glen, Smith & Glen Development is spearheading green building practices in its residential and commercial development projects in Las Vegas. The firm intends to construct buildings that are LEED certified by the US Green Building Council. This will involve using renewable materials and energy-saving features to create higher quality and more sustainable buildings. The firm is also introducing a "cold dark shell" approach where tenants purchase empty building shells from the developer and complete the interior build-out, allowing them to also pursue LEED certification. Coca-Cola reported reductions in its environmental impact measures for 2005, including 5% lower energy use, 4% lower water use, 3% lower solid waste generation, and a 3% increase in recycling. The company focused on
May-June 2005 Roadrunner Newsletter, Kern-Kaweah Sierrra Club
The document summarizes recent conservation efforts and activities of the Kern-Kaweah Chapter of the Sierra Club in California. It recognizes Gordon Nipp for his work challenging housing developments and receiving an award. It also discusses proposals for a sand and gravel mining operation near Terra Bella and reforestation efforts in Sequoia National Forest that some members argue could do more environmental harm than good. Finally, it previews upcoming events and meetings for various Sierra Club groups in the region.
313Michael Reynolds is a maverick in the constructioni.docx
313
M
ichael Reynolds is a maverick in the construction
industry. Based in Taos, New Mexico, Reynolds
builds homes that embody many of the principles of
sustainability. The walls, for example, are constructed of
used automobile tires that otherwise would have ended up
in landfills. The recycled tires are packed with dirt from the
construction site, using a local resource. They’re laid on top
of one another like bricks to build thick walls. Cement
Foundations of a
Sustainable Energy
System: Conservation
and Renewable Energy
Energy Conservation: Foundation of a
Sustainable Energy System
Renewable Energy Sources
Is a Renewable Energy Supply System
Possible?
Spotlight on Sustainable Development
15-1: Air France Pledges Cuts in Carbon
Emissions
Spotlight on Sustainable Development
15-2: Reinventing the Automobile
Spotlight on Sustainable Development
15-3: Greensburg, Kansas Goes Green
Spotlight on Sustainable Development
15-4: A Solar Giant Grows Taller
Viewpoint: Bird Kills from Commercial
Wind Farms: Fact or Fiction?
Point/Counterpoint: The Debate over
Hydrogen Energy
15.3
15.2
15.1
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CHAPTER 15
I’d put my money on the sun and solar energy.
What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to
wait ‘til oil and coal run out before we tackle that.
—Thomas Edison
314 PART IV. Resource Issues:
Solution
s for a Sustainable Society
stucco or earthen plaster is then applied to the tire
walls, creating an appealing design (FIGURE 15-1a).
Reynolds’s houses, called Earthships, are generally
built into the sides of hills, taking advantage of
the Earth to shelter the house from summer heat
and winter cold. With their thick walls and well-
insulated ceilings, Earthships are heated by the
sun and are extremely energy efficient. They stay
cool in the summer and warm in the winter.
Reynolds’s homes are designed with interior
planters that line the south wall, permitting resi-
dents to grow a variety of vegetables year round
(FIGURE 15-1b). The plants are watered with waste-
water from sinks and showers—commonly called
gray water. In his most recent designs, Reynolds has
devised a system to capture nutrients from toilet
water. The waste is fed into specially lined out-
door planters, where it is broken down by bacte-
ria and other microorganisms. The nutrients are
used by plants growing in the planters.
Besides being heated by the sun, Reynolds’s
homes generate their own electricity from sunlight
and are equipped with efficient lighting systems
and appliances. His homes even capture and purify
rainwater and snowmelt off the roof for cooking,
drinking, bathing, washing dishes, and other uses.
Earthships are designed for self-sufficiency and
environmental responsibility. They are unlike con-
ventional homes, which Reynolds likens to pa-
tients in intensive care units that depend on outside
support in the form of food, water, and energy.
FIGURE 15-1 A house for all seasons. Radial, that is. (a) Architect and
builder Michael Reynolds .
western resources _ar2007
Western Resource Advocates' (WRA) 2007 annual report summarizes the organization's work over the past year to protect land, air, water, and ecosystems in the Western United States. The report highlights WRA's efforts to promote clean energy alternatives to coal power, encourage responsible motorized recreation on public lands, influence oil and gas development policies, and implement water conservation strategies in urban areas. Through advocacy, litigation, and partnerships with other groups, WRA achieved victories such as blocking new coal plants, protecting roads and lands from off-road vehicle damage, passing legislation to safeguard wildlife from drilling impacts, and influencing several municipalities to adopt water conservation measures. The report outlines WRA's goals and strategies across its key program
Risks and Harms of Fossil FuelsWhile most of us take energy for .docx
Risks and Harms of Fossil Fuels
While most of us take energy for granted as a basic right, a fifth of the world's population still has no access to reliable electricity—drastically reducing their chances of getting an education and earning a living. As energy prices increase, the world's poor will continue to be excluded.
At the same time, more than 2.7 billion people are dependent on traditional bioenergy (mainly from wood, crop residues and animal dung) as their main source of cooking and heating fuel. This is often harvested unsustainably, causing soil erosion and increasing the risk of flooding, as well as threatening biodiversity and adding to greenhouse gas
emissions
. Traditional stoves are also a significant health problem: the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 2.5 million women and young children die prematurely each year from inhaling their fumes. With many developing societies becoming increasingly urban, air quality in cities will decline further.
Finite and increasingly expensive fossil fuels are not the answer for developing countries. But renewable energy sources offer the potential to transform the quality of life and improve the economic prospects of billions.
Vanishing Oil and Gas
Supplies of cheap, conventional oil and gas are declining while our energy demands continue to increase. It is clear that our reliance on fossil fuels cannot continue indefinitely. With the world's population projected to increase to over nine billion over the next 40 years, "business-as-usual" is not an option.
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), production from known oil and gas reserves will fall by around 40-60 per cent by 2030. Yet the developed world's thirst for energy is unabated, while demand is rocketing in emerging economies, such as China, India and Brazil. If everyone in the world used oil at the same rate as the average Saudi, Singaporean or U.S. resident, the world's proven oil reserves would be used up in less than 10 years. Competition for fossil fuel resources is a source of international tension, and potentially conflict.
Energy companies are increasingly looking to fill the gap with unconventional sources of oil and gas, such as shale gas, oil from deep water platforms like BP's Deepwater Horizon, or the Canadian tar sands. But these come at an unprecedented cost—and not just in economic terms. Many reserves are located in some of the world's most pristine places—such as tropical rainforests and the Arctic—that are vital for biodiversity and the ecosystem services that we all depend on, from freshwater to a healthy atmosphere. Extracting them is difficult and dangerous, and costly to businesses, communities and economies when things go wrong.
Processing and using unconventional fossil sources produces large quantities of greenhouse gasses and chemical pollution, and puts unsustainable demands on our freshwater resources, with severe impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services....
Switching to.
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