Southeast Asia comprises an extraordinarily diverse set of countries with vast differences in the scale and
patterns of energy use and energy resources endowments. Indonesia and Thailand have been selected to be
compared because they are the two largest consumers in energy sector in the region and both countries
still similarly rely on energy imports such as oil. They have been facing challenges in energy policy reformation distorting energy markets. The combined energy status of Indonesia and Thailand not only aims at providing policy makers with an understanding of the energy trends and challenges being faced by the countries up to the next two decades, but also at confidently convincing them the future energy pathways to unlocking energy efficiency potential and investment. This work contains data and information on pattern of energy use in the past, present, and future, some economic and political factors that may be affecting energy demand and supply of Indonesia and Thailand. Key energy issues that need to be considered are introduced. The potential future energy pathways are included and compared between the countries. Investment opportunities in each country are also identified.
Marketing Strategy for Renewable Energy development In Indonesia Context TodayMercu Buana University
Economic development depends on the availability of energy, especially in supporting the current government’s development priorities to build the infrastructure sector in Indonesia, while the goal of development is to improve the nation’s competitiveness this research aims to investigate the opportunity to reduce fossil energy and switch to renewable energy. One of the efforts to improve long-term national energy security length is through reducing dependence on fossil energy, and the government must take swift action to use renewable energy. The methodology in this research uses internal factor evaluation analysis, external factor evaluation and SWOT matrix. Furthermore, the data used is secondary data in the period 2017–2022 coming from various official sources. The development of renewable energy in the world followed by the technology, more advanced technology used, the cost of investment and renewable energy tariffs will be cheaper, thus will be more competitive with electricity from fossil energy. Currently the installed power generation capacity in Indonesia is 57 gigawatts, of which 86% still use fossil energy and the remaining is renewable energy. Renewable energy in Indonesia becomes a very potent alternative, where the energy source depends on the geographical area and the source of energy it produces. The potential of renewable energy in Indonesia is very big, Indonesia has 40% geothermal potential in the world.
Marketing Strategy for Renewable Energy development In Indonesia Context TodayMercu Buana University
Economic development depends on the availability of energy, especially in supporting the current government’s development priorities to build the infrastructure sector in Indonesia, while the goal of development is to improve the nation’s competitiveness this research aims to investigate the opportunity to reduce fossil energy and switch to renewable energy. One of the efforts to improve long-term national energy security length is through reducing dependence on fossil energy, and the government must take swift action to use renewable energy. The methodology in this research uses internal factor evaluation analysis, external factor evaluation and SWOT matrix. Furthermore, the data used is secondary data in the period 2017–2022 coming from various official sources. The development of renewable energy in the world followed by the technology, more advanced technology used, the cost of investment and renewable energy tariffs will be cheaper, thus will be more competitive with electricity from fossil energy. Currently the installed power generation capacity in Indonesia is 57 gigawatts, of which 86% still use fossil energy and the remaining is renewable energy. Renewable energy in Indonesia becomes a very potent alternative, where the energy source depends on the geographical area and the source of energy it produces. The potential of renewable energy in Indonesia is very big, Indonesia has 40% geothermal potential in the world.
ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Power Sector Development in Myanmar
Kee-Yung Nam, Maria Rowena Cham,
and Paulo Rodelio Halili
No. 460 | October 2015
Kee-Yung Nam (kynam@adb.org) is Principal
Economist, Maria Rowena Cham (rmcham@adb.org) is
Senior Economics Officer, and Paulo Rodelio Halili
(phalili@adb.org) is Senior Economics Officer at the
Economic Research and Regional Cooperation
Department, Asian Development Bank (ADB).
This paper was written as a background paper for the
ADB Myanmar Country Diagnostics Study. The authors
wish to thank Ron Ico, Lyndree Malang, and Lotis Quiao
for their excellent research support.
What Are The Plans of Indonesia to Reduce The Carbon Footprint in The Energy ...Dimas Naufal Al Ghifari
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A Civil Society Organization and Networks Position Paper with Suggested Issue...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
This position paper is an output from several CSOs engagements coordinated by Environmental
Alert with financial support from Norad within the framework of ‘Increasing access to
sustainable and renewable energy alternatives in the AlbertineGraben’ that is implemented
by WWF-Uganda Country Office
The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on still have been producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity production. In additionally, Gazipur district has been selected to show the power consumption factories with the cost analysis in selected fuel types.
ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Power Sector Development in Myanmar
Kee-Yung Nam, Maria Rowena Cham,
and Paulo Rodelio Halili
No. 460 | October 2015
Kee-Yung Nam (kynam@adb.org) is Principal
Economist, Maria Rowena Cham (rmcham@adb.org) is
Senior Economics Officer, and Paulo Rodelio Halili
(phalili@adb.org) is Senior Economics Officer at the
Economic Research and Regional Cooperation
Department, Asian Development Bank (ADB).
This paper was written as a background paper for the
ADB Myanmar Country Diagnostics Study. The authors
wish to thank Ron Ico, Lyndree Malang, and Lotis Quiao
for their excellent research support.
What Are The Plans of Indonesia to Reduce The Carbon Footprint in The Energy ...Dimas Naufal Al Ghifari
An analysis of Indonesia's readiness in embracing the development of its renewable energy sources in a form of consulting slides. An overview analysis of the present energy situation is established followed by the highlights of the current key renewables-related policies and regulations. Numerous remarks and recommendations are presented at the end.
A Civil Society Organization and Networks Position Paper with Suggested Issue...ENVIRONMENTALALERTEA1
This position paper is an output from several CSOs engagements coordinated by Environmental
Alert with financial support from Norad within the framework of ‘Increasing access to
sustainable and renewable energy alternatives in the AlbertineGraben’ that is implemented
by WWF-Uganda Country Office
The demand of energy is dramatically increased nowadays and the demand either can renewable or non renewable depends on the drawbacks. Hence, non renewable energies show the better performance where the limitations are comprisable very few and environmental friendly. Already developed countries are being used renewable energies as the main sources of energy to produce electricity where it proved the less easy and more benefits. However, non renewable energies such as natural gas, gas generator and so on still have been producing more and more electricity and this amount is around 10 times more than renewable energies especially developing countries like Bangladesh. This paper is being discussed the importance of renewable energies and non renewable energies to produce electricity, comparing the different countries electricity production and the using sources. Here analysis the data of different power plants in Bangladesh and the types of fuel, CO2 emission and electricity production. In additionally, Gazipur district has been selected to show the power consumption factories with the cost analysis in selected fuel types.
An in depth analysis of the evolution of the policy mix for the sustainable e...Araz Taeihagh
Global warming and the acute domestic air pollution in China have necessitated transition to a sustainable energy system away from coal-dominated energy production. Through a systematic review of the national policy documents, this study investigates the policy mix adopted by the Chinese government to facilitate its energy transition and how that policy mix has evolved between 1981 and 2020. The chronological analysis emphasizes two dimensions of temporal changes in the policy mix: (1) changes in the policy intensity and density, and (2) the shift in policy instrument combinations. The policy mix has evolved from a few authority-based instruments to the current response that has a large density of instruments with a good diversity of instrument types. The Chinese government imposes an increasing policy intensity on air pollution abatement and a decreasing policy intensity on renewable energy support, and experiments with innovative policy instruments to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The evolutionary trajectory features layering new policy instruments, calibrating existing ones and some degree of policy replacement and sequencing. Overall, the study shows that the Chinese government has adopted a complex mix of policy instruments to abate emissions (e.g. carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide) in the coal-based energy system and to support renewable energy technologies. The study provides an in-depth understanding of Chinese policy design in the environment and energy fields and contributes to the public policy literature by filling a research gap – the comparative lack of empirical analyses on the temporal changes in the policy mixes.
Annual report issued by the International Energy Agency. This newest report examines the critical role of price for crude oil in "rebalancing" supply and demand. The authors note the process of rebalancing (getting to higher prices) is rarely a smooth adjustment. Indeed! In the central scenario of this year's report, a tightening oil balance leads to a price around $80 per barrel by 2020--just five short years away.
South East Asia is widely recognised as a leading location for direct investment, with an existing strong and diverse industry base. One of the most exciting areas of opportunity in the region is Renewable Energy (RE). South East Asia is a huge potential market for RE. In this Paper, we examine the potential for Renewable Energy in Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. In addition to the 6 countries which we have examined in this Paper, further huge opportunities will likely exist in other ASEAN territories, such as Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos.
Energy Low Emission Development Strategies in Asia: A Regional Overview and E...Worldwatch Institute
1. Welcome & Introduction: Alexander Ochs, Worldwatch Institute, LEDS-EWG Chair
2. Introduction to the LEDS Asia Regional Platform and the Importance of Energy in Asia: S.S. Krishnan, Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, LEDS-EWG Co-Chair for Asia
3. Key Low-Emission Energy Developments in Asia: Beni Suryadi, ASEAN Centre for Energy
4. Learning from Thailand’s Clean Energy Strategy: Bundit Limmeechokchai, Thammasat University
5. Q&A
6. Survey
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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A Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies and its Impact on Economi...ssuser793b4e
Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of
global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster
sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented
renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of
renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on
economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a
comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on
economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy
policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings
suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth
varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design,
institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally,
examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy
policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and
further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and
future researchers
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ENERGY STATUS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PLANS OF MAJOR ENERGY CONSUMERS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA : INDONESIA AND THAILAND
1. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
DOI : 10.5121/aeij.2018.5101 1
ENERGY STATUS AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
PLANS OF MAJOR ENERGY CONSUMERS IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA : INDONESIA AND
THAILAND
Prattana Kaewpet1
and Sandy A. Kerr2
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute
of Technology Ladkrabang, Chalongkrung 1 Rd., Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand.
10520. Tel.: +66 (0)97 939-5269
2
International Center for Island Technology, School of Energy, Geoscience,
Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt Univeristy, Old Academy, Back Road,
Stromness, Orkney, KW16 3AW, Scotland. Tel.: +44(0) 1856 850 605.
ABSTRACT
Southeast Asia comprises an extraordinarily diverse set of countries with vast differences in the scale and
patterns of energy use and energy resources endowments. Indonesia and Thailand have been selected to be
compared because they are the two largest consumers in energy sector in the region and both countries
still similarly rely on energy imports such as oil. They have been facing challenges in energy policy
reformation distorting energy markets. The combined energy status of Indonesia and Thailand not only
aims at providing policy makers with an understanding of the energy trends and challenges being faced by
the countries up to the next two decades, but also at confidently convincing them the future energy
pathways to unlocking energy efficiency potential and investment. This work contains data and information
on pattern of energy use in the past, present, and future, some economic and political factors that may be
affecting energy demand and supply of Indonesia and Thailand. Key energy issues that need to be
considered are introduced. The potential future energy pathways are included and compared between the
countries. Investment opportunities in each country are also identified.
This paper highlights:
• Trends in domestic energy use prospects
• Economic and political factors influencing energy demand and supply
• The future potential energy pathways
• Key Energy Issues and energy-related CO2 emission
KEYWORDS
alternative energy, energy issues, energy policy, Indonesia, Thailand
1. TRENDS IN DOMESTIC ENERGY USE PROSPECTS
The association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political and economic organization of
ten Southeast Asian countries formed in 1967 (Clean Technica, 2016). Primary energy mix in
2. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
2
ASEAN region dominated by fossil fuels, which includes oil, natural gas and coal making up
more than three-quarters of demand. Coal used in ASEAN has been taking part in the share of
energy mix by 16% since 1990. Modern forms of renewable energy are given increasing interest
in deployment, which currently account for 12% of the primary energy mix (IEA, 2015). As the
economies of the region continuously grows, the energy security and sustainable development
need to be maintained via strong measures and strengthen policies (Summary, 2015). By 2025, a
target of the share of renewable energy in the regional fuel mix decided by the Energy ministers
of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is 23% (Clean Technica, 2016 and IEEJ,
2015).
ASEAN has high interest in expanding renewable-based electricity because of the multiple
energy security and environmental benefits on offer, such as better diversity in the power mix,
slower growth in energy imports and decreased local air pollution.Thailand is one of a member
states among 9 other countries comprising Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, and Vietnam. It has financial support measures such as feed-in
tariffs (FiT) and tax exemptions to accelerate renewable deployment (Clean Technica, 2015).
Fig. 1: Total energy production in ASEAN by source (International Energy Agency, 2013; Matsuo,
Yanagisawa, & Yamashita, 2013)
*Bioenergy refers to the energy content in solid, liquid and gaseous products derived from biomass
feedstock and biogas. This includes biofuels for transport and products (e.g. wood chips, pellets, black
liquor) to produce electricity and heat. Municipal solid waste and industrial waste are also included.
2. THAILAND'S ENERGY USE : PAST, PRESENT, POTENTIAL FUTURE
In the past, Thailand national energy plan was established in accordance with the increasing of
imported oil. The past goals differed from the current energy plan’s as they were focusing mainly
on the development of the country’s conventional energy reserves such as natural gas, lignite, oil
shale, and some radioactive ores. However, the similarities of the previous to the current and the
future plans are that the development of alternative energy resources was supported, and the
energy efficiency and conservation were much needed to improve (Issue, 2016). Thailand still
depends on gas (44%) and coal (35%) for 55GW added over the period to 2035, while expected
to start generating electricity from nuclear power plants before 2030 (INTERNATIONAL
ENERGY AGENCY, 2013; “RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ASEAN _ HEINRICH-BÖLL-
STIFTUNG SOUTH EAST ASIA,” N.D.)
3. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2018
3
Recently, Ministry of Energy (MoE), Thailand, has established the integrated national energy
plan (Ministry of Energy, 2016) under 5 categories including: Power Development Plan of
Thailand : PDP2015 (EPPO, 2558)); Energy Efficiency Plan: (EEP2015) (EPPO, 2015a);
Alternative Energy Development Plan: (AEDP2015) (DEDE (Department of Alternative Energy
Development and Efficiency), 2015); Natural Gas Supplying Plan: (Gas Plan 2015) (EPPO,
2015b); Oil Management Plan: (Oil Plan 2015) (Department of Energy Business, 2015).
According to Energy Efficiency Plan 2015 (EEP2015) of Thailand governmental Policy (Issue,
2016), the predicted final energy demand in 2036 will be approximately 131,0000 ktoe if the
country succeeds in achieving energy intensity reduction by 30%. All the plans set for improving
Thai Energy situation in the future are defined for goals in ramping up the ratio of renewable
energy usage and renewable resource’s potential consideration in terms of electrical, thermal, and
bio-energy, which account for 30% of the final energy consumption in 2036. Accordingly, in
order to strengthen the energy security of Thailand, another plan, namely Alternative Energy
Development Plan 2015 (AEDP 2015), has been developed to support renewable energy
production industry, to support research in renewable energy development, and to promote Thai
national renewable technology to be able to compete with international market.
Renewable energy and alternative energy are aimed to be a part of power generation for 30%
from 2015-2036. The main technologies include solar energy, biomass, wind energy, municipal
solid waste (MSW), energy crop, bio-gas, and hydro energy (Issue, 2016). Renewable energy
development in Thailand has been strategically planned using six approaches, as follows:
1) In a large scale, corporative community in production and utilization of renewable energy
will be promoted.
2) Private sector’s investment will be motivated and incentivized.
3) Laws and legislations that do not support the development of renewable energy will be
amended.
4) Necessary infrastructures such as transmission-line systems, distribution line and smart-
grid system will be improved or expanded.
5) Public relation and education for correct understanding of energy efficiency will be
supported.
6) Research for driving the development of renewable energy will be encouraged.
3. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING ENERGY
DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Policies are primarily focusing on voluntary measures, support for model projects and enhancing
awareness. Mandatory measures and incentives for widespread deployment and implementation
have played a lessen role. Considering the range of adopted policies and measures, such as
regulations, market-based and financial instruments, and information and awareness measures, all
countries in Southeast Asia have performed actions in order to improve energy efficiency
(International Energy Agency, 2013).
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In transport sector, Thailand is developing mandatory standards that will reduce the purchase of
cars with low fuel economy and with average fuel consumption of no lower than 20 km/litre, and
also meeting at least euro 4 emissions standards.
Thailand’s energy policy is formulated based on three crucial aspects including security,
economy and ecology. The policy focuses firstly on securely supply of energy which is growing
according to the growths of economy and population as well as urbanization. Fuel mix in power
generation becomes important. Secondly, reformation of energy prices that support the
development of economy and society in a long term is supported. Thirdly, energy production
from renewable energy sources and the use of high-efficiency technologies are one of the major
goals to reduce pollution and conserve ecology.
Since the risk of using specific types of fuels in power generation is concerned, the policy on fuel
diversification is implemented. This leads to the promotion of using renewable energy
technologies in power sector, the use of clean-coal technology, and the reduction of the
dependence on natural gas to be lower than 40% by 2036. The peak demand forecast and the
energy demand forecast are needed for planning in investment of power plants, transmission
lines, and distribution systems, and for preparation of the fuel supply to be used in power
generation in Thailand, respectively (Issue, 2016).
The PDP2015 aims at enhancing stability of the system, reducing dependency on natural gas,
increasing the proportion of electricity from clean-coal technology and increasing the amount of
power purchase from neighboring countries as well as increasing the proportion of electricity
from renewable energy. Thailand has set plans to develop power transmission and distribution
system to support the development of renewable energy and to be ready for the expansion of
ASEAN community.
In fig. 2, it can be seen that coal consumption is currently at 10-15% and will be increasing to
17% in 2036. The expected growth of renewable energy consumption will increase to 15-20%.
However, in PDP2015, primary energy production is somehow the main source for Thailand
power sector. Purchasing electricity from neighboring countries such as Myanmar and Cambodia
still remains but the use of natural gas will be expected to gradually decline.
Fig. 2: The proportion of fuels used for power generation in PDP2015 (Issue, 2016).
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In EEP2015 (Issue, 2016), Thailand uses enforcement and regulations and measures, as well as
promotion and support for selected governmental organization, public and private sectors that
have availability in resources and expertise in order to raise awareness of the public and improve
energy efficiency. Several measures are applied in order to change the behavior of energy
consumers, entrepreneurs, and the direction of the energy market. Moreover, innovative
campaign such as the promotion of linking energy conservation with environmental protection
and global warming reduction are supported. Using professional energy Management Company
such as ESCO in Thailand to obtain sound advices and proper energy conservation measures has
been convinced. The major goal is to reduce energy intensity by 30% in 2036 in comparison with
2010 mainly aiming at transportation sector (30,213 ktoe in 2036) and industry sector (14,516
ktoe in 2036). This will result in the CO2 reduction of 177 million tons in 2036. Additionally, the
use of high-efficiency building, appliances and vehicles are also promoted.
One of the government policies set to drive energy conservation in Thailand uses three strategies,
ten measures in different four economic sectors. The policy relating to energy conservation will
affect the people in every sector and social-level in terms of motivation and awareness in
consuming energy more efficiently. Three strategies in energy efficiency plan comprise: 1.
Compulsory program, 2. Voluntary program, and 3. Complementary program (Federal Ministry
for Economic Affairs and Energy, 2017). The government provides support for domestic and
industrial sectors through the Provincial Energy in their areas. Some of their duties are to:
• Provoke energy efficiency in local areas
• Give advice and suggestions to make people comply with the laws
• Promote information, news of each measure to public
• Cooperate with the demand of target groups
• Investigate/collect data of equipment in governmental buildings
4. THE FUTURE POTENTIAL ENERGY PATHWAYS
Many countries in ASEAN members seek to diversify their energy supply due to energy security
and economic concerns as well as their rising in dependency on imported oil and in some cases
natural gas (Kanchana & Unesaki, 2014). Most countries adopted both medium- and long-term
targets for renewable (ASEAN BRIEFING, 2015). Thailand falls into the ambitious one,
targeting an increasing in the share of new and renewable energy in primary supply for 20% and
23% by 2036 and 2025, respectively.
5. KEY ENERGY ISSUES AND ENERGY RELATED CO2 EMISSION
One of the most pressing issues for Thailand is installing sufficient additional power generation
capacity. Due to a number of economic and energy-related challenges such as providing sufficient
energy services, improving industrial productivity and minimising poverty, as well as adapting to
global warming, Thailand is increasingly turning to renewable energy.Increasing use of fossil
fuels continuously raises energy-related carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions almost double, from 1.2
gigatonnes (Gt) in 2011 to 2.3 Gt in 2035 (see fig. 1.3) (INTERNATIONAL ENERGY
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AGENCY, 2013). Power sector and transport sector produce biggest emissions. But their carbon
intensity of GDP improves considerably due to the rapid growth in the size of the region’s
economy coupled with efficiency improvements in power generation and appliances, and the
recurrence of improved technologies (Supply, Consumption, Electricity, & Efficiency, 2013).
Fig. 3: CO2 emissions and energy intensity, 2011 and 2035 (International Energy Agency, 2013).
Even though Thailand is currently one of the most CO2 producers in the ASEAN region, looking
forward to 2035, carbon intensity will improve considerably due to rapid growth in the size of its
economy coupled with efficiency improvements in power generation and appliances, and
supporting policies. Somehow, Thailand does not have specific legal frameworks for energy
efficiency, and, in many cases, responsibility for enforcement of related policies is divided among
various authorities, resulting in modest level of implementation.
6. CONCLUSIONS, AND SUGGESTION ON POTENTIAL RENEWABLE
ENERGY MARKETS
It can be recognized that it is considerably diverse with vast differences in the scale and patterns
of energy use and energy resource endowment. Indonesia consumes 66% more energy than
Thailand, the second-largest user. To summarize Indonesia’s and Thailand’s energy situation and
opportunity related to potential future cooperation among countries, there are several points of
views being offered as follows:
Indonesia exports steam coal, which is the world’s largest, and LPG. It is also an
increasing importer of oil.
Thailand depends strongly on energy import owning to limited energy resources. It is
aiming at diversifying electricity generation.
There are several engaging factors affecting Indonesia’s and Thailand’s energy future
including demographics, economics, pricing, technology, environmental concerns and
policy.
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Energy policy in both Indonesia and Thailand varies substantially reflecting differences
in economic development, political direction and natural resource endowments. They
have common grounds in terms of enhancing energy security, ensuring energy
affordability and improving energy efficiency and CO2 reduction.
As the Indonesian government has high hopes for geothermal energy, for additional
generating capacity, an improvement for infrastructure for geothermal energy, and
investments in geothermal power exploration will rapidly grow.
The development of smart grid network will cause direct impact to the economic and
industrial sectors in terms of increasing investment, higher employment rate which will
lead to the growth of economic and industrial sectors of Thailand.
As Thailand’s natural-gas reserves are observed to expire within a decade, it has been
motivated to become solar energy leader in the region. By the end of 2050, Thailand was
expected to have more than solar power capacity than the rest of Southeast Asia
combined. Solar capacity in Thailand is projected to increase to up to 2800 MW which is
equivalent to six times higher than that in 2014. Therefore, incentives for supporting the
investment in Thailand for Solar energy will be significantly crucial.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I sincerely thank to Dr. Sandy Kerr, a lecturer at Heriot-watt University Orkney campus, UK, the
Ministry of Energy, Thailand, and the Chevening, UK for their supports.
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