Automatic monitoring and targeting (aM&T) can identify opportunities to reduce energy consumption within 3 to 12 months and save 3-10% of total utility costs. It provides performance reporting and allows immediate identification of exceptional energy usage. Considerations include means for collecting data and having appropriate reporting processes. Variable speed drives can pay back within 3 to 12 months while saving 20-70% of energy costs from smoother process control, longer equipment life, and other advantages. Ensuring motor compatibility and proper installation and maintenance is important. Lighting upgrades like LEDs and high frequency fittings typically pay back within 1 to 3 years while saving 70-50% of energy. Considerations include environmental compatibility, color rendition, number

3. Solution “Typical”
Payback
(Months)
Energy
Savings
(%)
Advantages Considerations
Automatic
Monitoring and
Targetting (aM&T)
3 to 12 3 - 10% of
total utility use
Highly useful for effective energy
management
Critical information for employee
engagement programmes
Can identify low, medium, high cost
opportunities for energy and utility
consumption
Can identify exceptional consumptions
immediately
High quality performance reporting
Need to consider means for
collecting data
Essential to have appropriate
reporting and processes
Level of sophistication tailored to
energy spend
Resource support considerations
High efficiency
motors
3 to 12 2 - 5% Improved intrinsic efficiency
Direct replacements for standard motors
Implement as part of a motor
management programme
Efficiency level IE2 is mandatory from
June 11
Not necessary for very light duty
applications (say less than 1000
hours per year)
May not be suitable for high torque
applications - e.g. Crushers in the
aggregates industry
Appropriate alignment (laser) should
be considered for direct drive
applications
Variable Speed drives
3 to 12 20-70% Smoother control of process - reduced
maintenance and improved reliability
Controlled starting and stopping
Longer system life
Different level of savings for Variable
Torque and Constant Torque
applications
Ensure that the motors are suitable
for VSD operation - esp. old or cheap
motors
May not be able to reduce the speed
greatly if high constant head
pressure is required
Correct installation and maintenance
is important
Lighting
LED’s 1 to 12 70% Higher lumens / Watt Consideration must be given to the
environment in which lamps are
being fitted
Colour rendition qualities need to be
considered
(Metal Halide)
High
Frequency
fittings
12 to 36 10-30% Integrate controls
Dimmable
Maximum savings available where
daylight savings to be made
(T5
Fluorescent)
12 to 36 10-50% Dimmable
Integrate controls
Higher number of fittings may be
required if retrofitting existing
Fluorescent lamp installation
High
Frequency
adapters
12 to 36 20-50% Reduced installation requirements
Energy savings similar to high frequency
fittings
Maintenance
May not be possible to retrofit to
older fittings
Controls
[including
constant light
control with
DALI,KNX etc]
12 to 48 30% Improved control of lighting
Reduced ‘lighting pollution’
Extend lamp life
A number of light fittings will not be
compatible with controls
Consideration should be given to
integrating lighting control to local
environment / process control
Enhanced
Automation Systems
12 to 48 2 -10% Operational efficiency improvements
Less labour intensive
Quality of product - consistent
Integrate data collection and energy
management functions into existing
automation systems

4. Solution “Typical”
Payback
(Months)
Energy
Savings
(%)
Advantages Considerations
Voltage Optimisation 24 to 60 3-8%
(Can be higher
in special
cases)
Reduce energy consumption by
providing the optimium voltage (most
sites have an ‘over’ voltage condition)
Can improve reliability of equipment -
reduce failures and maintenance
Can integrate other power quality
measures such as harmonics
Similar benefits may be achieved
through ‘tapping down transformers’.
Sometimes the benefits are
“oversold”
A power survey should be carried out
in order to evaluate benefits
Consider full installation costs and
impact
Savings depend on the mix of loads
in the facility so it needs careful
consideration
Combined Heat &
Power
36 to 84 80-90% Reduced CO₂ emissions through high
overall system efficiency typically
80-90% for reciprocating prime mover
Cooling with tri-generation
Reduce ‘supply’ risk
Unit needs to be sized so that the
majority of heat can be used
Consider environmental impact of
the CHP systems - noise, pollution,
access etc
Use of Absorption chillers.
Economics subject to using heat that
would otherwise be rejected. Ensure
Availability of skills needed for
maintenance of tri-generation
systems
Consideration needs to be given to
the fuel source (renewable?) and
type of CHP used taking into account
Heat:Power ratio
Anaerobic Digestion 36 to 60 80-90% Reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD)
and therefore effluent charges
Pass gases through CHP set
Reduce costs associated with disposing
of organic waste
Reduce site CO₂ emissions
Effluent strength, quality and
amount of “feedstock” materials need
to be sufficient to maintain
production of gases
Treatment of gases maybe required
prior to use in CHP set
Environmental planning and
regulation
Dependent of ROCs / FIT
Power Management
Controls
12 to 48 Costs savings
mainly derived
via tariff power
factor
correction
charge offset
Reduce costs - e.g. tariff management
Improve power quality
Reduce energy demand
Benefits will depend upon the tariff
charges from the supplier
Can improve system reliability
Higher power factor and lower
harmonics reduce kWh consumption
Building
Management System
3 to 48 15-25% Improve plant control (AHUs, Chillers etc)
Improves the comfort and flexibility of
the facility
Consider integrating into process
control systems
Building Controls 3 to 48 15-25% Improve plant control (local level)
Possibility of intelligent building
automation
Enhanced building comfort and
flexibility
Consider integrating into building
systems
Correct installation and maintenance
is important
Use BMS as the energy management
system
High efficiency fans 36 to 84 20% Improved intrinsic efficiency Consider as part of larger project
(VSD) as the payback will be
significantly shorter
HVAC (Filters)
3 to 24 10-25% Reduce pressure drop across filters
Reduce fan power for same volume
(VSD)
Greater savings realised when
installed in system fitted with VSD

5. Solution “Typical”
Payback
(Months)
Energy
Savings
(%)
Advantages Considerations
HVAC (Free Cooling) 1 to 24 up to 75% of
cooling
requirement
Free Cooling can displace use of
refrigeration plant
Reduce CO₂ emissions
Where displaces use of cooling
systems
Compressed Air
(VSD)
3 to 24 10-35% Increased efficiency kW/cfm at part loads
Particularly suitable for sites with
varying demand
Base load should be managed by
fixed speed compressors
Compressed Air
(Pressure)
0 to 24 3-12% Reduce the power demand kW/cfm
Reduce the power demand kW/cfm
Pressure should be reduced gradually
to ensure that there are no adverse
effects on production
Compressed air
(leaks)
0 to 12 10-30% Reduce demand
Reduce base load
Best approach is to aim to reduce
80% of leaks
Survey plant monthly
Wind Power
72 to 120 N/A Renewable energy
Claim ROC’s & FiTs
Reduce CO₂ emissions
Planning in built up areas is
expensive and can be difficult
Small scale wind may struggle with
payback once maintenance is
included
Large scale is more economic
Ground Source Heat
Pumps (GSHP)
36 to 84 N/A Renewable energy
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Claim RHI
Heat obtained is low grade and
therefore usually only suitable for
under floor heating. Buildings
should be thermally efficient to
minimise space heating load
Air Source Heat
Pumps (ASHP)
36 to 84 N/A Renewable energy
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Claim RHI
Integrating into existing heating
systems may be difficult
Solar Thermal 12 to 36 N/A Renewable energy
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Claim RHI
Provides domestic hot water,
although could be integrated into a
space heating system
Boilers (Combustion
Efficiency)
3 to 12 2-45% Optimise Efficiency, Reduce primary
energy
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Ensure correct burner setup
Boilers (Steam
raising efficiency)
1 to 12 3-30% Reduce energy
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Reduce water use through optimised
water treatment
Consider optimising boiler heat
exchange, inc cleaning & use of
economisers, boiler load control
Leak and steam trap assessment
Reducing blowdown
Biomass
36 to 84 N/A Renewable energy
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Claim RHI
Fuel type, storage space and delivery
are important considerations
Refrigeration (COSP) 3 to 18 10-45% Reduce energy
Increased efficiency - kWh cooling/kWh
electrical input
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Reduce pump power using VSD’s

6. Solution “Typical”
Payback
(Months)
Energy
Savings
(%)
Advantages Considerations
Refrigeration
(Pressure)
12 to 36 2-6% Reduce energy
Seasonal benefits
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Reduce compressor power
Link to ambient temperature
Refrigeration
(Cooling Tower Fans)
12 to 36 20-70% Reduce energy
Control fan power to meet cooling
demand (VSD)
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Care when considering other
conflicting options for energy
conservation
Re-balancing is often required on a
more regular basis in cooling towers
Natural Ventilation
1 to 120 Site specific Reduce energy & CO₂ emissions Displaces energy from use of
mechanical plant & equipment. Best
achieved when integrated into
building design
Optimise the ventilation
requirements prior to calculating
“payback” times
Solar Photovoltaic
(PV)
48 to 120 N/A Renewable energy
Claim FiTs
Reduced CO₂ emissions
Improved economics when
integrated into building fabric when
constructed
Check feasibility of larger systems
based on new FiTs
Can also be very helpful in improving
building ratings (e.g. BREEAM &
LEED)