This document provides an introduction to passive solar design techniques for buildings. It discusses the differences between active and passive solar systems, and classifies passive solar heating techniques into five categories: direct gain, indirect gain, isolated gain, sun tempering, and passive cooling. The five key elements of a passive solar heating system are also identified as the collector, absorber, storage, distribution, and insulation.
Passive heating utilizes building design and orientation to heat buildings without energy consumption. It works by allowing sunlight to enter through apertures like windows, where it is absorbed by dark surfaces and transferred to thermal mass materials that store the heat. Common passive heating techniques include direct solar gain, thermal mass walls, and Trombe walls, which use glazing, high mass materials, and solar orientation to collect, store, and distribute solar heat within a building. Apertures, shading, and other design elements must be implemented intelligently to take advantage of winter sunlight while avoiding overheating in summer months.
The document discusses passive solar building design. It begins by noting that population growth and urbanization have increased energy consumption. About 35-40% of energy is used by buildings, mostly for heating. The rest of the document discusses various passive solar design elements that can be used to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating buildings in winter and cooling in summer. These include south-facing windows, thermal mass materials, shading devices, and thermal storage walls like Trombe walls. The benefits of passive solar design are reducing energy consumption and heating/cooling costs.
This document discusses energy resources and solar energy systems presented by a group of mechanical engineering students. It covers topics on passive and active solar energy systems, including solar heating of buildings using passive and active systems. For passive solar heating, it describes the five key elements of passive solar home design: apertures, absorbers, thermal mass, distribution, and control. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of active and passive solar heating systems.
The document discusses building envelopes and energy conservation in buildings. It defines a building envelope as the outer shell that maintains indoor climate control. Properly designing, constructing, and maintaining the building envelope prevents air and water infiltration. The purposes of the building envelope include water resistance, air flow control, and serving as a thermal envelope. Passive solar systems operate without external devices by using solar energy captured through windows. Active solar systems use collectors and storage to capture solar heat and transfer it within a building. The document also discusses types of energy used in commercial buildings and embodied energy in building materials and construction processes. Building automation and management systems aim to efficiently control building operations and reduce energy consumption and costs.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of passive solar design, which aims to provide thermal comfort in buildings by harnessing solar energy through architectural design features like building orientation, thermal mass, sunspaces, and shading without mechanical systems. These passive design strategies use natural ventilation and materials like masonry floors and walls to collect, store, and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer for environmentally friendly space heating and cooling. Elements of passive design include apertures to collect sunlight, thermal mass to absorb and store heat, and control mechanisms to regulate solar gain seasonally.
This document discusses passive architecture design systems that utilize natural elements like solar energy, wind, and thermal mass to regulate indoor temperatures without mechanical systems. Key passive design elements mentioned include thermal mass construction, wind towers, passive downdraft evaporative cooling, earth tunnel cooling, ventilated roofs, roof gardens, Trombe walls, solar chimneys, and light shelves. These design strategies aim to keep interiors warm in winter and cool in summer through natural ventilation and passive heating and cooling principles.
Passive heating utilizes building design and orientation to heat buildings without energy consumption. It works by allowing sunlight to enter through apertures like windows, where it is absorbed by dark surfaces and transferred to thermal mass materials that store the heat. Common passive heating techniques include direct solar gain, thermal mass walls, and Trombe walls, which use glazing, high mass materials, and solar orientation to collect, store, and distribute solar heat within a building. Apertures, shading, and other design elements must be implemented intelligently to take advantage of winter sunlight while avoiding overheating in summer months.
The document discusses passive solar building design. It begins by noting that population growth and urbanization have increased energy consumption. About 35-40% of energy is used by buildings, mostly for heating. The rest of the document discusses various passive solar design elements that can be used to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating buildings in winter and cooling in summer. These include south-facing windows, thermal mass materials, shading devices, and thermal storage walls like Trombe walls. The benefits of passive solar design are reducing energy consumption and heating/cooling costs.
This document discusses energy resources and solar energy systems presented by a group of mechanical engineering students. It covers topics on passive and active solar energy systems, including solar heating of buildings using passive and active systems. For passive solar heating, it describes the five key elements of passive solar home design: apertures, absorbers, thermal mass, distribution, and control. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of active and passive solar heating systems.
The document discusses building envelopes and energy conservation in buildings. It defines a building envelope as the outer shell that maintains indoor climate control. Properly designing, constructing, and maintaining the building envelope prevents air and water infiltration. The purposes of the building envelope include water resistance, air flow control, and serving as a thermal envelope. Passive solar systems operate without external devices by using solar energy captured through windows. Active solar systems use collectors and storage to capture solar heat and transfer it within a building. The document also discusses types of energy used in commercial buildings and embodied energy in building materials and construction processes. Building automation and management systems aim to efficiently control building operations and reduce energy consumption and costs.
The document discusses the principles and techniques of passive solar design, which aims to provide thermal comfort in buildings by harnessing solar energy through architectural design features like building orientation, thermal mass, sunspaces, and shading without mechanical systems. These passive design strategies use natural ventilation and materials like masonry floors and walls to collect, store, and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer for environmentally friendly space heating and cooling. Elements of passive design include apertures to collect sunlight, thermal mass to absorb and store heat, and control mechanisms to regulate solar gain seasonally.
This document discusses passive architecture design systems that utilize natural elements like solar energy, wind, and thermal mass to regulate indoor temperatures without mechanical systems. Key passive design elements mentioned include thermal mass construction, wind towers, passive downdraft evaporative cooling, earth tunnel cooling, ventilated roofs, roof gardens, Trombe walls, solar chimneys, and light shelves. These design strategies aim to keep interiors warm in winter and cool in summer through natural ventilation and passive heating and cooling principles.
Passive solar systems utilize natural means like building materials and design to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating and cooling. They include direct gain systems using windows to let sunlight in for floor/wall storage, thermal storage walls behind south-facing glazing, attached sunspaces with storage walls, and thermal storage roofs with water bags or ponds that absorb heat from the sun. Passive systems provide heating and cooling without mechanical equipment by integrating solar design into the building structure and envelope.
This document discusses passive solar design strategies. It begins with introducing passive design as design that does not require mechanical heating or cooling, but takes advantage of natural phenomena like sunlight. It then covers passive solar design in more detail, discussing direct gain, indirect gain (including trombe walls), and isolated gain systems. The key parts of passive solar heating systems - aperture, absorber, thermal mass, distribution, and control - are also outlined. Passive cooling techniques like natural ventilation using stack effect, wind towers, and courtyards are also summarized. The document provides a concise overview of important passive design concepts and strategies.
Trombe walls in lTrombe Walls in Low-Energyow energyomaribr
- Trombe walls are thick, south-facing walls that trap heat from sunlight during the day and slowly release it at night to help heat buildings. They were incorporated into the design of the Zion National Park Visitor Center and an NREL building.
- The Zion Visitor Center Trombe wall is an 8-inch concrete wall that provided 20% of the building's heating over one winter. Infrared images show interior wall temperatures up to 96°F providing radiant heating in the evenings.
- Monitoring found the NREL building's thinner, 4-inch Trombe wall released heat more quickly, keeping interior spaces warm through the afternoons during the winter with no other heating needed.
Solar thermal walls (Trombe ,water and trans walls)srikanth reddy
Thermal storage walls like Trombe walls, water walls, and trans walls can passively heat buildings using solar energy. Trombe walls consist of a south-facing glass wall separated from a thick concrete wall by an air gap. During the day, solar radiation passes through the glass and heats the concrete wall. This stored heat is then radiated into the building. Trans walls use a semi-transparent absorber sandwiched between two water columns for rapid heat transfer and direct gain, while reducing heat loss. Different wall designs provide heating benefits like load leveling or daytime heating, depending on the application. Components like wall thickness, vent size, and overhangs influence heat transfer and storage. Advancements
The document discusses passive solar heating (PSH) design, which involves collecting solar energy through south-facing windows, storing that energy in building materials with high heat capacity, and distributing the stored solar energy throughout the living space. It describes the key components of a PSH system - the aperture (windows), absorber, thermal mass for storage, distribution methods, and controls. It also evaluates different materials for their suitability as a thermal mass, selecting concrete as the best option based on its high value of thermal conductivity over thermal diffusivity and relatively low cost.
This document discusses advancements in solar thermal walls, including zigzag Trombe walls, fluidized Trombe walls, Trombe walls with phase-change materials, composite Trombe walls, and photovoltaic Trombe walls. Zigzag Trombe walls reduce heat gain and glare using an inward V-shape. Fluidized Trombe walls improve heat transfer through a fluidized bed. Trombe walls with phase-change materials store more latent heat in a smaller space. Composite Trombe walls control heating rates and provide high insulation. Photovoltaic Trombe walls increase electrical efficiency by removing heat from photovoltaic panels.
The document discusses various types of thermal loads in buildings that affect energy efficiency, including external loads from the environment, internal loads from occupants and equipment, infiltration loads from air leakage, and ventilation loads. It provides details on calculating each type of load, such as defining thermal load, external load factors like solar radiation and conduction, internal loads from lighting and occupant activity levels, infiltration causes and measurement, and ventilation system design considerations. Indoor and outdoor design conditions that impact load calculations are also outlined.
William Mcdonough & his works (Architect study)Shailja km
1) The document discusses several sustainable building projects designed by architect William McDonough, including offices that use wastewater recycling, green roofs to reduce stormwater and heat gain, and daylighting and natural ventilation.
2) It also describes a new NASA facility that uses an exoskeleton structure for seismic performance and daylighting, as well as McDonough's redesign of the Ford River Rouge Complex, which included installing a sedum roof to clean rainwater and reduce energy costs.
3) Finally, the document discusses an Ohio school that uses geothermal wells and passive solar strategies for heating and cooling, as well as landscaping that includes local ecosystems. The materials, lighting, and HV
A one day symposium on zero/low carbon sustainable homes took place at The University of Nottingham on the 24th October, 2012. The event offered professionals within the construction industry a unique opportunity to gain added and significant insight into the innovations, policies and legislation which are driving the construction of zero/low carbon energy efficient homes both here in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. It explored solutions to sustainability issues “beyond” the zero carbon agenda. BZCH followed on from the successful ‘Towards Zero Carbon Housing’ symposium the University hosted in 2007. This event is part of the Europe Wide Ten Act10n project which is supported by the European Commission Intelligent Energy Europe.
Passive building design aims to minimize energy usage and environmental impact through strategies like passive solar heating, cooling, and daylighting. It focuses on using climate considerations, building orientation, materials, and occupant behavior to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. Passive heating maximizes solar heat gain in winter through techniques like direct gain and thermal storage, while passive cooling prevents overheating and uses ventilation to remove unwanted heat. Daylighting brings natural light into buildings through indirect lighting and considers factors like glare and reflectivity. Passive design requires an integrated, tiered approach and educated occupants to operate effectively with minimal mechanical systems.
Active energy efficiency in the built environment2Dipal Gudhka
Active energy efficiency involves measuring, monitoring and controlling energy usage to enact permanent changes in consumption. It goes beyond passive measures like insulation and efficient equipment by ensuring energy-saving devices are properly controlled to only use the necessary amount of energy. Key aspects of active efficiency include lighting, HVAC and motor controls. Proper active controls can reduce energy usage significantly and help meet targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Various technical solutions exist for applying active efficiency in different building types like homes, offices and industry through automated controls and monitoring of systems.
A great presentation created by my colleague Tiziana Volpato with her students for a Comenius project.
Our home is like a mirrored shell, it reflects our idea of comfort, it provides protection, it fits our needs, it reflects our attitude towards the environment, so the greenER… the better.
This document discusses passive solar design and passive cooling techniques. It describes how passive solar design uses windows, walls and floors to collect, store and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer. The key elements are proper window placement and size, thermal insulation, thermal mass and shading. Passive cooling techniques like natural ventilation can provide indoor comfort with zero energy use through strategies like stack ventilation, cross ventilation and night ventilation.
The document is about solar energy and experiences with solar energy projects. It includes questions and explanations about solar energy, experiences visiting solar energy sites like a science park, and photos from teacher and student workshops working on solar energy projects. Students and teachers from different countries collaborated on the Comenius solar energy project from 2011-2013, gaining hands-on experiences with solar energy technologies.
Passive cooling techniques are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without mechanical devices.
For more information on energy conversation concepts and green architecture, follow us at - www.archistudent.net
The document discusses building envelope design strategies for different climate types. It explains that the building envelope includes walls, floors, roofs, windows, and doors, and provides protection from external elements. The key components of building envelopes are described for arid, tropical, cold, and mixed cold/hot climates. Specific strategies include using thermal mass in arid climates, maximizing shading and ventilation in tropical areas, emphasizing insulation in cold climates, and incorporating features like overhangs and thermal mass in temperate zones. The document also covers topics like insulation materials and properties, reducing thermal bridging, and designing high-performance fenestration.
Sustainable architecture without architects presentationSimi Razavian
Assess how sun, wind, water, and thermal mass have been used to transform a harsh natural environment into a comfortable residential environment
Evaluate innovative uses of local material in building
Weigh the benefits and drawbacks of using only local materials to create buildings
The document discusses sustainable building facades and their design. It provides three key points:
1) Building facades play an important role in separating the interior and exterior environment and creating the building's image. Sustainable facades aim to reduce energy usage while maintaining comfort.
2) There are two main types of facades - opaque facades made of solid materials and glazed facades like curtain walls made primarily of glass. Material properties, insulation levels, and glazing choices impact a facade's thermal and visual performance.
3) Proper facade design considers the local climate and orientation to passively reduce energy usage. Elements like shading, natural ventilation, and daylighting should be optimized based on orientation.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells connected together in solar panels and arrays. PV systems are classified by their power output, with home and small business systems typically ranging from 1 to 5 kilowatts. The basic operation of a solar cell involves the generation of light-generated carriers, the collection of these carriers to generate a current, and the generation of a large voltage across the cell. A double-skin facade has an openable inner windowpane and a closed outer windowpane separated by an air cavity connected to the outdoors to enable natural ventilation in buildings.
Passive solar, passive cooling and daylightinglaneycollege
This document discusses the history and principles of passive solar design. It explains that passive solar design has been used since ancient times to heat buildings using sunlight without mechanical systems. Key aspects of passive solar design include apertures to admit sunlight, thermal mass to store heat, and distribution of stored heat. The document also covers passive cooling techniques like shade trees, overhangs, and natural ventilation. Daylighting strategies are discussed as well, such as skylights and clerestories, which provide natural light while reducing energy use. The overall goal of passive design is to efficiently use sunlight and natural ventilation to provide thermal comfort in an environmentally friendly way.
1) The Menara Mesiniaga tower in Malaysia was designed by architect Ken Yeang using passive design strategies suited for the hot, humid climate.
2) Features include an exposed exoskeleton structure, landscaped sky courts and terraces, shaded windows and solar-oriented curtain walls to reduce solar gain.
3) Natural ventilation is enhanced through large multi-storey spaces, permeable walls, and air movement under the building and in the basement parking area.
Passive Solar Designby Software
-It is one part of green building design, and does not include active systems such as Mechanical ventilation or Photovoltaic.
-Three Passive Solar Principles that follow:
Principle 1: Site of Design & Sun Position.
Principle 2: Windows Design.
Principle 3: Overhangs & Shading.
Passive solar systems utilize natural means like building materials and design to collect, store, and distribute solar energy for heating and cooling. They include direct gain systems using windows to let sunlight in for floor/wall storage, thermal storage walls behind south-facing glazing, attached sunspaces with storage walls, and thermal storage roofs with water bags or ponds that absorb heat from the sun. Passive systems provide heating and cooling without mechanical equipment by integrating solar design into the building structure and envelope.
This document discusses passive solar design strategies. It begins with introducing passive design as design that does not require mechanical heating or cooling, but takes advantage of natural phenomena like sunlight. It then covers passive solar design in more detail, discussing direct gain, indirect gain (including trombe walls), and isolated gain systems. The key parts of passive solar heating systems - aperture, absorber, thermal mass, distribution, and control - are also outlined. Passive cooling techniques like natural ventilation using stack effect, wind towers, and courtyards are also summarized. The document provides a concise overview of important passive design concepts and strategies.
Trombe walls in lTrombe Walls in Low-Energyow energyomaribr
- Trombe walls are thick, south-facing walls that trap heat from sunlight during the day and slowly release it at night to help heat buildings. They were incorporated into the design of the Zion National Park Visitor Center and an NREL building.
- The Zion Visitor Center Trombe wall is an 8-inch concrete wall that provided 20% of the building's heating over one winter. Infrared images show interior wall temperatures up to 96°F providing radiant heating in the evenings.
- Monitoring found the NREL building's thinner, 4-inch Trombe wall released heat more quickly, keeping interior spaces warm through the afternoons during the winter with no other heating needed.
Solar thermal walls (Trombe ,water and trans walls)srikanth reddy
Thermal storage walls like Trombe walls, water walls, and trans walls can passively heat buildings using solar energy. Trombe walls consist of a south-facing glass wall separated from a thick concrete wall by an air gap. During the day, solar radiation passes through the glass and heats the concrete wall. This stored heat is then radiated into the building. Trans walls use a semi-transparent absorber sandwiched between two water columns for rapid heat transfer and direct gain, while reducing heat loss. Different wall designs provide heating benefits like load leveling or daytime heating, depending on the application. Components like wall thickness, vent size, and overhangs influence heat transfer and storage. Advancements
The document discusses passive solar heating (PSH) design, which involves collecting solar energy through south-facing windows, storing that energy in building materials with high heat capacity, and distributing the stored solar energy throughout the living space. It describes the key components of a PSH system - the aperture (windows), absorber, thermal mass for storage, distribution methods, and controls. It also evaluates different materials for their suitability as a thermal mass, selecting concrete as the best option based on its high value of thermal conductivity over thermal diffusivity and relatively low cost.
This document discusses advancements in solar thermal walls, including zigzag Trombe walls, fluidized Trombe walls, Trombe walls with phase-change materials, composite Trombe walls, and photovoltaic Trombe walls. Zigzag Trombe walls reduce heat gain and glare using an inward V-shape. Fluidized Trombe walls improve heat transfer through a fluidized bed. Trombe walls with phase-change materials store more latent heat in a smaller space. Composite Trombe walls control heating rates and provide high insulation. Photovoltaic Trombe walls increase electrical efficiency by removing heat from photovoltaic panels.
The document discusses various types of thermal loads in buildings that affect energy efficiency, including external loads from the environment, internal loads from occupants and equipment, infiltration loads from air leakage, and ventilation loads. It provides details on calculating each type of load, such as defining thermal load, external load factors like solar radiation and conduction, internal loads from lighting and occupant activity levels, infiltration causes and measurement, and ventilation system design considerations. Indoor and outdoor design conditions that impact load calculations are also outlined.
William Mcdonough & his works (Architect study)Shailja km
1) The document discusses several sustainable building projects designed by architect William McDonough, including offices that use wastewater recycling, green roofs to reduce stormwater and heat gain, and daylighting and natural ventilation.
2) It also describes a new NASA facility that uses an exoskeleton structure for seismic performance and daylighting, as well as McDonough's redesign of the Ford River Rouge Complex, which included installing a sedum roof to clean rainwater and reduce energy costs.
3) Finally, the document discusses an Ohio school that uses geothermal wells and passive solar strategies for heating and cooling, as well as landscaping that includes local ecosystems. The materials, lighting, and HV
A one day symposium on zero/low carbon sustainable homes took place at The University of Nottingham on the 24th October, 2012. The event offered professionals within the construction industry a unique opportunity to gain added and significant insight into the innovations, policies and legislation which are driving the construction of zero/low carbon energy efficient homes both here in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. It explored solutions to sustainability issues “beyond” the zero carbon agenda. BZCH followed on from the successful ‘Towards Zero Carbon Housing’ symposium the University hosted in 2007. This event is part of the Europe Wide Ten Act10n project which is supported by the European Commission Intelligent Energy Europe.
Passive building design aims to minimize energy usage and environmental impact through strategies like passive solar heating, cooling, and daylighting. It focuses on using climate considerations, building orientation, materials, and occupant behavior to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. Passive heating maximizes solar heat gain in winter through techniques like direct gain and thermal storage, while passive cooling prevents overheating and uses ventilation to remove unwanted heat. Daylighting brings natural light into buildings through indirect lighting and considers factors like glare and reflectivity. Passive design requires an integrated, tiered approach and educated occupants to operate effectively with minimal mechanical systems.
Active energy efficiency in the built environment2Dipal Gudhka
Active energy efficiency involves measuring, monitoring and controlling energy usage to enact permanent changes in consumption. It goes beyond passive measures like insulation and efficient equipment by ensuring energy-saving devices are properly controlled to only use the necessary amount of energy. Key aspects of active efficiency include lighting, HVAC and motor controls. Proper active controls can reduce energy usage significantly and help meet targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Various technical solutions exist for applying active efficiency in different building types like homes, offices and industry through automated controls and monitoring of systems.
A great presentation created by my colleague Tiziana Volpato with her students for a Comenius project.
Our home is like a mirrored shell, it reflects our idea of comfort, it provides protection, it fits our needs, it reflects our attitude towards the environment, so the greenER… the better.
This document discusses passive solar design and passive cooling techniques. It describes how passive solar design uses windows, walls and floors to collect, store and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer. The key elements are proper window placement and size, thermal insulation, thermal mass and shading. Passive cooling techniques like natural ventilation can provide indoor comfort with zero energy use through strategies like stack ventilation, cross ventilation and night ventilation.
The document is about solar energy and experiences with solar energy projects. It includes questions and explanations about solar energy, experiences visiting solar energy sites like a science park, and photos from teacher and student workshops working on solar energy projects. Students and teachers from different countries collaborated on the Comenius solar energy project from 2011-2013, gaining hands-on experiences with solar energy technologies.
Passive cooling techniques are least expensive means of cooling a home which maximizes the efficiency of the building envelope without mechanical devices.
For more information on energy conversation concepts and green architecture, follow us at - www.archistudent.net
The document discusses building envelope design strategies for different climate types. It explains that the building envelope includes walls, floors, roofs, windows, and doors, and provides protection from external elements. The key components of building envelopes are described for arid, tropical, cold, and mixed cold/hot climates. Specific strategies include using thermal mass in arid climates, maximizing shading and ventilation in tropical areas, emphasizing insulation in cold climates, and incorporating features like overhangs and thermal mass in temperate zones. The document also covers topics like insulation materials and properties, reducing thermal bridging, and designing high-performance fenestration.
Sustainable architecture without architects presentationSimi Razavian
Assess how sun, wind, water, and thermal mass have been used to transform a harsh natural environment into a comfortable residential environment
Evaluate innovative uses of local material in building
Weigh the benefits and drawbacks of using only local materials to create buildings
The document discusses sustainable building facades and their design. It provides three key points:
1) Building facades play an important role in separating the interior and exterior environment and creating the building's image. Sustainable facades aim to reduce energy usage while maintaining comfort.
2) There are two main types of facades - opaque facades made of solid materials and glazed facades like curtain walls made primarily of glass. Material properties, insulation levels, and glazing choices impact a facade's thermal and visual performance.
3) Proper facade design considers the local climate and orientation to passively reduce energy usage. Elements like shading, natural ventilation, and daylighting should be optimized based on orientation.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology converts sunlight directly into electricity using solar cells connected together in solar panels and arrays. PV systems are classified by their power output, with home and small business systems typically ranging from 1 to 5 kilowatts. The basic operation of a solar cell involves the generation of light-generated carriers, the collection of these carriers to generate a current, and the generation of a large voltage across the cell. A double-skin facade has an openable inner windowpane and a closed outer windowpane separated by an air cavity connected to the outdoors to enable natural ventilation in buildings.
Passive solar, passive cooling and daylightinglaneycollege
This document discusses the history and principles of passive solar design. It explains that passive solar design has been used since ancient times to heat buildings using sunlight without mechanical systems. Key aspects of passive solar design include apertures to admit sunlight, thermal mass to store heat, and distribution of stored heat. The document also covers passive cooling techniques like shade trees, overhangs, and natural ventilation. Daylighting strategies are discussed as well, such as skylights and clerestories, which provide natural light while reducing energy use. The overall goal of passive design is to efficiently use sunlight and natural ventilation to provide thermal comfort in an environmentally friendly way.
1) The Menara Mesiniaga tower in Malaysia was designed by architect Ken Yeang using passive design strategies suited for the hot, humid climate.
2) Features include an exposed exoskeleton structure, landscaped sky courts and terraces, shaded windows and solar-oriented curtain walls to reduce solar gain.
3) Natural ventilation is enhanced through large multi-storey spaces, permeable walls, and air movement under the building and in the basement parking area.
Passive Solar Designby Software
-It is one part of green building design, and does not include active systems such as Mechanical ventilation or Photovoltaic.
-Three Passive Solar Principles that follow:
Principle 1: Site of Design & Sun Position.
Principle 2: Windows Design.
Principle 3: Overhangs & Shading.
Assignment - Building Integration of Solar Energy (Report)Kai Yun Pang
This document provides information about a group assignment submitted by 7 students for their Building Services 1 course. It covers various topics related to building integration of solar energy, including history of solar energy, types of photovoltaic and solar thermal systems, components, and a case study of Mont-Cenis Academy which integrated photovoltaic technology into its design. The 12-page report includes sections on solar energy, installation, applications, maintenance, advantages and disadvantages, the case study, possible problems, recommendations and more.
Passive design is an approach to building design that minimizes mechanical cooling and heating needs by working with the environment. It involves designing buildings to make use of natural light, breezes, and shading to reduce unwanted heat gain and loss. When applied in tropical climates, passive design results in comfortable and energy efficient buildings with substantially lower running costs for cooling and lighting.
report on intelligent energy conservation system vyomesh upadhyay
The document provides acknowledgements for an intelligent energy saving system project. It thanks the guide, Mr. Amit Shrivastav, for his guidance and support. It also thanks the head of the electrical engineering department and faculty for providing necessary facilities and guidance. The system is designed to automatically turn lights and fans on and off in places like libraries based on presence detection and light/temperature readings to save energy.
This document provides an overview of passive solar design principles for homes. It discusses 14 principles, including orienting the home towards the sun, incorporating sufficient thermal mass, insulating the building envelope, and using landscaping and overhangs for shading. The document explains how passive solar design can significantly reduce energy costs while improving comfort. It also presents examples of passive solar strategies used historically and provides a hypothetical modeling comparison showing energy savings from applying passive solar measures.
Solar thermal energy is a great source of electricity and other energy which have great utility in day to day life. Learn about the solar energy in details here.
General principles – Direct gain systems - Glazed walls, Bay windows,
Attached sun spaces etc. Indirect gain systems – Trombe wall, Water wall, Solar Chimney, Transwall, Roof
pond, etc - Isolated gain systems – Natural convective loop etc. Active Heating Systems : Solar water
heating systems
The document discusses passive design techniques for houses. Passive design takes advantage of climate to maintain comfortable temperatures without mechanical heating or cooling. It refers to using the sun's energy for heating and cooling living spaces. Direct gain involves admitting sunlight directly through windows to heat walls, floors, and air inside. Thermal mass materials like concrete and brick absorb and store heat. Solar orientation positions a building to make best use of sunlight and winds. The building envelope separates interior and exterior, including walls, floors, roofs, and windows. Factors affecting thermal comfort include landscaping, built to open space ratio, water locations, orientation, plan form, and envelope/fenestration.
Passive solar design refers to using the sun's energy for heating and cooling buildings through natural means rather than mechanical systems. It involves elements like operable windows, thermal mass materials, and thermal chimneys to move air. Key aspects are proper solar orientation of the building, use of thermal mass to absorb and retain heat, and appropriate ventilation and window placement. Guidelines recommend elongating the building on an east-west axis and locating important interior spaces along the south-facing side to take advantage of sunlight during winter heating hours.
This document summarizes solar passive architecture techniques for designing energy efficient buildings. It discusses the aims of minimizing energy use and promoting renewable resources. The methodology involves researching passive features and case studies. Passive design uses natural heating and cooling through elements like south-facing glass, thermal mass, and cross ventilation. Historically, the Greeks and Romans designed cities and homes to maximize winter sun exposure. Case studies from India demonstrate current applications of passive solar techniques.
This document discusses passive solar building design techniques to reduce energy consumption from heating. It describes how passive solar buildings are designed to allow winter sun to enter and heat the building using elements like south-facing windows and thermal mass materials that absorb and slowly release heat. Specific passive solar techniques discussed include direct gain, indirect gain, day lighting, thermal storage walls, water walls, radiant panels, and skylights. The document explains how these different passive design elements work to efficiently heat buildings using natural solar energy without mechanical systems.
This document discusses passive solar design techniques to increase energy efficiency and comfort in homes. Passive solar design integrates building features like orientation, window placement and sizing, shading, and thermal mass to minimize mechanical heating and cooling needs by harnessing solar energy. Specific techniques include orienting the house along an east-west axis with south-facing windows appropriately sized and shaded, and adding thermal mass materials indoors to absorb and radiate solar heat gain. Computer simulations can help optimize passive solar design for different climates.
The document discusses key concepts of passive solar design including using thermal mass, insulation, window placement and orientation to maximize solar gain. Passive solar design utilizes natural heating and cooling principles to reduce energy consumption by strategically placing windows on the south side of a building and incorporating materials like concrete or stone with high heat capacity to absorb and store solar heat. Common passive solar design techniques include direct gain, indirect gain and isolated gain systems.
Solar thermal energy systems harness solar energy as heat. There are three main types of solar thermal collectors: low-temperature collectors heat swimming pools, medium-temperature collectors heat water for homes and businesses, and high-temperature collectors concentrate sunlight to produce electricity or process heat. Heat from collectors is transferred using fluids like water or glycol and can be stored for later use through thermal mass materials or molten salts. Common solar thermal applications include water heating, space heating, drying crops and materials, and generating electricity through technologies like parabolic troughs and power towers.
This document discusses solar energy and passive solar building design. It provides information on different categories of solar energy, including active solar and passive solar. For passive solar design, it explains that windows, walls and floors are designed to collect, store and distribute solar heat in winter and reject it in summer without mechanical devices. Various passive solar techniques are also outlined, such as direct gain, indirect gain, thermal storage walls and sunspaces. Overall pros and cons of solar energy are presented, noting its renewable and sustainable nature but also the high initial costs and need for energy storage.
This document discusses the basic principles of passive design, including passive heating, cooling, and daylighting. It explains that passive design uses climate considerations, building orientation, shape, materials, and natural ventilation/solar energy to control indoor comfort without consuming fuels. The key principles covered include solar geometry, passive heating strategies like direct gain and thermal storage, passive cooling strategies like ventilation and shading, and daylighting. It emphasizes that passive buildings require active users to effectively manage windows, shades, and interior environments.
Passive solar design techniques are discussed, along with examples from Afghanistan and the "SLIDES" solar house designed by students in Egypt. The document provides diagrams explaining passive solar principles such as thermal mass, roof overhangs, and double glazed windows. It also shows how passive cooling can be achieved using basements. Later, the "SLIDES" house is presented as a net-zero energy structure that utilizes solar panels and passive ventilation/cooling strategies tailored for Egypt's climate.
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Day 5:From Passive Design, Energy Audit to Value Engineering: Introduction to Passive Solar
1. LIMITED
IO.37 (SPEC.)
UNITED NATIONS 11 October 1989
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION ORIGIONAL: ENGLISH
_________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION TO PASSIVE SOLAR
Eng. AMMAR TAHER
ROYAL SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY – SOLAR ENERGY RESEARCH CENTER
P.O.BOX 925819, AMMAN - JORDAN
ABSTRACT
This paper addresses solar passive design ideas for buildings and houses. Passive solar
heating techniques are classified according to how they gain heat. A breakdown of a
passive solar heating system into five elements is provided and briefly examined.
Finally a brief description of the passive cooling techniques is outlined.
INTRODUCTI ON
What we now call passive solar design was used long time ago. Throughout history
civilizations have learned how to adapt their architecture to their climatic conditions
and in almost all cases primary importance was given to the relationship with the sun.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SYSTEMS
There are two categories of solar applications: active and passive. Passive solar
applications, which this paper will address, rely on natural gravity or convection
currents to transfer heat from a solar collection device to the living space. Examples
of passive solar devices are solar greenhouse, Trombe wall, and thermosyphon water
heaters. Active systems, on the other hand, generally require pumps, fans, and
controllers to transfer heat from the solar collection device to the place where it will
be used.
Passive space heating occurs when the structural elements of a building are used to
collect and store solar energy. Unlike active solar heating systems, passive solar
heating systems require no significant mechanical equipment involved. Passive solar
heating requires that south-facing side of the building remain unshaded during the
heating season. Sunlight can then pass through large areas of glass or plastic glazing
on that side. Once the solar heat is col1ected, it is absorbed and stored by thick
masonry walls and floors or water-filled containers.
2. INSULATION AND ENERGY CONSERVATION
Too many solar projects have failed simply because good sense was not used in
constructing a building that would be energy efficient and easy to cool or heat.
Insulation is a cheap and reliable way to save energy; accordingly, proper insulation
and other energy-efficient techniques should be given first priority in any new
building or remodeling scheme, especially if solar features are being considered.
Practicing energy-efficient techniques will not only save money in heating and
cooling the building, it will also limit the size of whatever auxiliary heating or cooling
system is installed to back up the solar system, so that unnecessary expenditures for
mechanical equipment can be avoided.
Before any significant energy savings can be realized through solar features, it is
essential to properly seal the building. Vapor barriers are also important to energy
conservation. A vapor barrier on the inside surface is important to prevent moisture
build-up in the wall. This moisture condensation will greatly reduce the effectiveness
of the insulation and eventually cause it and the wall to rot.
HEAT LOSS AND GAIN
Heat always moves from one location to a cooler location until there is no longer a
temperature difference between the two. There are three types of heat movement:
convection, conduction, and radiation.
Convection refers to the movement of heat in currents of air or water. Convection heat
loss or gain, or infiltration, is usually the result of poorly weather-stripped doors and
windows and their frames.
Conduction refers to movement of heat through a solid. Some materials are good
conductors of heat, hence poor insulators. Such materials include metal, stone,
concrete, wood, plaster, and glass. Using insulation can minimize conductive heat loss
and heat gain.
Radiative heat loss occurs when windows are left uncovered at night. Even triple-
glazed windows are subject to radiative heat loss into the night sky. In addition, any
type of storage mass, like an uninsulated masonry wall, will radiate stored heat out
into the night sky. Typical means of preventing radiative heat loss or gain are
insulating shutters or shades backed with a reflective sheet.
2
3. SITING AND ORIENTATION
The first step in designing a solar efficient structure is the understanding of the
geometrical relationship between earth and sun. All solar designs must respond to the
universal determinations of these angels. Below are the general sun angels for north
hemisphere during the course of the year. The sun angel for the 22nd day of the month
is given. The diagrams on the left side represent a plan view of the suns locations
when it rises and sets on the 22nd day of the month. The illustration on the right
shows the relationship of the sun with the ground plane at noon on the 22nd day of the
month. For latitudes not listed, angels may be obtained through interpolation.
In planning the building, it is just as important to design for protection from the
summer sun as for access to the winter sun. Overhangs and shading devices are
important to keep direct sunlight out of the building during warm weather and care
should be taken when designing windows on the east and west exposures of the
building, since the sun will shine directly into these windows while it is low in the sky
on summer mornings and late afternoons. In addition, the direction of the prevailing
breezes at the building site should be taken into account so that adequate natural
ventilation can be incorporated in the building to cut the expense of the air-
conditioning.
There are many passive design ideas, not all of them may apply to a specific situation.
- Some make more sense in cold climates, and others in warm climates.
- Some can be incorporated into existing homes and others are applicable only in new
construction.
- Some may appeal to you, and others may not.
Passive solar concepts are applied most easily in a new building, where they can be
incorporated into the original design. Existing buildings can be retrofitted to passively
collect and store solar heat.
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING TECHNIQUES
The basic approaches that serve to classify passive systems are distinguished
according to how they gain solar heat. The use of one approach to passive solar
heating dose not prevents the use of another in the same building. It is not unusual for
different approaches to overlap. An attached greenhouse, for instance, can be
combined with direct gain windows in the wall connecting the greenhouse and the
main living space.
3
4. A. JUNE 22
B. MAY 22-JULY 22
C. APRIL 22-AUGUST 22
D. MARCH 22-SEPT. 22
E. FEB. 22-OCT. 22
F. JAN. 22-NOV.22
240 LATITUDE G. DECEMBER 22
Calcutta, India-Miami, Florida-
Dacca, Bangladesh-Monterrey, Mexico
280 LATITUDE
Las Palmas, Canary Islands-
Houston, Texas-New Delhi, India
320 LATITUDE
Shang-hai, China, Casablanca
Morocco, Dallas, Texas
4
5. A. JUNE 22
B. MAY 22-JULY 22
C. APRIL 22-AUGUST 22
D. MARCH 22-SEPT. 22
E. FEB. 22-OCT. 22
F. JAN. 22-NOV. 22
G. DECEMBER 22
400 LATITUDE
Madrid, Spain-Peking, Chine-Denver, Colo-
Olympus, Greece-Philadelphia, Penn.
440 LATITUDE
Florence, Italy-Auburn, Maine-
Alma Ata, Russia
5
7. The same applies to a Trombe wall, which can have large window opening in it for
direct gain and natural lighting. The variety of passive options leaves a great deal of
room for the individual tastes of homeowners and for the market considerations.
1) Direct Gain
The simplest passive heating technique is called direct gain. As shown in Figure (1)
sun light enters the house through larger than normal windows facing south and
strikes the wall and/or floors, The surface of the walls and floors are a dark color that
will absorb the sun's heat, which will then be stored in the masonry. At night, as the
room cools, the heat stored in the masonry will radiate into the room. In addition to /
or in place of masonry walls and floors, water filled containers can be positioned
strategically to absorb and store solar heat.
Figure (l) Direct Gain
To control heat loss, the direct gain house should be equipped with movable night
insulation. This insulation covers collector area at night to prevent massive heat loss
from the building. In the summer, to prevent overheating, direct sunlight must not be
allowed to reach the inside of the house. The movable insulation, in this case, can be
closed during the day. A roof overhang will also shade the south-facing window from
the summer sun.
7
8. 2) Indirect Gain
The solar radiation is intercepted by an absorber and storage element - wall - that
separates the south facing glass from the room.
a. Trombe wall:
The Trombe wall is the primary example of an indirect gain approach. As shown in
Figure (2) it consists of a thick masonry wall on the south side of a house. A single or
double layer of glass or plastic glazing is mounted in front of the wall's south surface.
Solar heat is collected in the space between the wall and the glazing. The outside
surface of the wall is a dark color that will absorb heat, which will then be stored in
the wall's mass. Heat is distributed from the Trombe wall to the house in two ways.
Over a period of several hours, the heat will migrate through the wall, reaching its rear
surface in the late afternoon or early evening. When the indoor temperature falls
below that of the walls surface, heat will begin to radiate into the room. Most Trombe
walls are also designed to distribute heat immediately, while the sun shines. This
requires that the wall have two sets of vents, one at floor level and one at ceiling level.
As the air between the surface of the wall and the glazing heats up, it begins to rise
and flow through the vents. This continuous pattern of natural air movement is called
a convective loop (thermosyphon).
Figure (2) Trombe Wall (Indirect Gain)
8
9. Heat from the Trombe wall can be controlled by an insulating curtain that is drawn at
night in the space between the glazing and the wall. The Trombe vents are also
equipped with 'back draft dampers’ to prevent a reverse convective flow at night that
would cool the room air.
b. Water wall:
The water wall is a variation on the Trombe wall. In place of a masonry wall, water
containers are positioned between the living space and the glazing as shown in Figure
(3). Water walls can be built in a number of ways. Any fairly durable container will
work, including drums, paint cans, and glass jars. A water wall absorbs and stores
solar heat in much the same way as a Trombe wall, with the exception that water
holds more heat than an equal volume of masonry.
Figure (3) Water Wall (Indirect Gain)
Once again, insulating curtains are used at night to control heat loss from the water
containers through the glass.
c. Roof pond:
A variation on the water wall is the roof pond shown in Figure (4). Roof ponds are
essentially waterbeds of sturdy plastic. They rest on special ceiling structure and are
covered and insulated on winter nights by movable roof. During the day the
mechanically operated roof is opened. Exposing the roof pond to the sun so it can
absorb heat to radiate to living area later.
9
10. Figure (4) Roof Pond (Indirect Gain)
3) Isolated Gain
The solar radiation is captured by a separate space such as a greenhouse.
a. Solar greenhouse:
Known by many names - solar room, sunspace, and solarium - the solar greenhouse
shown in Figure (5) is a versatile approach to passive solar heating. A solar
greenhouse can be built as part of a new building or as an addition to an older
building. Solar heat is collected through the greenhouse glazing. It is then absorbed
and stored by masonry or water filled containers that can be positioned and sized in a
variety of ways. A range of storage options can be used with a greenhouse. These
include a masonry wall separating the greenhouse from the main building, water
drums inside the greenhouse, and potting beds. Also, a water wall can take the place
of masonry wall.
The distribution of heat from a greenhouse can be accomplished in variety of ways. A
masonry wall between the greenhouse and the living space can provide time-lag
heating, as in the Trombe wall, and it can also have ceiling and floor level vents that
allow a natural convective loop. Or heat can be circulated by simply opening the
connecting doors between the greenhouse and the house. Movable insulation is used
to cover the inside of the greenhouse glazing at night.
10
11. Figure (5) Solar Greenhouse (Isolated Gain)
A greenhouse provides a buffer zone for the house that will help cut heat loss, and it
adds another space to the home, a space that can be used for many purposes, including
the growing of food.
b. Thermosyphon collector:
Thermosyphon air collectors
use a black painted absorber
with glass or plastic glazing. A
thermosyphon collector can be
built into the south wall of a
house at a level lower than the
house. As shown in Figure (6)
it can be hooked up
with a rock storage bin.
The heat circulates
naturally, but much of it is
absorbed and stored as it passes
through the bin.
Figure (6) Thermosyphon with Rock-bin
under Greenhouse (Isolated Gain)
11
12. 4) Sun Tempering
Sun-tempering occurs when a house or other building collects solar radiation through
large south-facing windows (or thermosyphon collector as in Figure (7) but does not
have a storage element. This is not a complete passive system, and its use is limited to
daylight hours. The window collection area must be sized carefully, because without
storage mass there is the possibility that the living space will become overheated
quickly during the day.
Sun-tempering is used when the goal is to keep the conventional heating system off
while the sun shines. Sun-tempering may be specially suited to buildings that are used
primarily during the day: classrooms, shops, offices, warehouses.
Passive solar design needs not be limited
to single-family houses. In most large
commercial buildings, the biggest
demand for energy comes from lighting,
followed closely by cooling. Many
techniques have been developed to
diffuse, reflect and transmit natural light
(day lighting) throughout the building to
reduce dependency on costly artificial
lighting. Day lighting indirectly reduces
cooling costs, since artificial lighting
adds substantially to a commercial
building's internal heat gain.
Figure (7) Sun Tempering
THE PASSIVE ELEMENTS
There are five elements that constitute complete passive solar heating systems. Each
performs a separate function, but all five must work together for the system to be
successful.
1) Collector
The large glass (or plastic) area through which sunlight enters the building. The
collector (s) should face within 30 degree of true south and should not be shaded by
other buildings or trees especially from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. each day during the heating
season.
12
13. Any material exposed to the sun will collect
solar energy. Glazing products have a unique
property of trapping long-wave radiation
creating the greenhouse effect. Windows,
skylights and greenhouses are all collectors.
There are several factors to consider in
selecting a collector:
- Transmittance.
- Weather ability.
- Thermal conductivity and infiltration.
- Cost. Collector
To capture the necessary solar radiation, it is essential to provide a minimum amount
of south-facing glass. The minimal is 1/4 to 1/5 of the floor area (in temperate
climates); 1/3 to 1/4 of the floor area (in colder climates).
2) Absorber
It is the hard, darkened surface of the storage element. This surface-, which could be
that of a masonry wall, floor, or room divider, or that of a water container - sits in the
direct path of sunlight. Sunlight hits the surface and is absorbed as heat.
An advantage of both Trombe walls and
water walls is the benefit that can be gained
from the performance of a selective-surface
material that can be glued or sprayed on the
outside surface of the wall.
A selective-surface material has a high
absorbance for sunlight, and a low emission
in the thermal range. Since about half of the
heat loss through the glass to the outside is
transmitted by thermal re-radiation, the
performance of the wall can be improved by
approximately a third.
Absorber/Storage
13
14. 3) Storage
The materials that retains the heat produced by the sun are often referred to as
“thermal mass”, they are usually either masonry (concrete, concrete block, or brick) or
water The difference between the absorber and storage, although they are the same
wall or floor, is that the absorber is an exposed surface whereas storage is the material
behind that surface.
Once heat is collected, it needs to be stored for later use. Any material will absorb and
hold heat for a time, but only certain materials will do it efficiently and cheaply
enough to be practical. Basically, there are three mediums used for thermal storage-
water, solids (concrete, masonry, and rocks), and phase change materials.
Water is the cheapest material and stores large amounts of heat in a relatively small
area. Leak proof storage can be difficult to construct and sometimes expensive,
although very inexpensive options are available.
Rocks, concrete and masonry can also be relatively inexpensive. They are very heavy
and space consuming. It takes almost four times more brick or rock than water by
weight to store the same amount of energy. This can possibly create some structural
problem, but masonry or concrete storage can also serve as a floor slab or wall.
Phase change materials store a great deal of heat in a small area and are very costly.
These chemical combinations are formulated to change state at about 30 c and absorb
heat as they melt or release it as they solidify. Compared to other types of storage,
they can hold tremendous amounts of heat, but their cost may make them prohibitive
unless space is at a premium.
The storage capacity required depends on the amount of radiation captured and the
building's use characteristics. In temperate climates, for example, it is necessary to
provide 45 kg of water or 200 kg of rock storage for each square meter of south-
facing glass, if the storage medium cannot be directly exposed to the sun, this number
have to be increased by as much as four times. The ratios of floor area and heat
storage area should be a minimum of 1:1 to gain the maximum benefit of passive
heating system.
4) Distribution
Is the method by which solar heat circulates from the collection and storage points to
different areas of the house. A strictly passive design will use the three natural heat
transfer modes conduction, convection, and radiation. In less strict application
14
15. fans, ducts, and blowers will help with the
distribution of heat through the house.
In many passive designs, some sort of
distribution device is needed. These
devices include fans, blowers, ducts, and
dampers. If a passive system must use a
fan or a blower, the amount of energy it
consumes should not exceed the amount of
heating energy that the passive system is
supposed to be saving.
Distribution
Adequate levels of ventilation are very important to human comfort even during the
heating season. Fans and blowers keep air from stagnating and smelling stale in the
winter when the house is sealed from fresh outside air. They also can reduce the
mechanical cooling load of a home in the summer by creating air movement.
Buying and installing a ceiling or other type of fan is relatively simple compared with
designing a duct and blower system and integrating it with an existing system.
5) Control (Heat Regulation Devices)
This is principally movable insulation, on
which the performance of the entire system
depends. Movable insulation prevents heat
loss back through the collector area at night.
Other elements that control both under and
over heating include:
- Electronic senses devices, such as a
deferential thermostat that signals a fan to
turn on.
- Vents and dampers that allow or restrict
heat flow.
- Roof over hangs or awnings that shade the
collector area during summer months.
Control
15
16. Care should be taken in selecting such devices. For example, a single device which
will insulate in the winter and shade in the summer will often be less expensive than
two separate devices for insulating and shading.
Shading devices perform best on the exterior of a window because they intercept the
sun's heat before it enters the room Insulation also has advantages being on the
outside of a window where it will not cause condensation on the glazing which can
occur with interior window insulation. Exterior devices, however, must build to
withstand the effects of weather. They also can be very difficult to design so they
operate from the inside.
PASSIVE SOLAR COOLING TECHNIQUES
In this section the strategies that can contribute to living comfortably during the
summer months will be briefly discussed. Knowledge of these techniques may
influence your choice as to a heating strategy; and it is certainly a good idea to
consider both heating and cooling before designing the total system.
The best examples of passive cooling are provided by the architecture of the era prior
to air-conditioning. The ceilings are high; the rooms light colored and designed for
natural ventilation.
Active solar cooling is still in the experimental stages. In active solar cooling, heat is
used to run some kind of an absorption refrigeration machine. High temperatures are
required in this application and so far have not proven to be cost effective. The
passive technology has produced few techniques where by the sun s rays have directly
or indirectly resulted in cooling. There are five types of passive cooling techniques
Load avoidance and reduction, Natural ventilation, Earth contact cooling, evaporative
cooling, night sky radiation cooling.
1) Load avoidance and reduction
The basic goal is to prevent passive-solar heating in
the summer. This goal is achieved largely by ap-
propriate placement of windows. It is important to
shade windows from the summer sun by correctly
designed overhangs on the south windows and by
placement of vertical louvers, shading walls, or
appropriately placed trees on the east and west
sides of the building, and light color on outside
walls and roof to reflect sun light from the building.
Load Reduction
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17. By means of a chart called a "monograph", the size of a buildings overhang can be
precisely calculated to let in the sunlight during a specified period of time before and
after the winter solstice and to shade the glass for any desired period of time before
and after the summer solstice.
The above illustration, called a monograph, is a design tool that
can be used to size the overhang for any south-facing vertical
passive collector. The data in this monograph are generated from
the relationship between the profile angle of the collector and
the solar altitude. The curved lines represent the desired number
of design days, and the straight lines, numbered in degrees,
represent north latitudes. " p " is the ratio of the overhang
projection to the collector height." g " is the ratio of the
overhang gap to the collector height.
It should be noted that even though the overhang provides
protection from direct sunlight, diffuse and reflected radiation
still enter windows and contribute to heat gain during the
summer.
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18. 2) Natural ventilation
Natural ventilation cooling is probably the
most important type in most climates.
Design for natural ventilation consists of
careful sitting of the house so that it has
good access to the prevailing summer
breezes, location of windows so that
breezes can blow through the house, and
adequate heat-storing mass within the house
so that daytime heat can be absorbed by the
walls for release to cool night breezes.
Solar Chimney
Thermal chimney also shows promise in aiding hot-weather ventilation. Air within the
Chimney is heated causing it to rise, thereby effecting air movement for ventilation or
to provide air exchanges. The updraft induced by this device can be coupled with
earth tubes or some kind of earth contact or night-cooled storage mass.
3) Earth contact coo1ing
Another techniques for modifying both
summertime and winter time temperatures is
earth contact or earth sheltering. By digging
a building into the ground, or pilling earth up
around it, the constant temperature of earth
and the associated heat sink can be used to
make the building cooler in the summer and
warmer during the winter.
Earth Sheltered
At one extreme, earth contact cooling takes the form of underground construction. At
the opposite extreme is slab-on-grade construction. In between lies pilling earth
against certain outside walls. This requires special attention to structural design for
protection from the increased loads and pressure from the ground and also special care
in waterproofing of the walls. Because of structural and waterproofing problems,
underground construction is a very specialized topic requiring considerable research
and engineering.
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19. Another earth contact cooling technique is the
earth tubes, which are, buried underground, and
they bring in fresh air that has been cooled as a
result of its journey underground.
Earth Tubes
4) Evaporative cooling
A promising passive cooling techniques being devised for hot humid climates relies
on "desiccant cooling". A desiccant is a substance through which fresh air may be
drawn and dehumidified. When the air is moved around the living area at sufficient
speed, a comfort effect based on moisture evaporation from the skin surface results.
The desiccant itself must be dried out periodically, and this can be accomplished by
solar heat.
In hot dry climates, evaporative cooling may be very effective. There are several types
of apparatus that cool by evaporating water directly in the living space (direct
evaporative cooling). Interest has increased in equipment that combine the
evaporative cooling effect in a secondary air stream with heat exchange to produce
cooling without adding moisture to the living space air (indirect evaporative cooling).
5) Night sky radiation cooling
The use of roof ponds also shows promise as a cooling technique. During hot weather,
the shutter (cover) is kept closed during the day. At night it is opened, and the pond
radiates heat out into the night sky, becoming substantially cooler than ambient tem-
perature. The pond then becomes an effective heat sink during the day.
In cold weather, the process is reversed. The shutter is opened during the day and
closed at night.
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