A new report from congressional Research Service that provides background on China’s economic rise; describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and implications of China’s economic rise for the United States
Economic development in the contemporary chinaRoddy Sunguro
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. China has been pursuing a modernist vision of rapid economic development by implementing several policy variants.
From the 1950s up to the 1970s, China followed the Soviet model of development. Which meant that industrial production was solely in the hands of the central government whilst agricultural production was controlled by a network of rural collectives.
It was only in 1978 that China started to abandon the planned system and gradually returned to a more market-oriented economy. 1978 marked the beginning of a suite of economic reform policies known as Reform and Opening 改革开放 (gǎigé kāifàng).
Before the reforms, the Chinese economy was dominated by state ownership and central planning. From the 1950s up to the 1970s, Chinese real GDP per capita grew at a rate of only 2.9% per year on average and worse still Starting in 1970, the economy entered into a period of stagnation.
It was then after the death of Mao Zedong that the Communist Party leadership turned to market-oriented reforms to salvage the failing economy.
geopolitics of china, political weight index, governmental weight index, budget, budget per capita, china political economy
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
China’s Economic Miracle Under A Macro Economic Viewhong_nona
This is my MBA Business Economic project addressing China’s robust economic growth from a top-10 global economy to the top 3-global economy in 10 years in-row.
Economic development in the contemporary chinaRoddy Sunguro
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. China has been pursuing a modernist vision of rapid economic development by implementing several policy variants.
From the 1950s up to the 1970s, China followed the Soviet model of development. Which meant that industrial production was solely in the hands of the central government whilst agricultural production was controlled by a network of rural collectives.
It was only in 1978 that China started to abandon the planned system and gradually returned to a more market-oriented economy. 1978 marked the beginning of a suite of economic reform policies known as Reform and Opening 改革开放 (gǎigé kāifàng).
Before the reforms, the Chinese economy was dominated by state ownership and central planning. From the 1950s up to the 1970s, Chinese real GDP per capita grew at a rate of only 2.9% per year on average and worse still Starting in 1970, the economy entered into a period of stagnation.
It was then after the death of Mao Zedong that the Communist Party leadership turned to market-oriented reforms to salvage the failing economy.
geopolitics of china, political weight index, governmental weight index, budget, budget per capita, china political economy
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
China’s Economic Miracle Under A Macro Economic Viewhong_nona
This is my MBA Business Economic project addressing China’s robust economic growth from a top-10 global economy to the top 3-global economy in 10 years in-row.
People’s Republic of China which was founded in 1949 was in the position of a self-enclosed economy. Together with the economic reforms carried out in 1980s, China has entered into a transition period from socialist system to free market economy. Together with these reforms, China became a member of IMF in 1989 and World Trade Organization in 2001. As a result of these international expansion policies, the country takes the attention with its high growing rates and becomes the focus of the international capital. Especially after the country became a member in World Trade Organization in 2001, foreign trade volume has expanded and foreign direct investment flow is increased. Foreign trade reforms in China are analyzed in this study because of the outstanding growth in Chinese trade in recent years.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
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Brazil will not overcomes the current crisis without abandonment of neolibera...Fernando Alcoforado
It was the neoliberal prescription implemented in 1990 that led the Brazilian economy to bankruptcy during the Dilma Rousseff government. The practice has demonstrated the infeasibility of the neoliberal economic model in Brazil inaugurated by President Fernando Collor in 1990 and maintained by presidents Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula and Dilma Roussef. The very low economic growth in Brazil, the sharp de-industrialization of the country, the disproportionate rise in federal debt, widespread business failure, the back of double-digit inflation and mass unemployment during the Dilma Roussef government demonstrate the impracticability of the neoliberal model deployed in the country. Given the accursed economic heritage of PT (Workers`Party) governments, particularly Dilma Rousseff the government, the economic team of the Michel Temer government intends to adopt immediately, measures aimed at the search for the balance of public accounts to deal with the insolvency of the Union and then continue the failed neoliberal economic model. This is an irrationality try to resurrect the failed neoliberal economic model when it should restructure the Brazilian economy inspiring in the developmental experience of the successful Asian countries like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China.
People’s Republic of China which was founded in 1949 was in the position of a self-enclosed economy. Together with the economic reforms carried out in 1980s, China has entered into a transition period from socialist system to free market economy. Together with these reforms, China became a member of IMF in 1989 and World Trade Organization in 2001. As a result of these international expansion policies, the country takes the attention with its high growing rates and becomes the focus of the international capital. Especially after the country became a member in World Trade Organization in 2001, foreign trade volume has expanded and foreign direct investment flow is increased. Foreign trade reforms in China are analyzed in this study because of the outstanding growth in Chinese trade in recent years.
About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
Brazil will not overcomes the current crisis without abandonment of neolibera...Fernando Alcoforado
It was the neoliberal prescription implemented in 1990 that led the Brazilian economy to bankruptcy during the Dilma Rousseff government. The practice has demonstrated the infeasibility of the neoliberal economic model in Brazil inaugurated by President Fernando Collor in 1990 and maintained by presidents Itamar Franco, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Lula and Dilma Roussef. The very low economic growth in Brazil, the sharp de-industrialization of the country, the disproportionate rise in federal debt, widespread business failure, the back of double-digit inflation and mass unemployment during the Dilma Roussef government demonstrate the impracticability of the neoliberal model deployed in the country. Given the accursed economic heritage of PT (Workers`Party) governments, particularly Dilma Rousseff the government, the economic team of the Michel Temer government intends to adopt immediately, measures aimed at the search for the balance of public accounts to deal with the insolvency of the Union and then continue the failed neoliberal economic model. This is an irrationality try to resurrect the failed neoliberal economic model when it should restructure the Brazilian economy inspiring in the developmental experience of the successful Asian countries like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and China.
The report can be used as a first guide if you are interested in business China: "If you are thinking of doing business with China but don't know where to begin."
This presentation has been made by China-Access, a China based consulting company to assist overseas companies to enter China market.
Global business attorney Vinita Bahri-Mehra, in partnership with Ohio Development Services Agency, presented "Growing through China: A Comprehensive Look at Market Opportunities" as a panel discussion on Wednesday, September 17. The panel, which brought together local industry professionals to share best practices for conducting business in China, discussed how the world's second-largest economy is increasingly playing an important and influential role in the global economy.
Make in India initiative to achieve transform India from highly potential market to the manufacturing powerhouse. Its mantra is "Zero Defect and Zero Effect"
Wuhan coronavirus: What you can do to prevent the deadly virus'sAbeer Ansari
A new virus, originating from Wuhan in China, is quickly spreading across the country and around the world. In this video, we highlight the key things you need to know about the outbreak, and how science can help control it.
Video link
please like and share our video : https://youtu.be/-X9dWb5PR8s
Latest currency rates in Pakistan and Live Open market exchange rates,Gold Rates & Pakistan Oil Prices, Pakistan Petroleum Prices and current Petrol & CNG Prices
What is allergy? when food allergy occur? How Immune System Response to Food Allergy ?Difference between Food Allergy, Food Intolerance & Food Poisoning.
What are Common food allergens?
Explain Milk Allergy or Lactose Intolerance,Egg ,Peant,Soya ,Fish,and Wheat Allergy It sources symptoms and treatment.Allergic Diseases such as Allergic rhinitis/ Hay Fever
Asthma,Anaphylaxis, Eczema.
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What products contain endocrine disruptors?
How do endocrine disruptors work?(its Mechanisms of Action).
How are people exposed to endocrine disruptors?
Endocrine disrupting chemicals and their heath effects.
Pesticides:( DDT),human health consequences of exposure to DDT,and its scientific evidence and examples.
Steps to reduce exposure to endocrine disruptors
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Empowering the Unbanked: The Vital Role of NBFCs in Promoting Financial Inclu...Vighnesh Shashtri
In India, financial inclusion remains a critical challenge, with a significant portion of the population still unbanked. Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) have emerged as key players in bridging this gap by providing financial services to those often overlooked by traditional banking institutions. This article delves into how NBFCs are fostering financial inclusion and empowering the unbanked.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
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Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
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Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
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Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
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USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Scope Of Macroeconomics introduction and basic theories
The rise of the chinese economy and implications for the united states
1. China’s Economic Rise: History,
Trends, Challenges, and
Implications for the United States
CRS report, 2019
Congressional Research Servicehttps://crsreports.congress.govRL33534
2. • Prior to the initiation of economic reforms and trade liberalization nearly 40years ago, China
maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally controlled, vastly
inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy. Since opening up to foreign trade and
investment and implementing free-market reforms in 1979, China has been among the world’s
fastest-growing economies, with real annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth averaging
9.5% through 2018, a pace described by the World Bank as “the fastest sustained expansion by a
major economy in history.” Such growth has enabled China, on average, to double its GDP every
eight years and helped raise an estimated 800 million people out of poverty.
3. • China has become the world’s largest economy (on a purchasing power parity basis),
manufacturer, merchandise trader, and holder of foreign exchange reserves. This in
turn has made China a major commercial partner of the United States. China is the
largest U.S. merchandise trading partner, biggest source of imports, and third-largest
U.S. export market. China is also the largest foreign holder of U.S. Treasury securities ,
which help fund the federal debt and keep U.S. interest rates low.
4. • As China’s economy has matured, its real GDP growth has slowed significantly, from
14.2% in 2007 to 6.6% in 2018, and that growth is projected by the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) to fall to 5.5% by 2024. The Chinese government has embraced
slower economic growth, referring to it as the “new normal” and acknowledging the
need for China to embrace a new growth model that relies less on fixed investment and
exporting, and more on private consumption, services, and innovation to drive
economic growth. Such reforms are needed in order for China to avoid hitting the
“middle-income trap,” when countries achieve a certain economic level but begin to
experience sharply diminishing economic growth rates because they are unable to
adopt new sources of economic growth, such as innovation.
5. • The Chinese government has made innovation a top priority in its economic planning
through a number of high-profile initiatives, such as “Made in China 2025,” a plan
announced in 2015 to upgrade and modernize China’s manufacturing in 10 key sectors
through extensive government assistance in order to make China a major global player
in these sectors. However, such measures have increasingly raised concerns that China
intends to use industrial policies to decrease the country’s reliance on foreign
technology(including by locking out foreign firms in China)and eventually dominate
global markets.
6. • In 2017, the Trump Administration launched a Section 301 investigation of China’s
innovation and intellectual property policies deemed harmful to U.S. economic
interests. It subsequently raised tariffs by 25% on $250 billion worth of imports from
China, while China increased tariffs (ranging from 5% to 25%) on $110 billion worth
of imports from the United States. Such measures have sharply decreased bilateral trade
in2019. On May 10, 2019, President Trump announced he was considering raising
tariffs on nearly all remaining products from China. A protected and escalating trade
conflict between the United States and China could have negative consequences for the
Chinese economy.
7. • China’s growing global economic influence and the economic and trade policies it
maintains have significant implications for the United States and hence are of major
interest to Congress. While China is a large and growing market for U.S. firms, its
incomplete transition to a free-market economy has resulted in economic policies
deemed harmful to U.S. economic interests, such as industrial policies and theft of U.S.
intellectual property. This report provides background on China’s economic rise;
describes its current economic structure; identifies the challenges China faces to
maintain economic growth; and discusses the challenges, opportunities, and
implications of China’s economic rise for the United States
8. Largest economies by PPP GDP in 2019
according to International Monetary Fund estimates.
REF: "Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects (PPP valuation of country GDP)".
IMF. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
10. China’s Real Annual GDP Growth: 2007-2018
and Projections through 2024
(percent)
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019,
11. World Bank Measurements of China’s Per Capita GNI
2000-2017 ($ U.S.)
Source: World Bank
Notes: Bar in red indicates the level China would need to reach to become a high-income
12. U.S. and Chinese Annual Real GDP Growth Rates in 2010-2018
and Projections through 2050
(percent)
Source: EIU Database (accessed on June 24, 2019).
13. Comparisons of Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. GDP
and Per Capita GDP in Nominal U.S. Dollars and
a Purchasing Power Parity Basis: 2018
Source: IMF, World Economic Forum.
14. China as the World’s Largest Manufacturer
Gross Value Added Manufacturing in China, the United
States, and Japan: 2006 and 2016 ($ billions)
Source: The World Bank.
15. Share of Chinese Merchandise Exports and Imports by Foreign-
Invested Enterprises in China
1990-2018 (percent)
Source: Invest in China (http://www.fdi.gov.cn).
16. China has become a both a major recipient of global FDI as well as a major provider of FDI
outflows.
Estimates of China’s Annual FDI Inflows and Outflows: 2005-2018
($ billions)
Source: UNCTAD
Notes: UNCTAD FDI data differ from that reported by China.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in China
17. AEI Estimates of Chinese Cumulative Outward Investment by
Major Destination: 2005-2017 ($ billions)
Source: AEI China Global Investment Tracker.
Notes: Data includes outward FDI and valued at $100 million or more. These data differ significantly from official
U.S. and Chinese government data which rely on different methodologies.
18. Major Chinese Merchandise Imports in 2018 HS Code
Description $ Billions Percentage of Total Exports
• Source: World Trade Atlas, using official Chinese statistics.
• Note: Top 10 imports in 2018, two-digit level, harmonized tariff system.
19. Major Chinese Merchandise Exports in 2018
Source: World Trade Atlas, using official Chinese statistics.
Note: Top 10 exports in 2018, two-digit level, harmonized tariff system.
Editor's Notes
The Decline and Rise of China’s Economy According to a study by economist Angus Maddison, China was the world’s largest economy in 1820, accounting for an estimated 32.9% of global GDP. However, foreign and civil wars, internal strife, weak and ineffective governments, natural disasters (some of which were man-made), and distortive economic policies caused China’s share of global GDP on a PPP basis to shrink significantly. By 1952, China’s share of global GDP had fallen to 5.2%, and by 1978, it slid to 4.9%. The adoption of economic reforms by China in the late 1970s led to a surge in China’s economic growth and helped restore China as a major global economic power.
China has emerged as the world’s largest manufacturer according to the World Bank. Figure 8 lists estimates of the gross value added of manufacturing in China, the United States, and Japan expressed in U.S. dollars in 2006 and 2016. Gross value added data reflect the actual value of manufacturing that occurred in the country (i.e., they subtract the value of intermediate inputs and raw materials used in production). In 2016, the value of China’s manufacturing on a gross value added basis was 49.2% higher than the U.S. level. Manufacturing plays a considerably more important role in the Chinese economy than it does for the United States. In 2016, China’s gross valued added manufacturing was equal to 28.7% of its GDP, compared to 11.6% for the United States.
In its 2016 Global Manufacturing Competitiveness Index, Deloitte (an international consulting firm) ranked China as the world’s most competitive manufacturer (out of 40 countries), based on a survey of global manufacturing executives, while the United States ranked second (it ranked fourth in 2010). The index found that global executives predicted that the United States would overtake China by 2020 to become the world’s most competitive economy, largely because of its heavy investment in talent and technology (e.g., high levels of R&D spending and activities, the presence of top-notch universities, and large amounts of venture capital being invested in advanced technologies).
Source:The World Bank, Data, at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD.
According toThe United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reports
China’s FDI inflows in 2018 were $139 billion, making it the world’s secondlargest recipient of FDI after the United States.30 China’s FDI outflows have grew rapidly after 2005 and exceeded FDI inflows for the first time in 2015. China’s FDI outflows reached a historic peak of $196.1 billion in 2016, but declined in 2017 and 2018, reflecting a crackdown by the Chinese government on investment deemed wasteful and well as greater scrutiny by foreign governments of China’s efforts to obtain advanced technology firms and other strategic assets. Still, China was the world’s second-largest source of FDI outflows (after Japan).