The document discusses endocrine disruptors and the endocrine system. It defines the endocrine system and how it regulates important physiological functions through hormones. Endocrine disruptors are exogenous chemicals that can interfere with hormone production, binding, or response and disrupt homeostasis. Several known classes of endocrine disruptors are identified, including some that are estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, anti-androgenic, and disrupt thyroid or insulin regulation. Specific endocrine disruptors discussed include DDT, BPA, atrazine, PCBs, DES, and streptozotocin, along with their hormonal effects and impacts.
This document discusses teratogens and endocrine disruptors. It defines teratogens as agents that can permanently alter development, giving examples like thalidomide and rubella virus. Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with hormone signaling and include many pesticides, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. These chemicals are linked to developmental abnormalities, reproductive issues, cancer risks, and other health impacts due to their effects on hormone receptors and hormone levels during development. While natural hormones have always been present, the abundance of synthetic endocrine disruptors is posing new challenges to human health and physiology.
The document discusses the role of endocrine glands, specifically the adrenal glands, in regulating homeostasis and the body's nonspecific adaptation to stress. It describes the three layers of the adrenal cortex - the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis - and the hormones each layer produces. It also discusses the adrenal medulla and the catecholamines it releases, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, in response to stress. The hormones of the adrenal glands help mobilize the body's resources and restore balance under stress through effects on metabolism, immune function, and other physiological systems.
The document provides an overview of endocrinology, including:
1. Endocrinology is the study of cell-to-cell communication via hormones and the endocrine system regulates important body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
2. Common endocrine diseases like diabetes and obesity are global epidemics that have been increasing worldwide.
3. Hormones are chemical messengers that act at a distance from their site of synthesis to regulate physiological functions and maintain homeostasis.
Animal Hormones And Behavior (Zoology).pdfAbdullah Khan
The document discusses hormones and their effects on behavior. It defines hormones as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect growth, metabolism, and other processes. There are two main classes of motivated behaviors - regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostasis and non-regulatory behaviors like sexual behavior that are not. Sex hormones have both organizational effects during development that shape the brain and activation effects in adulthood that influence behaviors like sexual motivation. Pheromones are similar to hormones but work outside the body to induce responses in other individuals.
This document provides an overview of endocrinology presented by Kenneth Campbell at Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi from April 12-16, 2004. It defines endocrinology as intercellular chemical communication and discusses endocrine systems, hormones, receptors, transducers, effectors, and feedback systems. It also summarizes the major endocrine glands and hormones, including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal cortex, growth hormone, pancreas, gonads, prolactin, and calcium homeostasis.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on corticosteroids. It begins with an introduction section defining hormones and their functions. It then covers the classification, biosynthesis, physiological actions, and major regulating hormones of the body. The document discusses the adrenal cortex and its secretion of corticosteroids like cortisol and aldosterone. It outlines the history, pharmacokinetics, indications, adverse effects and contraindications of corticosteroid use. The conclusion section suggests the presentation will cover these topics in more depth.
The document discusses various hormones and how they regulate biological processes in the body. It describes how hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands and circulated in the bloodstream to target cells. Key hormones discussed include those produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, reproductive organs, and those involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis such as calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone. The effects and regulatory mechanisms of these hormones are summarized.
The document discusses endocrine disruptors and their effects. It defines endocrine disruptors as exogenous agents that interfere with the body's hormone systems and regulation of development. Common sources are personal care products containing phthalates, pesticides, and synthetic and natural hormones. Exposure can affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms as well as humans. Effects in humans include reproductive issues, neurological and immune impacts, and increased cancer risks, especially when exposure occurs during development. Low doses may still have measurable effects, and sensitive periods of exposure can permanently alter endocrine system function. Preventive measures include reducing use of certain products and chemicals.
This document discusses teratogens and endocrine disruptors. It defines teratogens as agents that can permanently alter development, giving examples like thalidomide and rubella virus. Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that interfere with hormone signaling and include many pesticides, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. These chemicals are linked to developmental abnormalities, reproductive issues, cancer risks, and other health impacts due to their effects on hormone receptors and hormone levels during development. While natural hormones have always been present, the abundance of synthetic endocrine disruptors is posing new challenges to human health and physiology.
The document discusses the role of endocrine glands, specifically the adrenal glands, in regulating homeostasis and the body's nonspecific adaptation to stress. It describes the three layers of the adrenal cortex - the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis - and the hormones each layer produces. It also discusses the adrenal medulla and the catecholamines it releases, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline, in response to stress. The hormones of the adrenal glands help mobilize the body's resources and restore balance under stress through effects on metabolism, immune function, and other physiological systems.
The document provides an overview of endocrinology, including:
1. Endocrinology is the study of cell-to-cell communication via hormones and the endocrine system regulates important body functions like growth, metabolism, and reproduction.
2. Common endocrine diseases like diabetes and obesity are global epidemics that have been increasing worldwide.
3. Hormones are chemical messengers that act at a distance from their site of synthesis to regulate physiological functions and maintain homeostasis.
Animal Hormones And Behavior (Zoology).pdfAbdullah Khan
The document discusses hormones and their effects on behavior. It defines hormones as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect growth, metabolism, and other processes. There are two main classes of motivated behaviors - regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostasis and non-regulatory behaviors like sexual behavior that are not. Sex hormones have both organizational effects during development that shape the brain and activation effects in adulthood that influence behaviors like sexual motivation. Pheromones are similar to hormones but work outside the body to induce responses in other individuals.
This document provides an overview of endocrinology presented by Kenneth Campbell at Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi from April 12-16, 2004. It defines endocrinology as intercellular chemical communication and discusses endocrine systems, hormones, receptors, transducers, effectors, and feedback systems. It also summarizes the major endocrine glands and hormones, including the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, thyroid, adrenal cortex, growth hormone, pancreas, gonads, prolactin, and calcium homeostasis.
This document provides an outline for a presentation on corticosteroids. It begins with an introduction section defining hormones and their functions. It then covers the classification, biosynthesis, physiological actions, and major regulating hormones of the body. The document discusses the adrenal cortex and its secretion of corticosteroids like cortisol and aldosterone. It outlines the history, pharmacokinetics, indications, adverse effects and contraindications of corticosteroid use. The conclusion section suggests the presentation will cover these topics in more depth.
The document discusses various hormones and how they regulate biological processes in the body. It describes how hormones are chemical messengers that are produced by endocrine glands and circulated in the bloodstream to target cells. Key hormones discussed include those produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, reproductive organs, and those involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis such as calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone. The effects and regulatory mechanisms of these hormones are summarized.
The document discusses endocrine disruptors and their effects. It defines endocrine disruptors as exogenous agents that interfere with the body's hormone systems and regulation of development. Common sources are personal care products containing phthalates, pesticides, and synthetic and natural hormones. Exposure can affect aquatic and terrestrial organisms as well as humans. Effects in humans include reproductive issues, neurological and immune impacts, and increased cancer risks, especially when exposure occurs during development. Low doses may still have measurable effects, and sensitive periods of exposure can permanently alter endocrine system function. Preventive measures include reducing use of certain products and chemicals.
This document provides information about hormones and the major endocrine glands. It defines hormones as chemical messengers secreted by one tissue and carried in the bloodstream to target tissues. The major hormone secreting glands are the pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones can be classified based on their chemical structure as peptide/protein, amine, or steroid hormones. They can also be classified based on their mechanism of action as either binding intracellular receptors or cell surface receptors. The document then describes each major endocrine gland and the hormones they secrete.
Hormones communicate between cells over short and long distances by binding to specific receptors. There are several types of hormones including peptides, steroids, catecholamines, and prostaglandins. Peptide hormones bind to cell surface receptors and activate intracellular secondary messengers. Steroid and thyroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors and directly influence gene expression. Hormone receptors transmit signals via secondary messengers, trafficking enzymes, and changes in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis to produce cellular responses. Hormone antagonists can block hormone action and are used therapeutically.
This document discusses irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn's disease. It provides statistics on IBS, describing its symptoms and that it is a functional disorder where the intestines do not work correctly despite being structurally normal. It then discusses IBD, its symptoms, and treatments focusing on relieving symptoms and surgery. It suggests IBD may be triggered by vaccinations, pasteurized dairy, and notes the official cause is labeled "idiopathic".
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including:
1. Definitions of hormones and endocrine glands.
2. Classification of hormones by chemical nature (proteins, steroids, amino acids).
3. Description of the major endocrine glands and some of their hormones.
4. Explanation of the general mechanisms of hormone action, including receptor binding and cellular responses.
5. Discussion of hormone synthesis, secretion, transport, and clearance from the bloodstream.
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, including the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hyperfunction and hypofunction of these glands. Specifically, it covers panhypopituitarism and partial hypopituitarism as disorders of the pituitary gland involving decreased or lack of hormone production. The causes of hypopituitarism include tumors, surgery, radiation, infections, genetic defects, and hypothalamic disorders. Disorders of the pituitary gland can result in deficiencies of growth hormone, gonadotropins, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, leading to conditions like dwarfism
The document discusses endocrine disruption and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It provides an overview of the endocrine system and its functions. EDCs can interfere with hormone biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, and action. Examples of EDCs include pesticides, plasticizers, and heavy metals. Evidence of endocrine disruption has been observed in wildlife, such as thinning eggshells in birds exposed to DDT and intersex fish downstream of wastewater. The mechanisms of endocrine disruption can be complex and vary between species.
This document presents information about lignans and neolignans. It discusses their sources in plants like flax seeds and sesame seeds. It describes the roles of lignans and neolignans in plants for defensive mechanisms and in the human body, where they can act as phytoestrogens and may reduce risks of cancers like breast and prostate cancer. It also outlines other health benefits like antioxidant effects and reducing risks of heart disease.
chronopharmacology credit seminar by Pankaj.N.Kapgate pankajkap147
Pankaj Kapgate from Nagpur Veterinary College presented a seminar on chronopharmacology. Chronopharmacology is concerned with how the effects of drugs vary over biological times and rhythms. There are circadian (24-hour), ultradian (<20 hour), and infradian (>28 hour) rhythms in physiology and behavior. The suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as the biological clock, coordinating rhythms. Chronotherapy aims to time drug administration and dosage to biological rhythms to increase efficacy and safety. Allergic reactions, asthma attacks, cancer cell proliferation, and stroke risk vary over circadian rhythms. New drug delivery systems aim to match release profiles to rhythms. Chronopharmacology may help
The document discusses steroid hormones, their biosynthesis from cholesterol, and their classification. It describes that steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex and secreted as mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and sex hormones. The document also discusses the roles of various steroid hormones, conditions like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease, and the use of steroids in treatment. It provides details on the enzymatic processes involved in steroid hormone synthesis and factors that influence their activities.
Estrogens are sex hormones responsible for female sexual development and regulation. The main types are estradiol, estrone, and estriol, which are produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and fat tissue. Estrogens act by binding to estrogen receptors and regulating gene expression. They are used for hormone replacement therapy and contraception. Selective estrogen receptor modulators like tamoxifen can have estrogen-like effects in some tissues but block estrogen in breast tissue. Aromatase inhibitors prevent estrogen production and are used to treat breast cancer.
Human Anatomy and Physiology-II:
Endocrine System:
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.
The document discusses several key topics in endocrine physiology:
1. It describes early endocrine experiments in the 1800s by Berthold and Bernard that helped establish the concepts of hormone targets and homeostasis.
2. It summarizes the major classes of hormones - peptides/proteins, amines, steroids, and eicosanoids - and how they are synthesized and regulated.
3. Feedback control mechanisms, especially negative feedback loops, are a major way the endocrine system regulates hormone production and maintains homeostasis.
There are several classes of hormones that are distinguished by their mode of action and chemical structure. Hormones are classified as endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine based on how they travel from their release point to target tissues. The main classes of hormones include peptide hormones, catecholamines, eicosanoids, steroids, vitamin D, retinoids, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide. Hormones have a variety of functions in the body related to metabolism, growth, sexual development, and other vital processes.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the endocrine system. It discusses the two main control systems - the nervous system and the endocrine system. It then focuses on the endocrine system, describing the endocrine glands and hormones. The mechanisms of hormone action and classifications of hormones are explained. Finally, it provides overviews of specific endocrine glands including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands.
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern v2zq
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~dep.state.fl.us
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 3.1 hormonesRai University
The document discusses the key functions and properties of hormones in the endocrine system. It describes how hormones regulate various bodily processes through negative feedback mechanisms. Hormones are transported through the bloodstream and interact with target tissues through membrane-bound or intracellular receptors to influence metabolic activities and tissue maturation. The endocrine system helps control important body functions such as growth, development, immune response, and reproductive functions.
Histaminic Pharmacology; clinical approach toward patients Dr. Rupendra Bharti
Histamine is a substance produced in the body that causes allergic reactions. Scientists discovered histamine in 1910 and developed antihistamines to treat allergic reactions in the 1930s. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors in the body. Histamine causes allergic symptoms by binding to H1 and H2 receptors and triggering immune responses. Allergic reactions can range from mild symptoms to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Diagnosis involves testing for allergen-specific IgE antibodies and avoidance of triggers is key for treatment.
Hormones can be classified in several ways. They include:
- Based on chemical structure as protein/peptide, steroid, or amino acid derivatives
- Based on mechanism of action as either binding to intracellular receptors and directly influencing gene expression (group I), or binding to cell surface receptors and utilizing second messengers like cAMP to trigger intracellular responses (group II)
- Based on their location of receptors as in the cell surface, cytoplasm, or nucleus
Water-soluble hormones belong to group II - they act through cell surface receptors and second messengers, while lipid-soluble hormones like steroids belong to group I - entering cells and directly binding nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression.
This document provides an overview of reproductive toxicology, including definitions, key concepts, and testing approaches. It discusses the three segments used in drug testing for reproductive/developmental toxicity: fertility, teratogenesis, and peri/postnatal effects. Specific endpoints are examined for each segment. Historical case studies of thalidomide, diethylstilbestrol, ethanol, and isotretinoin are also summarized to illustrate classes of reproductive toxicants and effects of prenatal exposure.
The document discusses various types of chemical signals in the body including hormones, neurotransmitters, and pheromones. It describes where these signals are produced, how they travel to target cells, and the responses they elicit by binding to receptors. Specific examples covered include hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries/testes, and posterior pituitary. The roles and mechanisms of various hormone types such as peptides, steroids, and eicosanoids are also summarized.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
This document provides information about hormones and the major endocrine glands. It defines hormones as chemical messengers secreted by one tissue and carried in the bloodstream to target tissues. The major hormone secreting glands are the pituitary, thyroid and parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones can be classified based on their chemical structure as peptide/protein, amine, or steroid hormones. They can also be classified based on their mechanism of action as either binding intracellular receptors or cell surface receptors. The document then describes each major endocrine gland and the hormones they secrete.
Hormones communicate between cells over short and long distances by binding to specific receptors. There are several types of hormones including peptides, steroids, catecholamines, and prostaglandins. Peptide hormones bind to cell surface receptors and activate intracellular secondary messengers. Steroid and thyroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors and directly influence gene expression. Hormone receptors transmit signals via secondary messengers, trafficking enzymes, and changes in DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis to produce cellular responses. Hormone antagonists can block hormone action and are used therapeutically.
This document discusses irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) such as Crohn's disease. It provides statistics on IBS, describing its symptoms and that it is a functional disorder where the intestines do not work correctly despite being structurally normal. It then discusses IBD, its symptoms, and treatments focusing on relieving symptoms and surgery. It suggests IBD may be triggered by vaccinations, pasteurized dairy, and notes the official cause is labeled "idiopathic".
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system, including:
1. Definitions of hormones and endocrine glands.
2. Classification of hormones by chemical nature (proteins, steroids, amino acids).
3. Description of the major endocrine glands and some of their hormones.
4. Explanation of the general mechanisms of hormone action, including receptor binding and cellular responses.
5. Discussion of hormone synthesis, secretion, transport, and clearance from the bloodstream.
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, including the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hyperfunction and hypofunction of these glands. Specifically, it covers panhypopituitarism and partial hypopituitarism as disorders of the pituitary gland involving decreased or lack of hormone production. The causes of hypopituitarism include tumors, surgery, radiation, infections, genetic defects, and hypothalamic disorders. Disorders of the pituitary gland can result in deficiencies of growth hormone, gonadotropins, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone, leading to conditions like dwarfism
The document discusses endocrine disruption and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). It provides an overview of the endocrine system and its functions. EDCs can interfere with hormone biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, and action. Examples of EDCs include pesticides, plasticizers, and heavy metals. Evidence of endocrine disruption has been observed in wildlife, such as thinning eggshells in birds exposed to DDT and intersex fish downstream of wastewater. The mechanisms of endocrine disruption can be complex and vary between species.
This document presents information about lignans and neolignans. It discusses their sources in plants like flax seeds and sesame seeds. It describes the roles of lignans and neolignans in plants for defensive mechanisms and in the human body, where they can act as phytoestrogens and may reduce risks of cancers like breast and prostate cancer. It also outlines other health benefits like antioxidant effects and reducing risks of heart disease.
chronopharmacology credit seminar by Pankaj.N.Kapgate pankajkap147
Pankaj Kapgate from Nagpur Veterinary College presented a seminar on chronopharmacology. Chronopharmacology is concerned with how the effects of drugs vary over biological times and rhythms. There are circadian (24-hour), ultradian (<20 hour), and infradian (>28 hour) rhythms in physiology and behavior. The suprachiasmatic nucleus acts as the biological clock, coordinating rhythms. Chronotherapy aims to time drug administration and dosage to biological rhythms to increase efficacy and safety. Allergic reactions, asthma attacks, cancer cell proliferation, and stroke risk vary over circadian rhythms. New drug delivery systems aim to match release profiles to rhythms. Chronopharmacology may help
The document discusses steroid hormones, their biosynthesis from cholesterol, and their classification. It describes that steroid hormones are synthesized in the adrenal cortex and secreted as mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, glucocorticoids like cortisol, and sex hormones. The document also discusses the roles of various steroid hormones, conditions like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease, and the use of steroids in treatment. It provides details on the enzymatic processes involved in steroid hormone synthesis and factors that influence their activities.
Estrogens are sex hormones responsible for female sexual development and regulation. The main types are estradiol, estrone, and estriol, which are produced in the ovaries, adrenal glands, and fat tissue. Estrogens act by binding to estrogen receptors and regulating gene expression. They are used for hormone replacement therapy and contraception. Selective estrogen receptor modulators like tamoxifen can have estrogen-like effects in some tissues but block estrogen in breast tissue. Aromatase inhibitors prevent estrogen production and are used to treat breast cancer.
Human Anatomy and Physiology-II:
Endocrine System:
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure and functions of pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland,
adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus and their disorders.
The document discusses several key topics in endocrine physiology:
1. It describes early endocrine experiments in the 1800s by Berthold and Bernard that helped establish the concepts of hormone targets and homeostasis.
2. It summarizes the major classes of hormones - peptides/proteins, amines, steroids, and eicosanoids - and how they are synthesized and regulated.
3. Feedback control mechanisms, especially negative feedback loops, are a major way the endocrine system regulates hormone production and maintains homeostasis.
There are several classes of hormones that are distinguished by their mode of action and chemical structure. Hormones are classified as endocrine, paracrine, or autocrine based on how they travel from their release point to target tissues. The main classes of hormones include peptide hormones, catecholamines, eicosanoids, steroids, vitamin D, retinoids, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide. Hormones have a variety of functions in the body related to metabolism, growth, sexual development, and other vital processes.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the endocrine system. It discusses the two main control systems - the nervous system and the endocrine system. It then focuses on the endocrine system, describing the endocrine glands and hormones. The mechanisms of hormone action and classifications of hormones are explained. Finally, it provides overviews of specific endocrine glands including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands.
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern v2zq
Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products & Chemicals of Concern - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~dep.state.fl.us
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 3.1 hormonesRai University
The document discusses the key functions and properties of hormones in the endocrine system. It describes how hormones regulate various bodily processes through negative feedback mechanisms. Hormones are transported through the bloodstream and interact with target tissues through membrane-bound or intracellular receptors to influence metabolic activities and tissue maturation. The endocrine system helps control important body functions such as growth, development, immune response, and reproductive functions.
Histaminic Pharmacology; clinical approach toward patients Dr. Rupendra Bharti
Histamine is a substance produced in the body that causes allergic reactions. Scientists discovered histamine in 1910 and developed antihistamines to treat allergic reactions in the 1930s. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors in the body. Histamine causes allergic symptoms by binding to H1 and H2 receptors and triggering immune responses. Allergic reactions can range from mild symptoms to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Diagnosis involves testing for allergen-specific IgE antibodies and avoidance of triggers is key for treatment.
Hormones can be classified in several ways. They include:
- Based on chemical structure as protein/peptide, steroid, or amino acid derivatives
- Based on mechanism of action as either binding to intracellular receptors and directly influencing gene expression (group I), or binding to cell surface receptors and utilizing second messengers like cAMP to trigger intracellular responses (group II)
- Based on their location of receptors as in the cell surface, cytoplasm, or nucleus
Water-soluble hormones belong to group II - they act through cell surface receptors and second messengers, while lipid-soluble hormones like steroids belong to group I - entering cells and directly binding nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression.
This document provides an overview of reproductive toxicology, including definitions, key concepts, and testing approaches. It discusses the three segments used in drug testing for reproductive/developmental toxicity: fertility, teratogenesis, and peri/postnatal effects. Specific endpoints are examined for each segment. Historical case studies of thalidomide, diethylstilbestrol, ethanol, and isotretinoin are also summarized to illustrate classes of reproductive toxicants and effects of prenatal exposure.
The document discusses various types of chemical signals in the body including hormones, neurotransmitters, and pheromones. It describes where these signals are produced, how they travel to target cells, and the responses they elicit by binding to receptors. Specific examples covered include hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries/testes, and posterior pituitary. The roles and mechanisms of various hormone types such as peptides, steroids, and eicosanoids are also summarized.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. What is the Endocrine System?
d. Endocrine system regulates many important aspects of
mammalian physiology, including development, growth, metabolism,
mood, behaviors, and many other tissue functions.
c. Potent chemicals, they exert profound effects on the target at
very low concentrations (pM ~ nM). Must be regulated within very
narrow limits.
b. Hormones are a class of synthetic substances produced
by glands that are transported by the circulatory system to target
distant organs to regulate physiology and behavior.
a. Endocrine system is a system of glands that secrete or release
signaling molecules, called hormones, that affect the physiology of
particular organs.
4. Endocrine vs. exocrine
Gland Secretion
Method of
transport
Where secretion
functions
Exocrine Juice, often containing
enzymes
Duct Organ near gland
Endocrine Hormone Bloodstream Organ near and
distant
5. Classification of Hormones (structure based)
2. Amine hormones
3. Steroid hormones
- Derived from cholesterol
- Lipid soluble
e.g. sex hormones, glucocorticoids
1. Peptide hormones
- Formed chains of amino acids
- Longer chains are called protein hormones
- Most of our body’s hormones are peptide hormones
- Water soluble
e.g. insulin, glucagon
- Derived from the modifications of amino acids
- Water soluble except for thyroid hormones
e.g. Catecholamines, thyroid hormones
8. Fat soluble hormones
(intracellular)
Water soluble hormones
(cell surface)
Act through
membrane receptors
Act through nuclear receptors,
which are transcription factors
(proteins that can directly
affect gene expression)
Hormonal signaling
9. a. Dissolve in water (hydrophilic)
b. Are formed from amino acids - which are themselves the
structural units of proteins and are soluble in water.
c. Cannot pass through the target cell membranes (which include
fatty components).
d. Affect cells by binding to cell surface receptors of the target cell.
(The shape of the receptor molecule in the cell membrane must
match the shape of the "signaling molecule”).
e. Insulin, glucagon, catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, and
norepinephrine), growth hormone, and etc…
f. Uses 2nd messanger (e.g.cAMP, cGMP) and signaling cascade
to mediate the effect.
Water soluble hormone:
11. Insulin
a. A peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells.
b. Water soluble, peptide hormones
c. Regulates the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein
the absorption (anabolic), especially glucose from the blood to
fat, liver, and skeletal muscle.
d. Secreted when the blood glucose levels are high.
e. Antagonized by glucagon (catabolic) that is secreted by
pancreatic alpha cells. Glucagon works in the opposite
manner: increased secretion when blood glucose is low.
Glucagon increases glucose levels by stimulating
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
13. Insulin and glucagon maintains glucose homeostasis
a. Hormone levels are under stringent control.
b. Homeostasis: “the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its
internal environment and maintain equilibrium, usually by a system of
feedback controls, so as to stabilize health and functioning”
c. Glucose homeostasis range: 70 to 110 mg/dL to supply your
brain and nervous system with adequate fuel.
15. a. Dissolve in fat rather than in water.
b. Are usually formed
from cholesterol (cholesterol molecules being important
components of cell membranes)
c. Fat-soluble hormones can pass through cell membranes
d. Affect cells by binding to receptors inside the target cell.
e. Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisol), thyroid hormone, estrogen,
aldosterone, testosterone…
Fat soluble hormone:
17. Negative feedback mechanism of hormonal control
- Regulatory mechanism between the hypothalamus and pituitary
is that they regulate their own secretion/synthesis through negative
feedback inhibition.
- to keep hormone levels within a
particular appropriate physiological
range.
18.
19. TSH: Thyroid stimulating Hormone
TRH: Thyrotropin releasing Hormone
Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis)
: example of negative feedback
21. - 80,000 ~ 100,000 chemicals are used in the US.
- High volume of chemicals (HVC): 1 million pounds
a year, 2,539 chemicals listed as HVC in 2010.
- The most heavily used HPV chemicals in commerce
were largely untested.
- Only 7% of the HPV chemicals had a “complete”
set of screening level toxicity data.
Chemical exposure in our daily lives
22. Endocrine Disruptors Include;
Pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, …)
Plasticizers
Natural plant metabolites
Pharmaceuticals (contraceptives, drugs,…)
Detergents
Chemicals from cooking & burning
Antibiotics
Metals
Cosmetics
Many Endocrine disruptors can potentially affect fetus, as many of
them can cross placental barrier
23. Endocrine disruptors are exogenous chemicals that
either mimic or block hormone actions
These can happen through;
1) Altering hormone levels
2) Binding to receptors (agonism)
3) Blocking normal hormone
binding to receptors (antagonism)
4) Altering hormonal responses
and many other steps in hormonal
actions
24. Differences between toxicants and endocrine disruptors
Linear dose/response curve
High dose predicts low dose effect
Threshold
Think pharmacology
Non-monotonic
May be more active at lower doses
No threshold
Think endocrinology
Traditional Toxicants Endocrine disruptors
Dose
Respone
“Low-dose effects”; responses that may occur at doses well below those
levels previously tested and determined to be safe.
Y=a+bX Y= ???
25. Results of Disruptions
Inability to maintain homeostasis
Altered growth & development
Altered responses to external stimuli
Altered behavior
Suppressed gametogenesis (i.e. spermatogenesis,
oogenesis)
Elevated gestational losses
Embryonic malformation
Induced neoplasia or carcinogenesis
27. Organochlorine Insecticides:
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
- 1873: Synthesis by Paul Muller (German graduate student)
- 1939: Insecticidal activity discovered and used in WW II to combat malaria
typhus, and other insect-borne human diseases--deemed the “miracle”
pesticide for its persistence, selectivity, and broad range of control.
- Late 1940s: DDT came into wide agricultural and commercial use
- 1948: Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine to Paul Muller for control of
insect transmitted diseases
- 1959: 80 million pounds were applied
- 1971: Usage declined to 13 million because of insect resistance and growing
environmental and health concerns.
- 1972: DDT was banned in the US (export allowed) because of its harmful
environmental impact and potential harm to human health
- From 1940s-1970s ~675,000 tons were applied in the US
28. DDT Environmental Impact
Clear Lake (California) --DDD (chemical variant of DDT) was
used as insecticide to control gnats at 14 ppb in 1950s
-1000 pairs of grebes failed to reproduce
-inhibited shelling of eggs—200 dead birds
-visceral fat in birds—1600 ppm
Nearly led to the decimation of the American Bald Eagle
29. DDT Ban
1962 Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring” is credited for
the DDT Ban in 1972 and inspired to the creation of
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
• Claimed detrimental effects of DDT on the
environment—especially birds
• Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading
disinformation and public officials of accepting industry
claims uncritically.
• Implicated DDT in bioconcentration and
biomagnification in food chains
• Caused a lot of backlash from scientists
• Raised political and public awareness to DDT; potential
carcinogenicity of DDT led to EPA ban in 1972
30. Later studies show DDT as endocrine disruptors
* IC50: half maximal inhibitory concentration
(The lower IC50, the higher affinity to receptor)
Exposing to DDT causes reproductive abnormality
31. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- Synthetic non-steroid estrogen (1938). Binding affinity to estrogen
receptor α (ERα) is at least 3-5 fold stronger than physiological estradiol.
estradiol DES
32. Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- Synthetic non-steroid estrogen (1938). Binding affinity to estrogen
receptor α is at least 3-5 fold stronger than physiological estradiol.
- Estrogens are female sex steroid hormones. They are responsible for
female reproductive organ development. Beneficial function estrogen at
physiological levels include;
- Increase bone formation and decrease bone resorption
- Decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
- Anti-inflammatory
- Generally decrease visceral fat but increase subcutaneous fat
- In normal women, estrogen levels are up and down during menstrual cycle
- From about 1940 to 1971, DES was prescribed to pregnant women (~ 3
million in the US) in the mistaken belief it would reduce the risk of pregnancy
complications and losses (miscarriage).
- But later studies show that actually DES increases the risk of miscarriage.
33. - In 1971, DES was shown to cause a rare vaginal tumor in females who
had been exposed to DES in utero. FDA advised against using it in
pregnant women.
- It causes skin, liver and lung tumors in exposed humans as well as
uterine and other reproductive system tumors in the female offspring of
exposed women.
- DES mainly activates estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and promotes
abnormal proliferation of reproductive duct cells.
- Used in hormonal replacement therapy until late 1980s.
34. Atrazine
- Used on corn for grassy and broadleafed weeds; one of the most highly
used herbicides for corn and grain.
- Strong inhibitors of photosynthesis—selectivity depends on ability of
tolerant crops to metabolize the parents compound whereas susceptible
plants do not.
- Male frogs can turn into females after exposure to atrazine
at low ecologically relevant doses.
- Atrazine induces an enzyme aromatase that converts testosterone
(androgen) to estrogen. Aromatase inhibitors are used to treat breast
cancer.
35.
36. Tyrone B. Hayes et al. PNAS
2002;99:5476-5480
Abnormal gonads in a male Xenopusfrog, the
result of exposure to the herbicide atrazine.
37. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
- PCBs are a class of synthetic, persistent, lipophilic, halogenated
aromatic compounds that were widely used in industrial and consumer
products for decades before their production was banned in the late
1970s. PCBs were used in cutting oils, lubricants, and as electrical
Insulators (resistant to extreme temperature and pressure).
39. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
- PCBs remain ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They are
biologically concentrated and stored in human fat tissue. The
general population is exposed primarily through ingestion of
contaminated foods (they are easily accumulated in food chains).
- PCBs have been shown to affect estrogen (both estrogenic and
anti-estrogenic) and androgen (anti-androgenic) systems.
- PCBs disrupt thyroid hormone functions at multiple levels.
40. TSH: Thyroid stimulating Hormone
TRH: Thyrotropin releasing Hormone
Thyroid hormones are essential for
life and are important for the regulation
of metabolism, development and
growth.
- Increase metabolic rate
- Reduce plasma cholesterol
- Increase heart beat, cardiac output
- Increase protein and carbohydrate
catabolism
Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis (HPT axis)
41. Streptozotocin (STZ)
- Originally identified in the late 1950s as an antibiotic. But in the mid-
1960s streptozotocin was found to be selectively toxic to the pancreatic
beta cells (impairs insulin secretion> type I diabetic).
- Pancreatic islets contain alpha cells (secrete glucagon), beta cells (secrete
Insulin).
42. - STZ causes DNA damage and killed the cells. It is specific to beta
cells because it can only enter the cells through glucose
transporter 2, which is only expressed in beta cells.
- Destroying beta cells results in no insulin in the body: diabetes
- Type 1 diabetes: insulin-dependent; auto-immune, as our own
immune system attack and destroy beta cells, 5% of diabetes.
- Type 2 diabetes: insulin-independent; body still secretes insulin,
but insulin cannot exert its function to reduce blood glucose
levels (Insulin resistance). 95% of diabetes.
- High blood glucose causes many complications: cardiovascular,
kidney failure, foot ulcers, eye damage…..
- STZ causes type 1 diabetes-like symptom.
43. - A synthetic chemical used in bottles, eyeglass lenses, toys, CD/DVDs,
cell phones, cans, electronics……..
- Has been found to exert estrogen-like effects.
- May act as an antagonist for thyroid hormone receptor and
androgen receptor.
- Also can make you fat through thyroid dysfunction and through
activating PPARγ (obesogen).
- Studies in laboratories show BPA could have effects on development,
reproduction and behaviors….
- But industry insists that low does of BPA is not harmful.
- National Institute of Environmental Health (NIEHS) and EPA gather 38
experts in endocrine disruption and BPA to evaluate 700 studies: 2007
Bisphenol A (BPA)