Endocrine Disorder “Addison’s Disease“.pdf

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS
CITY SCHOOLS DIVISION OF VICTORIAS
VICTORIAS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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TERM PAPER
Endocrine Disorder:
“Addison’s Disease“
Presented to
Mark Keevin Montalvo
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in
SCIENCE 10
By
Flores, Wendel N.
Magallanes, Keren C.
Ramos, Niño Arman Jay
Quiamco, Carlos Julian
Diva, Kieffer Viel

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. Abstract ……………………………………………….………………………………….3
II. Introduction ……………………………….….………...………………………………..3
III. What is Addison's disease? ...................................................................................4
IV. Causes of Addison's disease ………………...………………..………………………4
V. Symptoms of Addison's disease ……………………………………………………….5
VI. Diagnosis of Addison's disease ……………………………..………………..……….6
VII. Treatment of Addison's disease …………………………………...……..……………7
VIII. Living with Addison's disease ...………………………………………………………..8
IX. Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………….9
X. Reference ...………………………………………………………………..…………..10

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I. ABSTRACT
Addison's disease is a complex endocrine disorder that affects people of all
ages. It occurs when the adrenal glands, which are located on top of the kidneys, do
not produce enough hormones, specifically cortisol and aldosterone. This can result in
a variety of symptoms, including fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and skin
discoloration.
While the exact cause of Addison's disease is unknown, it is believed to be an
autoimmune disorder, meaning the body's immune system attacks its own tissues.
Treatment for Addison's disease typically involves hormone replacement therapy to
replace the missing cortisol and aldosterone hormones.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Addison's disease,
including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It will also explore the
impact of this disease on daily life and offer tips for managing the condition. By
increasing awareness and understanding of Addison's disease, we can help those
affected by it live a healthy and fulfilling life.
Keywords: Addison's disease, adrenal glands, cortisol, aldosterone, hormone
replacement therapy, autoimmune disorder
II. INTRODUCTION
Addison's disease is a complex and often misunderstood endocrine disorder
that affects people of all ages. Named after Dr. Thomas Addison, the physician who
first described it in 1855, Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands fail to
produce enough hormones, specifically cortisol and aldosterone. This can result in a
variety of symptoms, ranging from fatigue and weight loss to low blood pressure and
skin discoloration.
While Addison's disease is considered a rare condition, it can have a significant
impact on those affected by it. People with Addison's disease may struggle with daily
activities and experience a reduced quality of life. However, with proper treatment and
management, many individuals with Addison's disease are able to lead fulfilling and
healthy lives.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Addison's disease,
including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. It will also explore the
impact of this disease on daily life and offer tips for managing the condition. By

4
increasing awareness and understanding of Addison's disease, we can help those
affected by it receive proper care and support.
III. CHAPTER 1: WHAT IS ADDISON'S DISEASE?
Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare
endocrine disorder that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough
hormones. The adrenal glands are small glands located on top of the kidneys, and
they play a crucial role in regulating the body's response to stress and maintaining
normal body functions.
Addison's disease occurs when the adrenal glands are damaged or destroyed,
leading to a deficiency in cortisol and aldosterone. Cortisol is a hormone that helps the
body respond to stress, and aldosterone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte
balance. Without these hormones, the body cannot maintain proper homeostasis,
leading to a variety of symptoms.
The exact cause of Addison's disease is not always known, but it is believed to
be an autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the
adrenal glands. Other causes of Addison's disease may include infections, genetic
mutations, and certain medications.
IV. CHAPTER 2: CAUSES OF ADDISON'S DISEASE
Addison's disease is caused by damage to the adrenal glands, which are
responsible for producing hormones that regulate many important bodily functions.
The most common cause of Addison's disease is an autoimmune disorder, in which
the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the adrenal glands.
Other potential causes of Addison's disease include:
1. Infections: Certain infections, such as tuberculosis, can cause damage to the
adrenal glands and lead to Addison's disease.
2. Cancer: Tumors in the adrenal glands or in other parts of the body can also
cause damage to the adrenal glands and lead to Addison's disease.
3. Genetics: Rarely, Addison's disease can be caused by genetic mutations that
affect the function of the adrenal glands.

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4. Medications: Prolonged use of medications that suppress the immune system,
such as corticosteroids, can lead to damage of the adrenal glands and the
development of Addison's disease.
It is important to note that in some cases, the exact cause of Addison's disease
may be unknown. However, identifying the underlying cause of the condition can be
helpful in determining the most appropriate treatment plan and in preventing further
damage to the adrenal glands.
In summary, the most common cause of Addison's disease is an autoimmune
disorder, but other potential causes include infections, cancer, genetics, and
medication use. Identifying the underlying cause of the condition can be important in
guiding treatment and preventing further damage to the adrenal glands.
V. CHAPTER 3: SYMPTOMS OF ADDISON'S DISEASE
Addison's disease is a rare endocrine disorder that can cause a wide range of
symptoms. The symptoms of Addison's disease can vary from person to person, and
they may develop slowly over time or suddenly in response to a stressful event.
The most common symptoms of Addison's disease include:
1. Fatigue: People with Addison's disease may experience chronic fatigue, even
after getting plenty of rest.
2. Weight loss: Unintentional weight loss is a common symptom of Addison's
disease, as the body may not be able to store or use nutrients properly.
3. Low blood pressure: Addison's disease can cause low blood pressure, which
can lead to dizziness, fainting, and other symptoms.
4. Skin discoloration: People with Addison's disease may develop darkening of
the skin, especially in areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, and
hands.
5. Muscle weakness: Addison's disease can cause muscle weakness, especially
in the legs and back.
6. Nausea and vomiting: People with Addison's disease may experience nausea,
vomiting, and abdominal pain.
7. Salt cravings: Addison's disease can cause a craving for salty foods, as the
body may not be able to regulate sodium levels properly.
8. Irritability and depression: Addison's disease can cause changes in mood,
including irritability, depression, and anxiety.

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In severe cases, Addison's disease can lead to adrenal crisis, a life-threatening
condition that requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms of adrenal crisis may
include severe abdominal pain, confusion, dehydration, and loss of consciousness.
It is important to note that not everyone with Addison's disease will experience all
of these symptoms, and some people may have no symptoms at all. If you are
experiencing any of these symptoms or suspect that you may have Addison's disease,
it is important to seek medical attention right away.
VI. CHAPTER 4: DIAGNOSIS OF ADDISON'S DISEASE
Diagnosing Addison's disease can be a complex process, as the symptoms of
the condition can be vague and similar to other medical conditions. However, early
diagnosis and treatment of Addison's disease is important to prevent potentially life-
threatening complications, such as adrenal crisis.
To diagnose Addison's disease, doctors will typically perform a combination of tests,
including:
1. Blood tests: Blood tests can measure the levels of cortisol, aldosterone, and
other hormones in the blood. Low levels of cortisol and aldosterone, along
with high levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), can indicate
Addison's disease.
2. ACTH stimulation test: This test involves giving a synthetic version of ACTH
and measuring the levels of cortisol in the blood before and after the
injection. In people with Addison's disease, the cortisol levels will not rise
significantly after the injection.
3. Imaging studies: CT scans and MRI scans of the adrenal glands can help
doctors identify any structural abnormalities or damage to the glands.
4. Antibody tests: In cases where Addison's disease may be caused by an
autoimmune disorder, doctors may perform blood tests to look for specific
antibodies that target the adrenal glands.
It is important to note that some medications, such as steroid medications, can
affect the results of these tests. Doctors may recommend temporarily stopping these
medications before testing for Addison's disease.

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If a diagnosis of Addison's disease is confirmed, doctors may also perform
additional tests to determine the cause of the condition, such as testing for infections
or genetic mutations.
In summary, diagnosing Addison's disease involves a combination of blood
tests, imaging studies, and stimulation tests to evaluate hormone levels and adrenal
function. It is important to seek medical attention if you are experiencing symptoms of
Addison's disease or suspect that you may have the condition
VII. CHAPTER 5: TREATMENT OF ADDISON'S DISEASE
Addison's disease is a lifelong condition that cannot be cured. However, with
proper treatment, people with Addison's disease can lead normal, healthy lives.
The main treatment for Addison's disease is hormone replacement therapy,
which involves taking medications to replace the hormones that the adrenal glands are
not producing.
The two main types of hormones that are replaced are cortisol and aldosterone.
1. Cortisol replacement therapy: Cortisol replacement therapy involves taking
synthetic cortisol, usually in the form of hydrocortisone tablets, to replace the
cortisol that the adrenal glands are not producing. The dosage of cortisol
replacement therapy may need to be adjusted over time, depending on the
individual's symptoms and hormone levels.
2. Aldosterone replacement therapy: Aldosterone replacement therapy involves
taking synthetic aldosterone, usually in the form of fludrocortisone tablets, to
replace the aldosterone that the adrenal glands are not producing. This
medication helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body, which can
be disrupted in people with Addison's disease.
In addition to hormone replacement therapy, people with Addison's disease
may need to take additional medications to manage their symptoms or prevent
complications. For example, some people may need to take medications to regulate
blood pressure, prevent infections, or manage depression.
It is important for people with Addison's disease to work closely with their
healthcare providers to monitor their hormone levels, adjust their medication dosages
as needed, and manage any complications or symptoms that arise.

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In rare cases, Addison's disease may be caused by an underlying medical
condition or infection, such as tuberculosis or an autoimmune disorder. In these
cases, treating the underlying cause may help improve the symptoms of Addison's
disease.
In summary, treatment for Addison's disease involves hormone replacement
therapy to replace the cortisol and aldosterone that the adrenal glands are not
producing. Additional medications may also be necessary to manage symptoms or
prevent complications. People with Addison's disease should work closely with their
healthcare providers to manage their condition and prevent potential complications.
VIII. CHAPTER 6: LIVING WITH ADDISON'S DISEASE
Living with Addison's disease can be challenging, but with proper management
and support, people with the condition can lead healthy, fulfilling lives.
Here are some tips for living with Addison's disease
1. Take medications as prescribed: Hormone replacement therapy is the
cornerstone of treatment for Addison's disease. It is important to take
medications as prescribed by your healthcare provider, and to not skip or alter
doses without consulting with your doctor.
2. Monitor symptoms: Keep track of any symptoms or changes in your health,
and report them to your healthcare provider. Symptoms of Addison's disease
can fluctuate, and your medication dosages may need to be adjusted over time.
3. Wear a medical alert bracelet: Wearing a medical alert bracelet that indicates
that you have Addison's disease can be helpful in case of an emergency.
4. Plan ahead: People with Addison's disease may need to take extra precautions
when traveling or engaging in physical activity. Plan ahead for any potential
challenges or situations that may arise, and communicate with your healthcare
provider about any necessary adjustments to your medication regimen.
5. Seek support: Joining a support group for people with Addison's disease can
be helpful in connecting with others who understand what you are going
through. Support from family, friends, and healthcare providers is also important
in managing the emotional and physical challenges of living with Addison's
disease.

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6. Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise,
and managing stress can help support overall health and well-being in people
with Addison's disease.
In summary, living with Addison's disease involves following a medication regimen,
monitoring symptoms, planning ahead, seeking support, and maintaining a healthy
lifestyle. With proper management and support, people with Addison's disease can
lead fulfilling lives.
IX. CONCLUSION:
Addison’s disease is a rare but serious endocrine disorder that can have a
significant impact on a person's health and quality of life. While there is currently
no cure for the condition, hormone replacement therapy and careful monitoring can
help manage symptoms and prevent complications.
The key to living well with Addison's disease is staying informed, following a
medication regimen, and working closely with healthcare providers to monitor
symptoms and adjust treatment as needed. It is also important to seek support
from loved ones and other resources, such as support groups or online
communities, to help manage the emotional and physical challenges of the
condition.
With proper treatment and support, people with Addison's disease can lead
normal, healthy lives. However, it is important to remember that the condition
requires lifelong management and monitoring, and individuals with the condition
should stay vigilant in their self-care and seek prompt medical attention for any
concerning symptoms or changes in health.

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Nieman, L. K., & Turner, M. L. C. (2006). Addison's disease. Clinics in
Dermatology, 24(4), 276-280.
Vita, J. A., Silverberg, S. J., Goland, R. S., Austin, J. H., & Knowlton, A. I. (1985).
Clinical clues to the cause of Addison's disease. The American journal of
medicine, 78(3), 461-466.
Sarkar, S. B., Sarkar, S., Ghosh, S., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2012). Addison's
disease. Contemporary clinical dentistry, 3(4), 484.
Neto, R. A. B., & de Carvalho, J. F. (2014). Diagnosis and classification of
Addison's disease (autoimmune adrenalitis). Autoimmunity reviews, 13(4-
5), 408-411.
Harrop, G. A., Weinstein, A., Soffer, L. J., & Trescher, J. H. (1933). The
diagnosis and treatment of Addison's disease. Journal of the American
Medical Association, 100(23), 1850-1855.
Pearce, S. H., & Spain, S. (2019). Living with Addison's disease: A guide for
people with Addison's, supporters and professionals.

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