1. APPROACH TO HYPERTENSION IN
YOUNG
âENDOCRINOLOGIST PERSPECTIVEâ
DR. OM J LAKHANI
MD, DNB (ENDOCRINE)
CONSULTANT ENDOCRINOLOGIST
ZYDUS HOSPITAL, AHMEDABAD
Phone- +919871009021
2. Consultation Details
⢠Timings 10 am t0 1 pm and 4 pm to 7 pm
from Monday to Saturday
⢠Zydus Hospitals, Ahmedabad
⢠Phone â 079-6619 0201
⢠Email â dromlakhani@gmail.com
13. ⢠Q. What Investigations we generally order
when dealing with a secondary hypertension
?
14. Our List of Investigations
*Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Protocol for
Secondary Hypertension
1. Apart from Routine investigations (as
appropriate)
2. S. Creatinine
3. S. Electrolytes- Calcium, Sodium, Potassium,
Bicarbonate
4. Thyroid function test
5. 24 hr Urine Metanephrine and
Normetanephrine
6. Aldosterone â Renin Ratio
7. Ultrasound of Abdomen and Pelvis
24. ⢠Q. How will you Diagnose Cushingâs
syndrome ?
25. ⢠For Diagnosis of Cushingâs syndrome , we
need to have TWO tests for Cushingâs
syndrome positive.
26. SGRH Protocol for Cushingâs
diagnosis
DAY 1
1. 8 am Cortisol â to rule out Exogenous Cushingâs
syndrome
2. Collect Sample for S. Cortisol at 11 pm and ACTH
(Late night serum cortisol)
3. Then give 1 mg of Dexamethasone
DAY 2
1. Again collect S. Cortisol at 8 am the next morning
Points 2 and 3 â Overnight Dexamethasone suppression
test
27. ⢠Late night Serum cortisol >7.5 mcg/dl â>
Suggestive of Cushingâs
⢠After ONDST â Serum cortisol >1.8 mcg/dl â
diagnostic of Cushingâs
⢠8 am cortisol on day 1 if <3.6 mcg/dl â
suggestive of Exogenous Cushingâs
28. Alternative Approach
⢠Day 1 â 24 hr urine free cortisol
⢠Day 2 â ONDST
24 hr urine free cortisol normal range is 80-120
mcg/24
29. Caution !
⢠Make sure you DONâT start collection of 24
hr UFC , after giving Dexamethasone for
ONDST
34. ⢠7 years old female child
⢠complaints of weight gain, puffiness of face,
rashes on face and body
⢠failure to gain height and hypertension since
1 year.
⢠Child also had few episodes of seizures (?
Hypertensive encephalopathy)
35.
36. ⢠Q. What is the definition of Hypertension in
Pediatric age group ?
37.
38.
39. ⢠Q. When will you suspect Cushingâs
syndrome in a Child ?
42. ⢠Q. How is diagnosis of Cushingâs syndrome
Established in a child ?
43. ⢠Similar to adults
⢠Only dose of Dexamethasone needs to be
adjusted
44. ⢠Q. What is the dose of Dexamethasone used
for ONDST in children ?
45. â ONDST- 15 ug/kg
â LDDST - 30 ug/kg/day in 4 divided doses
â HDDST- 120 ug/kg/day in 4 divided doses
â For children > 40 kg- use same dose as adults
48. ⢠24 year old female
⢠c/o of headache and other non specific
complaints
⢠BP â 160/90 mm Hg
⢠Ix done â Aldosterone : Renin Ratio > 30:1
50. ⢠âPA is a group of disorders in which
aldosterone production is inappropriately
high for sodium status, relatively
autonomous of the major regulators of
secretion (angiotensin II, plasma potassium
concentration), and nonsuppressible by
sodium loadingâ
56. ⢠More common than you think !
⢠5-10% of Hypertensive patients may have
Primary Aldosteronism !
57. ⢠Q. Why is primary aldosteronism important?
58. ⢠Higher CV morbidity and mortality compared
to other hypertensive patients of same age
and sex
59. ⢠Q. Which patients should be tested for
Primary Aldosteronism ?
60. Endo Society guidelines
1. Sustained blood pressure (BP) above 150/100 mm Hg on each of
three measurements obtained on different days,
2. Hypertension (BP 140/90 mm Hg) resistant to three
conventional antihypertensive drugs (including a diuretic),
3. Controlled BP (140/90 mm Hg) on four or more antihypertensive
drugs;
4. Hypertension and spontaneous or diuretic-induced hypokalemia
5. Hypertension and adrenal incidentaloma
6. Hypertension and sleep apnea
7. Hypertension and a family
8. History of early onset hypertension or cerebrovascular accident
at a young age (40 years);
9. All hypertensive first-degree relatives of patients with PA.
90. ⢠39 year old female
⢠Presented with severe headache, vomiting
⢠BP was 180/110 mm Hg in emergency
⢠MRI Brain- was normal
⢠Emergent management of hypertension done and
then discharged with Anti Hypertensives
⢠BP- 110/70 mm Hg on OPD follow up
⢠Again after 15 days- presented to emergency with
Similar episode
⢠BP â 170/110 , ECG- Sinus tachycardia with HR of 110
beats per minute
91. ⢠Admitted and start on Sodium Nitroprusside
under Cardiology
⢠Reference done to Nephrology, Neurology
and Endocrinology !
⢠Our Routine protocol detected high urinary
metanephrine
⢠MRI was suggestive of Large
Pheochromocytoma
92.
93. ⢠Q. In Which patients would you Consider
Pheochromocytoma ?
94. ⢠The classic triad of headache, sweating, and tachycardia
⢠Hyperadrenergic spells (eg, self-limited episodes of nonexertional
palpitations, diaphoresis, headache, tremor, or pallor).
⢠Onset of hypertension at a young age (eg, <20 years), resistant
hypertension, or hypertension with new onset or atypical
diabetes mellitus (eg, new onset of apparent type 2 diabetes in a
slender person).
⢠A familial syndrome that predisposes to catecholamine-secreting
tumors (eg, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 [MEN2],
neurofibromatosis type 1 [NF1], or von Hippel-Lindau [VHL]).
⢠A family history of pheochromocytoma.
⢠Adrenal incidentaloma with or without hypertension.
⢠Pressor response during anesthesia, surgery, or angiography.
⢠Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy.
⢠A history of gastric stromal tumor or pulmonary chondromas
(Carney triad).
95. ⢠Q. How will you Diagnose
Pheochromocytoma ?
96. 1. Urinary Metanephrine, Normetanephrine
and Dopamine
2. Plasma Metanephrine and
Normetanephrine
98. ⢠VMA has low sensitivity in Detection of
Pheochromocytoma
⢠Though it has good specificity
99. ⢠Q. Which drugs can potentially cause false
elevation of Catecholamine ? How long are
they stopped before testing ?
100. 1. TCA- most notorious
2. SSRI
3. Amphetamine
4. Cough and cold medications
101.
102. ⢠Q. What food substances need to be avoided
and for how long ?
103. ⢠Nuts
⢠Caffeine
⢠Chocolate
⢠Bananas
⢠Alcohol
⢠Vanilla
For 3 days prior to testing
104. ⢠Q. What is the procedure for Collection of
tests for Metanephrine and
Normetanephrine ?
105. 1. Discard the first urine of the day
2. Start collection from next urine sample
onwards
3. Collect urine with appropriate volume of
50% HCl to maintain pH between 1â2.
(Generally container provided by lab)
4. Urine sample is kept in refrigerator in
between collection
5. Shipped refrigerated and frozen
106. ⢠Q. How is plasma metanephrine test done ?
107. ⢠Indwelling catheter in place
⢠Patient has overnight fast
⢠Patient supine for 30 min
⢠Sample is taken
108. ⢠Q. Describe the further steps in evaluation of
Pheochromocytoma ?
111. ⢠Drugs and âComplimentary alternative
Medicineâ intake
112.
113. Other important history points
⢠Hypertension before age of 21 years and Family
history of Cerebral hemorrhage before age 40
years ď¨ GLUCOCORTICOID REMEDIABLE
HYPERTENSION (FAMILIAL
HYPERALDOSTERONISM TYPE 1)
⢠Obstructive Sleep Apnea- STOP BANG
questionnaire
⢠OC Pill use ď OC pills can cause an increase in
BP (though increase is mild)
114. DONâT FORGET
⢠Palpate all four limb pulses and blood
pressure â Why ?
⢠Fundus Examination
⢠Auscultation for abdominal bruit for Renal
artery stenosis (Only 40% sensitivity but 99%
specificity)