The document discusses emotion mining in text. It defines text mining and emotions and discusses elements of emotions like thoughts, body responses, and behaviors. It explains that emotion mining seeks the emotional state of a writer from text. Major theories of emotion are physiological, neurological, and cognitive. Positive emotions make one feel good while negative emotions stop rational thinking. Techniques for emotion detection discussed are keyword spotting, lexical affinity, learning-based, and hybrid methods. Limitations include ambiguity in keywords, inability to recognize text without keywords, and lack of linguistic information. An example of analyzing social network comments is provided.

1. EMOTION
MINING IN TEXT
LOVEPREET SINGH
SLIET Longowal

2. Definition of Text Mining
 Text Mining is a subset of Unstructured Data
Management.
 An exploration and analysis of textual data
by automatic and semi automatic means to
discover new knowledge.

3. Definition of Emotion
 A strong feeling deriving from one's
circumstances, mood, or relationships with
others.
 In psychology, emotion is often defined as a
complex state of feeling that results in
physical and psychological changes that
influence thought and behavior.
 Synonyms: feeling, sentiment, sensation

4. Elements
1.Thoughts: Ideas or images that pop into your
head when you are experiencing an emotion.
2.Your Body's Response: The physical changes
you experience (for example, increased heart
rate, feeling queasy) when you experience an
emotion.
3.Behaviours: The things you want or feel an
urge to do when you experience a certain
emotion.

5. Emotions from Text
 The purpose is not to identify specific
emotions but rather to find the emotional
state or mind set of a writer while writing
the text.

6. Theories of Emotion
The major theories of emotion can be grouped
into three main categories:
 Physiological
 Neurological
 Cognitive

7. Theories of Emotion
Physiological theories suggest that responses
within the body are responsible for emotions.
Neurological theories propose that activity
within the brain leads to emotional responses.
Cognitive theories argue that thoughts and
other mental activity play an essential role in
the formation of emotions.

9. Positive & Negative Emotions
Positive: any emotion that makes us feel good
eg. appreciation, joy, love, passion, freedom,
excitement.
Negative: emotions stop us from thinking and
behaving rationally and seeing situations in
their true perspective eg. Jealousy, anger, fear,
guilt, shame, frustration, sadness.

10. Example: Emotion by viewing
an object

11. Factors on which Emotion
depends
 Gender
 Situation
 Age

12. Techniques for Emotion
Detection
 Keyword Spotting Technique
 Lexical Affinity Method
 Learning Based Methods
 Hybrid Methods

13. 1. Keyword Spotting Technique
Text Tokenization Identify
Emotions Word
Analysis of
Intensity
Negation
Check
Emotion

14. 2. Lexical Affinity Method
 Extension of keyword spotting technique.
 It assigns a probabilistic ‘affinity’ for a particular
emotion to arbitrary words apart from picking up
emotional keywords.
 These probabilities are often part of linguistic
corpora.
 Disadvantages : Assigned probabilities are biased
toward corpus-specific genre of texts.

15. Example
 The word ‘accident’, having been assigned a high
probability of indicating a negative emotion,
would not contribute correctly to the emotional
assessment of phrases like “I avoided an
accident” or “I met my girlfriend by accident”.

16. 3. Learning based methods
 Classify the input texts into different emotions
 Learning-based methods try to detect emotions
based on a previously trained classifier, which
apply various theories of machine learning to
determine which emotion category should the
input text belongs.

17. 4. Hybrid Methods
 Combination of both keyword spotting technique
and learning based method
 Improve accuracy

18. Limitations of above methods
 Ambiguity in keyword definition
 Incapability of recognizing sentences without
keywords
 Lack of Linguistic Information
 Difficulties in determining emotion indicators

19. 1. Ambiguity in Keyword
Definitions
 Using emotion keywords is a straightforward way
to detect associated emotions, the meanings of
keywords could be multiple and vague, as most
words could change their meanings according to
different usages and contexts.

20. 2. Incapability of Recognizing
Sentences without Keywords
 Keyword-based approach is totally based on the
set of emotion keywords.
 Therefore, sentences without any keyword would
imply that they do not contain any emotion at
all, which is obviously wrong.
 For example, “I passed my qualify exam today”
and “Hooray! I passed my qualify exam today”
should imply the same emotion (joy), but the
former without “hooray” could remain
undetected if “hooray” is the only keyword to
detect this emotion.

21. 3. Lack of Linguistic
Information
 Syntax structures and semantics also have
influences on expressed emotions.
 For example, “I laughed at him” and “He laughed
at me” would suggest different emotions from
the first person’s perspective.
 As a result, ignoring linguistic information also
poses a problem to keyword-based methods.

22. Architecture
Input text Output textEmotion
Detector
Emotion
Word
Ontology
Emotion Class

23. Example: Social Network
Communication
 This research examines the extent to which
emotion is present in MySpace comments, using a
combination of data mining and content analysis,
and exploring age and gender.
 Sample: 819 comments to and from USA users.
 Classification: Positive and Negative Emotions.

24. Step 1: Data set
 Comments from and to active, normal, long-term
US Members.
 Members having public profile- Normal
 Comments filtered for standard picture
comments , spam, chain messages using regular
expressions.
 Resulting comments formed the raw data.

25. Step 2: Classification
 Positive & Negative comments.
 Example: “I Miss You” can be interpreted as
positive emotion & is almost synonym of “I Love
You” , even though it suggested sadness.
 Classification deals only with text of individual
comment rather than emotional state of
commenter.
 Reasons for choosing particular comment is not
considered.

26. Results
 Females send and receive significantly more
positive emotions than men.
 Negative emotion is much rarer than positive
emotions.
 Limitation: We are considering only public
comments, so the situation for the private
messages may be different from above.