Emerging Technologies and Vulnerabilities in Older Adults
Virginia Sanchini,
Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia
Università degli Studi di Milano
Curare l’invecchiamento?
30 marzo 2023
Fondazione Giannino Bassetti
Ageing … To cure or to care?
• Does ageing have to be cured?
• Or is it necessary to understand it, accept it and take care of it?
• Or maybe both?
Outline
Introduction
Vulnerability in aged care
Emerging Technologies
ETs and vulnerability in aged care
Conclusion
1
4
2
3
5
ElderTech: “Emerging Technologies and vulnerabilities in aged care” is a project funded by
Cariplo Foundation in 2020, with the call “Social Research: Science, Technology and Society”.
The ElderTech Project
Research Group:
• University of Milan (Virginia Sanchini, Annachiara Fasoli, Giorgia Beretta, Gabriella Pravettoni,
Beatrice Magni, Nicola Pasini)
• San Raffaele University (Massimo Reichlin, Roberta Sala, Simone Cenci).
ElderTech has a threefold aim:
1. Exploring the concept of vulnerability in aged care;
2. Investigating the impact of ETs devised for the elderly on older adults’ vulnerability
3. Designing ethics-oriented recommendations for the use and implementation of ETs for the elderly,
i.e. recommendations compliant with ethics requirement and respectful of the elderly individual preferences,
expectations, and sensitivities, as deriving from theoretical and empirical evidences collected during the
project.
The ElderTech Project: purposes
«La vecchiaia appare oggi alla stregua di una età della vita caratterizzata sì […] da particolari fragilità – e
proprio per questo meritevole di doverose e specifiche attenzioni igieniche, biomediche e sociali – ma non
certo come una età in cui debba di necessità, in virtù di una imperscrutabile volontà della natura, affievolirsi il
diritto alla salute, come diritto umano fondamentale non solo alla terapia, ma in senso più lato alla cura.
La riflessione bioetica […] deve denunciare tutte le forme di violenza, in gran parte subdole e indirette, cui
vengono sottoposti gli anziani. Deve denunciare come un vero e proprio mito quello della ineluttabilità e della
progressività del declino psico-fisico […] perché è esso stesso in gran parte la ragione della situazione di disagio
– sociale, politico, psicologico – in cui nella modernità vengono spesso a trovarsi gli anziani, vittime di
dinamiche di emarginazione intollerabili sotto tutti i profili.
«Bioetica e diritti degli anziani» - CNB, 2006
Ove la bioetica uscisse vittoriosa da questa battaglia […] resterebbe comunque da combattere una battaglia ulteriore, infinitamente più complessa:
quella che ha per oggetto non la biologia, ma l’ontologia della condizione anziana in quanto tale.
Infatti, per quanto si possano doverosamente ed efficacemente rivendicare i diritti dei soggetti anziani e per quanto la medicina possa efficacemente
operare per dare all’esercizio concreto di questi diritti un solido supporto biologico, resta per la condizione anziana il problema della “segreta ostilità
che la vita in crescita oppone alla vita declinante” (Romano Guardini); […] quel diffuso sentimento di disprezzo nei suoi confronti, che si ha raramente
il coraggio di considerare fino in fondo e che trova la sua ultima radice nella innaturalità che in qualche modo possiede per l’uomo il diventare vecchio
e la cui evidenza, stampata nei volti senili, suscita, in chi ancora vecchio non è, un turbamento profondo, che viene in genere rimosso e occultato, ma
che più spesso ancora suscita sentimenti di aggressività.
Se il compito di promuovere la difesa della vita anziana nelle sue dimensioni materiali richiede un’alleanza tra bioetica, medicina e politica sociale,
quello di prendere sul serio la difficilissima dialettica che contrappone la vecchiaia alle precedenti età della vita è un compito che spetta
esclusivamente alla bioetica, come etica della vita. E non possiamo dire che la bioetica sia, generalmente parlando, bene attrezzata per adempierlo.»
Nel dibattito bioetico contemporaneo, il tema dell’invecchiamento viene prevalentemente considerato secondo due ottiche:
• un’ottica medica (la vecchiaia viene interpretata come quel periodo della vita in cui più alta è la probabilità di dover ricorrere a terapie e a
trattamenti medici)
• un’ottica di etica pubblica (la vecchiaia viene esaminata nella prospettiva delle teorie normative della giustizia e, più precisamente, dell’equità
nella distribuzione delle risorse medico-sanitarie disponibili in un dato contesto sociale).
Le due ottiche, per quanto importanti e dense di problematiche, paiono tuttavia di portata limitata in quanto offrono una comprensione parziale –
se non riduttiva – dell’esperienza dell’invecchiamento.
Oltre, infatti, a trascurare gli aspetti psicologici e socio-culturali relativi al significato dell’età anziana nella civiltà contemporanea e la questione
delle relazioni – soprattutto comunicative – tra le generazioni, in un contesto familiare e sociale profondamente mutato, non affrontano
adeguatamente il problema cruciale del senso dell’invecchiamento nella vita individuale come nell’esistenza collettiva.
Riconoscere il processo dell’invecchiamento, nella sua realtà autentica, intenderlo nelle sue caratteristiche e nel suo divenire è la condizione
perché ci appartenga fino in fondo.
Viceversa, nella società moderna la vecchiaia tende a trasformarsi in una sorta di tabù, in un argomento proibito, come se essa non esistesse.
«Di tutte le realtà, la vecchiaia è forse quella di cui conserviamo più a lungo nella vita una nozione puramente astratta» ha
giustamente notato Proust. Tutti gli uomini sono mortali, questo lo ammettono. Ma che molti divengano dei vecchi, quasi
nessuno pensa in anticipo a questa metamorfosi.
La Vieillesse, Simone de Beauvoir (1970)
«Bioetica e diritti degli anziani» - CNB, 2006
Vulnerability: definitions and distinctions
Vulnerability: vulnus, vulnerare
BASIC HUMAN VULNERABILITY
• experience of ‘human finitude’ (Agu, 2013; Baars, 2013; Laceulle, 2017, 2018), which in turn is related to the certainty of death and
the ‘fundamental uncertainty’ characterising the human condition (Baars, 2017).
• possibility of being affected in life by both pleasures and sufferings, as well as experiencing the condition of inter-human
dependency (Baars, 2017).
SITUATIONAL VULNERABILITY
• Condition affecting only some agents who are more likely to be harmed and/or injured than others (Grundy, 2006; Blasimme, 2017;
Brown, 1995), due to situational contingent circumstances; these can be social, political, or economic (Jena, 2014; Luna, 2014).
• It has also a normative connotation, endowed with negative characterisation related to a condition of minority (Raudonis et al.,
2010).
• Despite their differences, bioethical reflection usually refers to the family of OAs as a “vulnerable population”, due to
both ontological factors (e.g., human finitude, embodiment) and situational factors (e.g. socio-political unfair conditions)
(Rogers et al. 2012; Ten Have 2015, 2016; Bozzaro et al. 2018; Sanchini et al. 2022)
Vulnerability in aged care/1
Dimensions of aged care vulnerability
Existential
spiritual
Physical Psychological
Moral
Interpersonal
relational
Socio-cultural
Economic
Political
Depression Loneliness
Undertreatment
of pain
Medicalisation
Control Living
situation
Means to address vulnerability
Socio-political
and economic
interventions
Taking care of
vulnerable
older adults
Understanding
Older adults'
vulnerability
Anziani, vulnerabilità e nuove tecnologie
wearable devices
virtual reality
ambient intelligence
assistive robots
smart home technologies
digital platforms and
mobile applications
Conventional Monitoring
Techniques (CMT)
Unconventional
Monitoring Techniques
(UNMT)
Virtual Reality
Technologies (VRT) Socially Assistive Robots
(SAR)
Emerging
Technologies
Categories of ETs/1
Categories of ETs/3
(i) Conventional monitoring techniques (CMT)
• Set of techniques allowing a continuous observation of one’s own condition (physiological and physical) performed
through body and/or home sensors.
• Often considered ethically-compliant technologies, as, in light of almost no disadvantages, they help to improve
older adults’ wellbeing (Ryu 2012).
• Help to detect illness conditions before they become serious, thus acting as tools for prevention (e.g. fall
prevention).
• Help to contain avoidable costs, thus positively impacting on healthcare systems
• Improve QoL of the elderly.
Categories of ETs/4
(ii) Unconventional monitoring techniques (UNMT)
• Monitoring functioning in a rather unconventional and/or more pervasive manner.
• Examples:
1. Wearable devices;
2. Ambient Intelligence systems, defined as the sets of different physical environments (e.g. homes)
interacting with people through a “world of ubiquitous computing devices” (Ramos et al. 2008, p. 15).
• UNMT are often considered ethically controversial:
• privacy violations (Cook et al. 2009; Beach et al. 2010)
• interfere with elderly personal freedom (Dwight and Feigelson 2000; Welsh et al. 2003)
• impacting also on the validity of their consent (Goldstein 2010).
Categories of ETs/5
(iii) Virtual Reality Technology (VRT)
• The “spatial (usually 3D) world seen from a first person’s point of view” where the view “is under the real-time
control of the user” (Lányi, 2006, 87).
A. as a therapeutic tool (e.g. treating painful chronic conditions; rehabilitation tools)
B. as an entertainment tool
• Some concerns:
• implementation costs (Waycott et al. 2018),
• amplification of people’s experience (confusions and trauma) (Vines et al. 2017).
Categories of ETs/6
(iv) Socially assistive Robots (SARs)
• Assistance primarily through social or physical interaction.
• as companionship tools reducing elderly loneliness;
• as interaction tools, facilitating elderly-to-elderly relationships, even impacting physiological parameters
• Ethical threats:
1. Attachment: in case of robot’s absence, the same may cause user’s distress, and even the loss of therapeutic
benefits originally gained.
2. User’s manipulation: frustration in the elder which does not see his/her emotional attachment rewarded.
3. Substitution of HHI with HRI (e.g. healthcare personnel are begin replaced by robots in some specific context).
OBIETTIVO 1
OBIETTIVO 2
Emerging Technologies and Vulnerabilities in Older
Adults with Cognitive Impairments: a Systematic
Review of Qualitative Evidence
Emerging Technologies and Vulnerabilities in Older
Adults without Cognitive Impairments: a Systematic
Review of Qualitative Evidence
OBIETTIVO 3 & 4
Interviste ad anziani
Interviste a stakeholders/dialogo con le istituzioni
Focus groups con geriatri
Mappatura delle policies esistenti
Eventuale elaborazione di raccomandazioni
Mapping Emerging Technologies in aged care: Results
from an in-depth online research
}
182; 82%
8; 3%
34; 15%
Monitoring Techniques Virtual Reality Technologies (VRT) Socially Assistive Robots (SARs)
38; 17%
144;
65%
Monitoring Techniques
CMT UNMT
28;
12%
7; 3%
SARs
Service-type
Companion-type
ET: Results from an in-depth online research
A. Fasoli, G. Beretta, G. Pravettoni, V. Sanchini, MappingEmergingTechnologiesinagedcare: Resultsfromanin-depthonlineresearch, BMCHealthServicesResearch,
under review.
OBIETTIVO 1
OBIETTIVO 2
Emerging Technologies and Vulnerabilities in Older
Adults with Cognitive Impairments: a Systematic
Review of Qualitative Evidence
Emerging Technologies and Vulnerabilities in Older
Adults without Cognitive Impairments: a Systematic
Review of Qualitative Evidence
OBIETTIVO 3 & 4
Interviste ad anziani
Interviste a stakeholders/dialogo con le istituzioni
Focus groups con geriatri
Mappatura delle policies esistenti
Eventuale elaborazione di raccomandazioni
Mapping Emerging Technologies in aged care: Results
from an in-depth online research
}
Emerging Technologies and vulnerability in aged care/1
Older adults with Cognitive Impairments
Physical vulnerability
ü ETs tame PHV both in the pathological and non-pathological sense: providing sense of safety and constant monitoring
û However, ETs may also exacerbate PHV both in the pathological and non-pathological sense: risk of harms and injures
Psychological vulnerability
ü Some ETs (e.g., memory games, cognitive exercises) tame PV in its cognitive dimension
ü Some ETs also improve emotional satisfaction and mood, by promoting a feeling of connectedness
û However, ETs may also exacerbate PV (frustration related to both inherent technology’s limitations and to the lack of
familiarity shown by older adults towards technology (e.g. robotic shower))
û In some cases, such a frustration is so deeply rooted in older adults, that they end up putting under question their entire
person (moral vulnerability?)
Relational/interpersonal vulnerability
ü Some ETs (e.g. SAR) minimize RV
ü Other ETs (e.g. robotic shower, trackers, SAR) seem to minimize RV: feelings of independence
û However, ETs may also exacerbate RV: older adults have to depend on others
Conclusions/1
• ETs
• on the one hand they tame already existing vulnerabilities
• while, on the other hand, they create/worse already existing vulnerabilities
• These vulnerabilities seem to be related to ETs in general, as a broad category
Willing to make some compromises in favour of physical
and psychological well-being.
Potential privacy infringements are considered less critical.
ETs seem to threaten moral vulnerability
(privacy/confidentiality).
Common vulnerabilities
Older adults with Cognitive Impairment
1. Psychological vulnerability;
2. Interpersonal/relational vulnerability;
3. Existential/spiritual vulnerability
Older adults without Cognitive Impairment
1. Physical vulnerability;
2. Psychological vulnerability;
3. Interpersonal/relational vulnerability;
4. Moral vulnerability
Resuming the initial rows…
ETs can be helpful in taming the dimensions of older adults’ vulnerability and in this way also the ageing process and
physical and psychological deterioration
However, technologies cannot completely eliminate vulnerability and ageing: in particular, ETs cannot (and should not try
to) eliminate basic human vulnerability and the ageing process.
In other words,
if vulnerability (and ageing) is both a defining characteristic of our own humanity and an additional condition affecting
some people in specific contingent situations (because of particular pathologies)
then 1. understanding vulnerability,
2. taking care of vulnerable persons,
and 3. intervening through socio-political and economic measures
all become strategies to be synergistically adopted to respond to vulnerability.
Conclusions/2
Bibliography/1
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2013;3(2):2158244013491413.
Baars J. (2013) A deepening involvement in life with others. Towards a philosophy of aging. Res Ageing Social Policy. 1(1):6–26.
Baars J. (2017) Aging: learning to live a finite life. Gerontologist. 57(5):969–76.
Beach, S., Schulz, R., Downs, J., Matthews, J., Seelman, K., Person Mecca, L., & Courtney, K. (2010). Monitoring and privacy
issues in quality of life technology applications.
Cook, D. J., Augusto, J. C., & Jakkula, V. R. (2009). Ambient intelligence: Technologies, applications, and opportunities. Pervasive and
Mobile Computing, 5(4), 277–298.
Ramos, C., Augusto, J. C., & Shapiro, D. (2008). Ambient intelligence—the next step for artificial intelligence. IEEE Intelligent Systems,
23(2), 15–18.
Dwight, S. A., & Feigelson, M. E. (2000). A quantitative review of the effect of computerized testing on the measurement of social
desirability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60(3), 340–360.
Epstein I, Aligato A, Krimmel T, Mihailidis A (2016) Older adults’ and caregivers’ perspectives on in-home monitoring technology.
Gerontol Nurs 42, 43-50.
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Goldstein, M. M. (2010). Health information technology and the idea of informed consent. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 38(1),
27-35.
Gadow S. (1983) Frailty and strength: the dialectic in aging. Gerontologist;23(2):144–7.
Groenhaut R. (2019) Frailty and fragility: framing a diagnostic category. IJFAB Int J Fem Approaches Bioeth. 2019;12(2):1–17.
Hoffmaster B. (2006) What does vulnerability mean? Hastings Cent Rep;36(2):38–45.
Ji, Y. & Kim, H. 2022, "Scoping Review of the Literature on Smart Healthcare for Older Adults", Yonsei medical journal, vol. 63, no.
Suppl, pp. S14-S21.
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Laceulle H. (2018) Aging and the ethics of authenticity. Gerontologist. 2018;58(5):970–8.
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Moyle, W., Jones, C., Dwan, T., & Petrovich, T. (2017). Effectiveness of a virtual reality forest on people with dementia: A mixed
methods pilot study. The Gerontologist, 58(3), 478–487.
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literature. BMC Med Ethics 23, 84 (2022).
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Emerging Technologies and Vulnerabilities in Older Adults

  • 1.
    Emerging Technologies andVulnerabilities in Older Adults Virginia Sanchini, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-Oncologia Università degli Studi di Milano Curare l’invecchiamento? 30 marzo 2023 Fondazione Giannino Bassetti
  • 2.
    Ageing … Tocure or to care? • Does ageing have to be cured? • Or is it necessary to understand it, accept it and take care of it? • Or maybe both?
  • 3.
    Outline Introduction Vulnerability in agedcare Emerging Technologies ETs and vulnerability in aged care Conclusion 1 4 2 3 5
  • 4.
    ElderTech: “Emerging Technologiesand vulnerabilities in aged care” is a project funded by Cariplo Foundation in 2020, with the call “Social Research: Science, Technology and Society”. The ElderTech Project Research Group: • University of Milan (Virginia Sanchini, Annachiara Fasoli, Giorgia Beretta, Gabriella Pravettoni, Beatrice Magni, Nicola Pasini) • San Raffaele University (Massimo Reichlin, Roberta Sala, Simone Cenci).
  • 5.
    ElderTech has athreefold aim: 1. Exploring the concept of vulnerability in aged care; 2. Investigating the impact of ETs devised for the elderly on older adults’ vulnerability 3. Designing ethics-oriented recommendations for the use and implementation of ETs for the elderly, i.e. recommendations compliant with ethics requirement and respectful of the elderly individual preferences, expectations, and sensitivities, as deriving from theoretical and empirical evidences collected during the project. The ElderTech Project: purposes
  • 6.
    «La vecchiaia appareoggi alla stregua di una età della vita caratterizzata sì […] da particolari fragilità – e proprio per questo meritevole di doverose e specifiche attenzioni igieniche, biomediche e sociali – ma non certo come una età in cui debba di necessità, in virtù di una imperscrutabile volontà della natura, affievolirsi il diritto alla salute, come diritto umano fondamentale non solo alla terapia, ma in senso più lato alla cura. La riflessione bioetica […] deve denunciare tutte le forme di violenza, in gran parte subdole e indirette, cui vengono sottoposti gli anziani. Deve denunciare come un vero e proprio mito quello della ineluttabilità e della progressività del declino psico-fisico […] perché è esso stesso in gran parte la ragione della situazione di disagio – sociale, politico, psicologico – in cui nella modernità vengono spesso a trovarsi gli anziani, vittime di dinamiche di emarginazione intollerabili sotto tutti i profili. «Bioetica e diritti degli anziani» - CNB, 2006 Ove la bioetica uscisse vittoriosa da questa battaglia […] resterebbe comunque da combattere una battaglia ulteriore, infinitamente più complessa: quella che ha per oggetto non la biologia, ma l’ontologia della condizione anziana in quanto tale. Infatti, per quanto si possano doverosamente ed efficacemente rivendicare i diritti dei soggetti anziani e per quanto la medicina possa efficacemente operare per dare all’esercizio concreto di questi diritti un solido supporto biologico, resta per la condizione anziana il problema della “segreta ostilità che la vita in crescita oppone alla vita declinante” (Romano Guardini); […] quel diffuso sentimento di disprezzo nei suoi confronti, che si ha raramente il coraggio di considerare fino in fondo e che trova la sua ultima radice nella innaturalità che in qualche modo possiede per l’uomo il diventare vecchio e la cui evidenza, stampata nei volti senili, suscita, in chi ancora vecchio non è, un turbamento profondo, che viene in genere rimosso e occultato, ma che più spesso ancora suscita sentimenti di aggressività. Se il compito di promuovere la difesa della vita anziana nelle sue dimensioni materiali richiede un’alleanza tra bioetica, medicina e politica sociale, quello di prendere sul serio la difficilissima dialettica che contrappone la vecchiaia alle precedenti età della vita è un compito che spetta esclusivamente alla bioetica, come etica della vita. E non possiamo dire che la bioetica sia, generalmente parlando, bene attrezzata per adempierlo.»
  • 7.
    Nel dibattito bioeticocontemporaneo, il tema dell’invecchiamento viene prevalentemente considerato secondo due ottiche: • un’ottica medica (la vecchiaia viene interpretata come quel periodo della vita in cui più alta è la probabilità di dover ricorrere a terapie e a trattamenti medici) • un’ottica di etica pubblica (la vecchiaia viene esaminata nella prospettiva delle teorie normative della giustizia e, più precisamente, dell’equità nella distribuzione delle risorse medico-sanitarie disponibili in un dato contesto sociale). Le due ottiche, per quanto importanti e dense di problematiche, paiono tuttavia di portata limitata in quanto offrono una comprensione parziale – se non riduttiva – dell’esperienza dell’invecchiamento. Oltre, infatti, a trascurare gli aspetti psicologici e socio-culturali relativi al significato dell’età anziana nella civiltà contemporanea e la questione delle relazioni – soprattutto comunicative – tra le generazioni, in un contesto familiare e sociale profondamente mutato, non affrontano adeguatamente il problema cruciale del senso dell’invecchiamento nella vita individuale come nell’esistenza collettiva. Riconoscere il processo dell’invecchiamento, nella sua realtà autentica, intenderlo nelle sue caratteristiche e nel suo divenire è la condizione perché ci appartenga fino in fondo. Viceversa, nella società moderna la vecchiaia tende a trasformarsi in una sorta di tabù, in un argomento proibito, come se essa non esistesse. «Di tutte le realtà, la vecchiaia è forse quella di cui conserviamo più a lungo nella vita una nozione puramente astratta» ha giustamente notato Proust. Tutti gli uomini sono mortali, questo lo ammettono. Ma che molti divengano dei vecchi, quasi nessuno pensa in anticipo a questa metamorfosi. La Vieillesse, Simone de Beauvoir (1970) «Bioetica e diritti degli anziani» - CNB, 2006
  • 8.
    Vulnerability: definitions anddistinctions Vulnerability: vulnus, vulnerare BASIC HUMAN VULNERABILITY • experience of ‘human finitude’ (Agu, 2013; Baars, 2013; Laceulle, 2017, 2018), which in turn is related to the certainty of death and the ‘fundamental uncertainty’ characterising the human condition (Baars, 2017). • possibility of being affected in life by both pleasures and sufferings, as well as experiencing the condition of inter-human dependency (Baars, 2017). SITUATIONAL VULNERABILITY • Condition affecting only some agents who are more likely to be harmed and/or injured than others (Grundy, 2006; Blasimme, 2017; Brown, 1995), due to situational contingent circumstances; these can be social, political, or economic (Jena, 2014; Luna, 2014). • It has also a normative connotation, endowed with negative characterisation related to a condition of minority (Raudonis et al., 2010).
  • 9.
    • Despite theirdifferences, bioethical reflection usually refers to the family of OAs as a “vulnerable population”, due to both ontological factors (e.g., human finitude, embodiment) and situational factors (e.g. socio-political unfair conditions) (Rogers et al. 2012; Ten Have 2015, 2016; Bozzaro et al. 2018; Sanchini et al. 2022) Vulnerability in aged care/1
  • 10.
    Dimensions of agedcare vulnerability Existential spiritual Physical Psychological Moral Interpersonal relational Socio-cultural Economic Political Depression Loneliness Undertreatment of pain Medicalisation Control Living situation
  • 11.
    Means to addressvulnerability Socio-political and economic interventions Taking care of vulnerable older adults Understanding Older adults' vulnerability
  • 12.
    Anziani, vulnerabilità enuove tecnologie wearable devices virtual reality ambient intelligence assistive robots smart home technologies digital platforms and mobile applications
  • 13.
    Conventional Monitoring Techniques (CMT) Unconventional MonitoringTechniques (UNMT) Virtual Reality Technologies (VRT) Socially Assistive Robots (SAR) Emerging Technologies Categories of ETs/1
  • 14.
    Categories of ETs/3 (i)Conventional monitoring techniques (CMT) • Set of techniques allowing a continuous observation of one’s own condition (physiological and physical) performed through body and/or home sensors. • Often considered ethically-compliant technologies, as, in light of almost no disadvantages, they help to improve older adults’ wellbeing (Ryu 2012). • Help to detect illness conditions before they become serious, thus acting as tools for prevention (e.g. fall prevention). • Help to contain avoidable costs, thus positively impacting on healthcare systems • Improve QoL of the elderly.
  • 15.
    Categories of ETs/4 (ii)Unconventional monitoring techniques (UNMT) • Monitoring functioning in a rather unconventional and/or more pervasive manner. • Examples: 1. Wearable devices; 2. Ambient Intelligence systems, defined as the sets of different physical environments (e.g. homes) interacting with people through a “world of ubiquitous computing devices” (Ramos et al. 2008, p. 15). • UNMT are often considered ethically controversial: • privacy violations (Cook et al. 2009; Beach et al. 2010) • interfere with elderly personal freedom (Dwight and Feigelson 2000; Welsh et al. 2003) • impacting also on the validity of their consent (Goldstein 2010).
  • 16.
    Categories of ETs/5 (iii)Virtual Reality Technology (VRT) • The “spatial (usually 3D) world seen from a first person’s point of view” where the view “is under the real-time control of the user” (Lányi, 2006, 87). A. as a therapeutic tool (e.g. treating painful chronic conditions; rehabilitation tools) B. as an entertainment tool • Some concerns: • implementation costs (Waycott et al. 2018), • amplification of people’s experience (confusions and trauma) (Vines et al. 2017).
  • 17.
    Categories of ETs/6 (iv)Socially assistive Robots (SARs) • Assistance primarily through social or physical interaction. • as companionship tools reducing elderly loneliness; • as interaction tools, facilitating elderly-to-elderly relationships, even impacting physiological parameters • Ethical threats: 1. Attachment: in case of robot’s absence, the same may cause user’s distress, and even the loss of therapeutic benefits originally gained. 2. User’s manipulation: frustration in the elder which does not see his/her emotional attachment rewarded. 3. Substitution of HHI with HRI (e.g. healthcare personnel are begin replaced by robots in some specific context).
  • 18.
    OBIETTIVO 1 OBIETTIVO 2 EmergingTechnologies and Vulnerabilities in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairments: a Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence Emerging Technologies and Vulnerabilities in Older Adults without Cognitive Impairments: a Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence OBIETTIVO 3 & 4 Interviste ad anziani Interviste a stakeholders/dialogo con le istituzioni Focus groups con geriatri Mappatura delle policies esistenti Eventuale elaborazione di raccomandazioni Mapping Emerging Technologies in aged care: Results from an in-depth online research }
  • 19.
    182; 82% 8; 3% 34;15% Monitoring Techniques Virtual Reality Technologies (VRT) Socially Assistive Robots (SARs) 38; 17% 144; 65% Monitoring Techniques CMT UNMT 28; 12% 7; 3% SARs Service-type Companion-type ET: Results from an in-depth online research A. Fasoli, G. Beretta, G. Pravettoni, V. Sanchini, MappingEmergingTechnologiesinagedcare: Resultsfromanin-depthonlineresearch, BMCHealthServicesResearch, under review.
  • 20.
    OBIETTIVO 1 OBIETTIVO 2 EmergingTechnologies and Vulnerabilities in Older Adults with Cognitive Impairments: a Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence Emerging Technologies and Vulnerabilities in Older Adults without Cognitive Impairments: a Systematic Review of Qualitative Evidence OBIETTIVO 3 & 4 Interviste ad anziani Interviste a stakeholders/dialogo con le istituzioni Focus groups con geriatri Mappatura delle policies esistenti Eventuale elaborazione di raccomandazioni Mapping Emerging Technologies in aged care: Results from an in-depth online research }
  • 21.
    Emerging Technologies andvulnerability in aged care/1 Older adults with Cognitive Impairments Physical vulnerability ü ETs tame PHV both in the pathological and non-pathological sense: providing sense of safety and constant monitoring û However, ETs may also exacerbate PHV both in the pathological and non-pathological sense: risk of harms and injures Psychological vulnerability ü Some ETs (e.g., memory games, cognitive exercises) tame PV in its cognitive dimension ü Some ETs also improve emotional satisfaction and mood, by promoting a feeling of connectedness û However, ETs may also exacerbate PV (frustration related to both inherent technology’s limitations and to the lack of familiarity shown by older adults towards technology (e.g. robotic shower)) û In some cases, such a frustration is so deeply rooted in older adults, that they end up putting under question their entire person (moral vulnerability?) Relational/interpersonal vulnerability ü Some ETs (e.g. SAR) minimize RV ü Other ETs (e.g. robotic shower, trackers, SAR) seem to minimize RV: feelings of independence û However, ETs may also exacerbate RV: older adults have to depend on others
  • 22.
    Conclusions/1 • ETs • onthe one hand they tame already existing vulnerabilities • while, on the other hand, they create/worse already existing vulnerabilities • These vulnerabilities seem to be related to ETs in general, as a broad category Willing to make some compromises in favour of physical and psychological well-being. Potential privacy infringements are considered less critical. ETs seem to threaten moral vulnerability (privacy/confidentiality). Common vulnerabilities Older adults with Cognitive Impairment 1. Psychological vulnerability; 2. Interpersonal/relational vulnerability; 3. Existential/spiritual vulnerability Older adults without Cognitive Impairment 1. Physical vulnerability; 2. Psychological vulnerability; 3. Interpersonal/relational vulnerability; 4. Moral vulnerability
  • 23.
    Resuming the initialrows… ETs can be helpful in taming the dimensions of older adults’ vulnerability and in this way also the ageing process and physical and psychological deterioration However, technologies cannot completely eliminate vulnerability and ageing: in particular, ETs cannot (and should not try to) eliminate basic human vulnerability and the ageing process. In other words, if vulnerability (and ageing) is both a defining characteristic of our own humanity and an additional condition affecting some people in specific contingent situations (because of particular pathologies) then 1. understanding vulnerability, 2. taking care of vulnerable persons, and 3. intervening through socio-political and economic measures all become strategies to be synergistically adopted to respond to vulnerability. Conclusions/2
  • 24.
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