This document summarizes the processes of emasculation, bagging, and crossing for hybridization. Emasculation involves removing stamens from female parent flowers before pollen release to prevent self-pollination. Bagging then encloses the emasculated flowers in paper bags to protect them from outside pollen. Crossing is the transfer of pollen collected from the male plant to the emasculated female flowers, completing the artificial cross-pollination. These three steps are used to produce hybrid offspring from two genetically distinct parent plants.

1. EMASCULATION,BAGGING AND
CROSSING
SUBMITTED BY:
A.MOHAMED MANSUR ALI
1-M.Sc (BOTANY)
ROLL.NO:19PA7763

2. HYBRIDIZATION
 The Crossing Of Two Genetically Different Parent Plantsis
Called Hybridization.
 The Resulting Of Offspiring Are Called Hybrids.
 Types:
1.Emasculation
2.Bagging
3.Crossing

3. 1.EMASCULATION:
 The Removal Of Stamens From Flowers Of Female Parent
Before The Dehiscence Of Anthers ,Is Called Emasculation.
 It Is Done In A Few Hours Before The Opening Of The
Flower Buds.
 Emasculation Is Used To Avoid Self Pollination.
 It Is Necessary For All Bisexual Flowers,not Required For
Unisexual Flowers.
 If Flowers Are Large To Do Manual Emasuculation. Forceps
Or Scissor Method.e.g:paddy,wheet,etc.
 If Flowers Are Very Small In Sized Emasculation Is Done
With Using Hot Water Method.e.g:Sorgum,Barly,etc.

5. BAGGING:
After the emasculation , the flowers or panicles are
enclosed in a paper bag to protect them from
contaminating pollen grains.
In most cases bagging maybe done in the evening.
The bags are tied at the base using a thread.
The male and female flowers are bagged separetly to
prevent the entry of pollen grains from outside.
Bags are removed from male plants after collecting the
pollen grains from the stamens.
On other hand ,bags are retained on female flowers
and panicles upto the stages of seed deveolpment.

7. CROSSING:
The transefer of pollengrains collected from male
plant to emasculated female flowers is called
crossing orartificial cross pollination.
It involves the collection of pollen from desired
male plant and putting them on the pistill of
emasculated flower.
The stamens are gently teased with a forceps to
release the pollen from them and it collected from
petridish.
Crossing is usually done in morning.

8. Thank you...