Elementos de una tienda online Gijon - Roman Garcia (Director Demini Madrid)
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
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int x;
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system("pause");
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- Batch system – jobs
- Time-shared systems – user programs or tasks
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Text section
Data section
Stack section
program counter
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Program is passive entity stored on disk (executable file), process is active
Program becomes process when executable file loaded into memory
Execution of program started via GUI mouse clicks, command line entry of its name, etc
One program can be several processes
Consider multiple users executing the same program
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Creating and removing( destroying )process .
Controlling the progress of processes .
Acting on interrupts and arithmetic errors .
Resource allocation among processes .
Inter process communication .
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Process memory is divided into four sections for efficient working : -
The Text section is made up of the compiled program code, read in from non-volatile storage when the program is launched.
The Data section is made up the global and static variables, allocated and initialized prior to executing the main.
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int total;
int Square(int x)
{
return x*x;
}
int SquareOfSum(int x,int y)
{
int z=Square(x+y);
return z;
}
int main()
{
int a=4,b=8;
total=SquareOfSum(a,b);
cout<<"Total ="<<total<<endl;
system("pause");
}
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#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int x;
x=10;
int *ptr;
ptr=&x;
cout<<*ptr<<" "<<x<<" "<<ptr <<" "<<&x<<endl;
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This chapter discusses processes and process management in operating systems. A process is a program in execution that requires resources like CPU, memory, and I/O. Processes go through various states like running, waiting, ready, and terminated. The operating system is responsible for creating, scheduling, and terminating processes. Key components involved in process management include the process control block (PCB) that stores process information, scheduling queues like the ready queue and I/O queues, and schedulers that select the next process to execute. When the CPU switches between processes, a context switch saves the state of one process and loads the state for the next process.
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- Process state, number, and other scheduling information
- CPU register values
- Memory allocation details
- I/O device access permissions
- Accounting data on CPU and memory usage
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The document discusses processes in an operating system. It defines a process as an active program in execution that has its own memory space and resources. It describes the different states a process can be in like ready, running, waiting etc. It also discusses process control blocks that contain information about processes and scheduling queues that processes move between. Inter-process communication using shared memory and message passing is also summarized.
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Here are the answers to your questions:
1. If processors are in idle state, background processes that are not currently selected on screen are executed.
2. Fibers were unable to make calls to the Windows API. So they were unable to serve as a true user-mode scheduling system.
3. When the dispatcher boosts the priority of a variable-priority thread released from a wait operation, a thread that was waiting for keyboard I/O would get a large priority increase.
4. For processes in the normal priority class that are currently selected on screen (foreground processes), Windows XP increases the scheduling quantum by some factor, typically 75%.
5. The latest process scheduling feature used in Windows 8.
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This document discusses different memory management techniques used in operating systems. It begins by describing the basic components and functions of memory. It then explains various memory management algorithms like overlays, swapping, paging and segmentation. Overlays divide a program into instruction sets that are loaded and unloaded as needed. Swapping loads entire processes into memory for execution then writes them back to disk. Paging and segmentation are used to map logical addresses to physical addresses through page tables and segment tables respectively. The document compares advantages and limitations of these approaches.
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- 2. 2 Multitasking (real life) (Look carefully...)
- 4. 4 What is a context switch? -process of suspending and resuming processes -triggered by interrupt (for instance, an IO interrupt), preemptive multitasking, or as part of user/kernel mode switching -process context represented by the Process Control Block (PCB)
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- 8. 8 Overhead Switching contexts involves a lot of overhead (typically a few milliseconds). Think of the overhead involved in multitasking in real life.