This document contains notes on electricity for a 10th standard science topic. It discusses key concepts like charge, conductors and insulators, electric potential and potential difference, electric current, models of electric current including drift velocity of electrons, electric circuits and circuit diagrams, Ohm's law, resistance, factors that affect resistance, and resistivity. Examples of conductors and insulators are provided. Equations for potential difference, current, resistance, and resistivity are included.

1. Name : Soham B. Jaware
Std :10th
Roll no : 10
Subject : Science
Topic : Electricity

2. Charge
The charge is an intrinsic property
of matter by virtue of which it can
exert electromagnetic force.

3. Conductors and Insulators
A substance which offers comparatively less
opposition to the flow of current is known as
conductors and substances which offer larger
opposition are insulators.
Some examples of conductors include copper, iron
and steel. Some of examples of insulators include
glass, dry wood and cotton.

4. Electric Potential and
Potential Difference
The electric potential at a point is defined as work
done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity
to that point. The potential difference between two
points is defined as the difference in electric
potentials at the two given points. The electrons
move only if there is a difference in electric
pressure called the potential difference. One Volt
is defined as energy consumption of one joule per
electric charge of one coulomb.
V=W/Q
where V is the potential difference, W is the work
done, Q is the electric charge.

5. Electric Current(I)
 Flow of electric charges is called electric current.
I = Q / t

6. Models of Electric Current
Drift velocity of Electron
Average velocity which an electron attains inside
a metallic conductor due to the application of an
electric field due to the potential difference.

7. Electric Circuit
Electric circuit and circuit diagram
A closed-loop path which a current takes is called an
electric circuit.
Representation of an electric circuit through symbols
is called a circuit diagram.

8. Resistance and Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law
The current flowing through an ohmic conductor is
directly proportional to the applied potential difference
between the two ends of the conductor. Ohm’s Law
states the relationship between the potential difference
across a conductor and the current through it

9. Resistance
Resistance is a measure of the opposition
offered to the current flow in an electric circuit.
Resistance is measured in ohms. All materials
resist current flow upto some degree. All
materials fall into one of the two broad
categories: Conductors and Insulators.

10. Factors affecting Resistance &
How they affect
Resistance is:
directly proportional to the length of the conductor.
directly proportional to nature of the conductor.
directly proportional to the temperature of the
conductor.
inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area
of the conductor.
R=pl/A

11. Resistivity
The electrical resistance offered by a substance
of unit length and unit cross-sectional area is
called resistivity.
hp=RA/l

12. Thanks