This document discusses DC machines and provides details on Maxwell's corkscrew rule, Fleming's left-hand and right-hand rules, Lenz's law, the construction and working principles of DC generators and motors. It describes how mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy in a DC generator through electromagnetic induction. DC motors are also summarized, explaining how they convert electrical energy to mechanical energy when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field. Common applications of shunt, series, and compound DC motors are listed.
The document discusses various rules and principles related to DC machines, including Maxwell's Corkscrew Rule, Fleming's Left Hand Rule, Fleming's Right Hand Rule, Lenz's Law, the construction and working principles of DC generators and DC motors. It also covers types of DC generators and motors, methods of speed control for DC motors, and common applications of shunt, series, and compound DC motors.
Fleming's left hand rule is used to determine the direction of force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. The middle finger represents the direction of current, the forefinger represents the direction of the magnetic field, and the thumb indicates the direction of the force acting on the conductor. This rule is used in motors. DC motors are used in applications requiring constant torque, rapid acceleration/deceleration, and responsiveness to feedback signals, such as electric vehicles, steel/aluminum mills, trains, cranes, and controls. DC motors consist of a commutator, armature, and field windings that generate a magnetic field to cause rotation.
This document provides reading material for electrical and electronics engineering students studying electrical machines II at RGPV affiliated colleges. It covers the syllabus for the unit on DC machines, including the basic construction of DC machines, types of excitation, armature and field windings, EMF equations, armature reaction and methods to limit it, commutation processes, performance of DC generators, and different types of DC motors like metadyne, amplidyne, permanent magnet, and brushless motors. The topics are explained over several pages with diagrams and examples. Key concepts covered are the magnetic circuits, armature and commutator construction, separately excited and self-excited machines, wave and lap windings, EMF equations, ar
A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through electromagnetic induction. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. In a DC motor, this force causes the armature conductors to rotate, producing torque. The motor's magnetic field is produced by a field winding and direct current is supplied by an external DC power source. A three-point starter is used to gradually reduce armature current and limit sparking during startup as motor speed increases and back EMF rises.
The document discusses direct current (DC) machines, including their working principles, construction, and key components. It begins with an introduction and overview of Fleming's left-hand and right-hand rules for determining the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field or induced electromotive force (emf) in a conductor. The working principle of a DC generator is then explained, where mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy using conductors and a magnetic field. Key parts of a DC machine like the field system, armature, commutator, and brushes are also described. Finally, the document concludes with references for further reading on electrical machines.
This document discusses DC machines, generators, motors, and transistors. It provides information on:
1) The brush assembly in DC machines which provides a path for current flow to and from the armature.
2) How a DC generator uses electromagnetic induction to generate voltage in its armature conductors as they move through a magnetic field.
3) Armature reaction which causes distortions in the magnetic field that reduce voltage and cause saturation. Ways to overcome this include shifting brushes or using interpoles.
4) Transistor amplifiers like the common emitter, common base, and common collector configurations and their characteristics like gain, input/output impedance.
The document discusses various rules and principles related to DC machines, including Maxwell's Corkscrew Rule, Fleming's Left Hand Rule, Fleming's Right Hand Rule, Lenz's Law, the construction and working principles of DC generators and DC motors. It also covers types of DC generators and motors, methods of speed control for DC motors, and common applications of shunt, series, and compound DC motors.
Fleming's left hand rule is used to determine the direction of force acting on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. The middle finger represents the direction of current, the forefinger represents the direction of the magnetic field, and the thumb indicates the direction of the force acting on the conductor. This rule is used in motors. DC motors are used in applications requiring constant torque, rapid acceleration/deceleration, and responsiveness to feedback signals, such as electric vehicles, steel/aluminum mills, trains, cranes, and controls. DC motors consist of a commutator, armature, and field windings that generate a magnetic field to cause rotation.
This document provides reading material for electrical and electronics engineering students studying electrical machines II at RGPV affiliated colleges. It covers the syllabus for the unit on DC machines, including the basic construction of DC machines, types of excitation, armature and field windings, EMF equations, armature reaction and methods to limit it, commutation processes, performance of DC generators, and different types of DC motors like metadyne, amplidyne, permanent magnet, and brushless motors. The topics are explained over several pages with diagrams and examples. Key concepts covered are the magnetic circuits, armature and commutator construction, separately excited and self-excited machines, wave and lap windings, EMF equations, ar
A DC motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy through electromagnetic induction. When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a mechanical force. In a DC motor, this force causes the armature conductors to rotate, producing torque. The motor's magnetic field is produced by a field winding and direct current is supplied by an external DC power source. A three-point starter is used to gradually reduce armature current and limit sparking during startup as motor speed increases and back EMF rises.
The document discusses direct current (DC) machines, including their working principles, construction, and key components. It begins with an introduction and overview of Fleming's left-hand and right-hand rules for determining the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field or induced electromotive force (emf) in a conductor. The working principle of a DC generator is then explained, where mechanical energy is converted to electrical energy using conductors and a magnetic field. Key parts of a DC machine like the field system, armature, commutator, and brushes are also described. Finally, the document concludes with references for further reading on electrical machines.
This document discusses DC machines, generators, motors, and transistors. It provides information on:
1) The brush assembly in DC machines which provides a path for current flow to and from the armature.
2) How a DC generator uses electromagnetic induction to generate voltage in its armature conductors as they move through a magnetic field.
3) Armature reaction which causes distortions in the magnetic field that reduce voltage and cause saturation. Ways to overcome this include shifting brushes or using interpoles.
4) Transistor amplifiers like the common emitter, common base, and common collector configurations and their characteristics like gain, input/output impedance.
The document discusses DC machines and their components and operating principles. It describes Maxwell's corkscrew rule and Fleming's left-hand and right-hand rules for determining the direction of magnetic fields. It also explains Lenz's law governing induced electromotive force (emf). The key components of a DC generator are conductors, magnetic field, and a mechanical power source. It converts mechanical energy to electrical energy via electromagnetic induction. A DC motor operates on the same principles in reverse, using a current to generate motion.
It the ppt on Dc machines. Dc machines is. A very good ppt. You can learn more about dc machines. Dc machines are important for science dc are machines are also important for science The DC machine can be classified into two types namely DC motors as well as DC generators. Most of the DC machines are equivalent to AC machines because they include AC currents as well as AC voltages in them. The output of the DC machine is DC output because they convert AC voltage to DC voltage. The conversion of this mechanism is known as the commutator, thus these machines are also named as commutating machines. DC machine is most frequently used for a motor. The main benefits of this machine include torque regulation as well as easy speed. The applications of the DC machine is limited to trains, mills, and mines. For example, underground subway cars, as well as trolleys, may utilize DC motors. In the past, automobiles were designed with DC dynamos for charging their batteries.
What is a DC Machine?
A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque that rotates the dc motor. The DC machines are classified into two types such as DC generator as well as DC motor.
DC Machine
DC Machine
The main function of the DC generator is to convert mechanical power to DC electrical power, whereas a DC motor converts DC power to mechanical power. The AC motor is frequently used in industrial applications for altering electrical energy to mechanical energy. However, a DC motor is applicable where good speed regulation & an ample range of speeds are necessary like in electric-transaction systems.
Construction of DC Machine
The construction of the DC machine can be done using some of the essential parts like Yoke, Pole core & pole shoes, Pole coil & field coil, Armature core, Armature winding otherwise conductor, commutator, brushes & bearings. Some of the parts of the DC machine is discussed below.
Construction of DC Machine
Construction of DC Machine
Yoke
Another name of a yoke is the frame. The main function of the yoke in the machine is to offer mechanical support intended for poles and protects the entire machine from moisture, dust, etc. The materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast steel otherwise rolled steel.
Pole and Pole Core
The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field winding is winding among pole. Whenever field winding is energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The materials used for this are cast steel, cast iron otherwise pole core. It can be built with the annealed steel laminations for reducing the power drop because of the eddy currents.
PCBWay
Pole Shoe
Pole shoe in the DC machine is an extensive part as well as to enlarge the region of the pole. Because of this region, flux can be spread out within the air-gap as well as extra flux can be passed
- DC machines can operate as either generators or motors. A generator produces voltage when its coil rotates through a magnetic field, while a motor produces torque on its coil when current passes through it in a magnetic field.
- The simplest DC machine is a single loop of wire rotating through magnetic poles. Induced voltage and torque depend on flux, speed/current, and construction constants.
- Real DC machines use commutators and brushes to produce DC output from the AC voltage induced in the rotor coils. Problems during commutation like sparking are reduced by techniques like interpoles.
- The internal voltage and torque equations account for flux, speed/current, and construction constants. Power losses include copper, brush,
DC machines operate using electromagnetic induction and include generators and motors. A DC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using a magnetic field and conductors that rotate inside the field. Key components of a DC generator include an armature winding on a core that rotates inside stationary field windings, producing an induced current via Faraday's law of induction. The direction of the induced electromotive force is determined by Fleming's right hand rule.
1) DC machines operate based on the principles that voltage is induced in a conductor moving through a magnetic field (generator action) and a force is induced on a conductor with current in a magnetic field (motor action).
2) The simplest DC machine is a single loop of wire rotating through magnetic poles, which induces a voltage that can be extracted using a commutator and brushes.
3) Real DC machines have more complex windings and commutation systems to produce a DC output and overcome issues like armature reaction.
4) The main types of DC generators - separately excited, shunt, and series - have different characteristics based on how their fields are connected that determine how voltage and current vary with load
The document provides details about the syllabus of an Electrical Machines course. It covers 5 units:
1) Construction and operation of DC machines including generators and motors.
2) Performance characteristics of DC machines like torque equations and efficiency.
3) Starting, speed control and testing methods for DC machines.
4) Construction, operation and testing of single phase transformers.
5) Three phase transformer connections and testing.
The summary covers the main topics covered in each unit at a high level.
The document provides information about DC generators, including:
1) It describes the basic principles and components of a DC generator, including the field magnet, armature, commutator, and brushes.
2) It discusses armature winding types, the EMF equation, armature reaction, and methods to improve commutation like interpoles and compensating windings.
3) It outlines the characteristics of DC generators like open-circuit characteristics, load characteristics, and efficiency considerations including various loss components.
This presentation is about the whole pricipal about DC machine. It explain the various important parts of dc machine.It tells about how many types of losses are present in DC machine.
1. The document discusses the syllabus and basics of synchronous generators or alternators.
2. Synchronous generators convert mechanical power into electrical power through electromagnetic induction. They are used as the primary source of electrical energy in large power grids.
3. The basic parts are the rotor with field windings, and the stator with 3-phase armature windings. The frequency of the induced EMF depends on the rotor speed and number of poles.
The document describes a wire rod mill roller table that has three sections, each driven by a separate DC motor powered by a common thyristor converter. It provides details on the roller table components, control equipment, power scheme, motor specifications, and discusses DC motors in general including their construction, principles of operation, classifications, speed control methods, and torque-speed characteristics.
The document describes the roller table of a wire rod mill. It has 3 sections each driven by a separate DC motor powered by a common thyristor converter. Provision is made to run each section independently. The roller table experiences kinks forming in the last few coils of wire rod, negatively impacting production. DC motors are then described as consisting of a stator and rotor that use electromagnetic forces to convert electrical energy into rotational motion.
The document discusses the key concepts of induction motors. It explains that an induction motor operates by using a rotating magnetic field in the stator to induce currents in the rotor that generate torque. It describes the different components of an induction motor including the squirrel cage and wound rotors. It also discusses important concepts like slip speed, synchronous speed, rotor frequency, equivalent circuits, power flow, and how torque is developed based on the interaction between stator and rotor magnetic fields.
The document provides an outline and introduction to DC machines. It discusses the construction and basic parts of DC machines including the stator and rotor. It explains the principle of operation for both DC generators and DC motors. It discusses armature reaction, commutation, and characteristics of DC motors. It also covers the equivalent circuits of DC generators and motors and provides examples of calculating speed and induced emf in DC machines operating as generators and motors.
This document provides an overview of DC machines, including their construction, principles of operation, and characteristics. It discusses DC machines functioning as generators and motors. Key points include:
- DC machines can operate as generators, converting mechanical energy to electrical energy, or motors, converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
- The main components are the stator (stationary part) and rotor (rotating part).
- In generator operation, relative motion between the magnetic field and armature windings induces an electromotive force (emf) based on Faraday's law of induction.
- In motor operation, current passing through the armature windings in a magnetic field experiences an electromagnetic force based on the left-hand
The document discusses synchronous generators and their operation. It covers:
- The two reaction theory which separates the armature mmf into direct and quadrature axis components.
- How phasor diagrams can be used to represent the direct and quadrature axis reactances (Xd and Xq).
- The slip test method to measure Xd and Xq by taking voltage-to-current ratios with the armature mmf aligned to each axis.
- Important cautions for the slip test including keeping slip extremely low to avoid errors from damper windings or open circuit voltages reaching dangerous levels.
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Similar to Electrical Machine-I .ppt.DC GENERATOR BASICS
The document discusses DC machines and their components and operating principles. It describes Maxwell's corkscrew rule and Fleming's left-hand and right-hand rules for determining the direction of magnetic fields. It also explains Lenz's law governing induced electromotive force (emf). The key components of a DC generator are conductors, magnetic field, and a mechanical power source. It converts mechanical energy to electrical energy via electromagnetic induction. A DC motor operates on the same principles in reverse, using a current to generate motion.
It the ppt on Dc machines. Dc machines is. A very good ppt. You can learn more about dc machines. Dc machines are important for science dc are machines are also important for science The DC machine can be classified into two types namely DC motors as well as DC generators. Most of the DC machines are equivalent to AC machines because they include AC currents as well as AC voltages in them. The output of the DC machine is DC output because they convert AC voltage to DC voltage. The conversion of this mechanism is known as the commutator, thus these machines are also named as commutating machines. DC machine is most frequently used for a motor. The main benefits of this machine include torque regulation as well as easy speed. The applications of the DC machine is limited to trains, mills, and mines. For example, underground subway cars, as well as trolleys, may utilize DC motors. In the past, automobiles were designed with DC dynamos for charging their batteries.
What is a DC Machine?
A DC machine is an electromechanical energy alteration device. The working principle of a DC machine is when electric current flows through a coil within a magnetic field, and then the magnetic force generates a torque that rotates the dc motor. The DC machines are classified into two types such as DC generator as well as DC motor.
DC Machine
DC Machine
The main function of the DC generator is to convert mechanical power to DC electrical power, whereas a DC motor converts DC power to mechanical power. The AC motor is frequently used in industrial applications for altering electrical energy to mechanical energy. However, a DC motor is applicable where good speed regulation & an ample range of speeds are necessary like in electric-transaction systems.
Construction of DC Machine
The construction of the DC machine can be done using some of the essential parts like Yoke, Pole core & pole shoes, Pole coil & field coil, Armature core, Armature winding otherwise conductor, commutator, brushes & bearings. Some of the parts of the DC machine is discussed below.
Construction of DC Machine
Construction of DC Machine
Yoke
Another name of a yoke is the frame. The main function of the yoke in the machine is to offer mechanical support intended for poles and protects the entire machine from moisture, dust, etc. The materials used in the yoke are designed with cast iron, cast steel otherwise rolled steel.
Pole and Pole Core
The pole of the DC machine is an electromagnet and the field winding is winding among pole. Whenever field winding is energized then the pole gives magnetic flux. The materials used for this are cast steel, cast iron otherwise pole core. It can be built with the annealed steel laminations for reducing the power drop because of the eddy currents.
PCBWay
Pole Shoe
Pole shoe in the DC machine is an extensive part as well as to enlarge the region of the pole. Because of this region, flux can be spread out within the air-gap as well as extra flux can be passed
- DC machines can operate as either generators or motors. A generator produces voltage when its coil rotates through a magnetic field, while a motor produces torque on its coil when current passes through it in a magnetic field.
- The simplest DC machine is a single loop of wire rotating through magnetic poles. Induced voltage and torque depend on flux, speed/current, and construction constants.
- Real DC machines use commutators and brushes to produce DC output from the AC voltage induced in the rotor coils. Problems during commutation like sparking are reduced by techniques like interpoles.
- The internal voltage and torque equations account for flux, speed/current, and construction constants. Power losses include copper, brush,
DC machines operate using electromagnetic induction and include generators and motors. A DC generator converts mechanical energy to electrical energy using a magnetic field and conductors that rotate inside the field. Key components of a DC generator include an armature winding on a core that rotates inside stationary field windings, producing an induced current via Faraday's law of induction. The direction of the induced electromotive force is determined by Fleming's right hand rule.
1) DC machines operate based on the principles that voltage is induced in a conductor moving through a magnetic field (generator action) and a force is induced on a conductor with current in a magnetic field (motor action).
2) The simplest DC machine is a single loop of wire rotating through magnetic poles, which induces a voltage that can be extracted using a commutator and brushes.
3) Real DC machines have more complex windings and commutation systems to produce a DC output and overcome issues like armature reaction.
4) The main types of DC generators - separately excited, shunt, and series - have different characteristics based on how their fields are connected that determine how voltage and current vary with load
The document provides details about the syllabus of an Electrical Machines course. It covers 5 units:
1) Construction and operation of DC machines including generators and motors.
2) Performance characteristics of DC machines like torque equations and efficiency.
3) Starting, speed control and testing methods for DC machines.
4) Construction, operation and testing of single phase transformers.
5) Three phase transformer connections and testing.
The summary covers the main topics covered in each unit at a high level.
The document provides information about DC generators, including:
1) It describes the basic principles and components of a DC generator, including the field magnet, armature, commutator, and brushes.
2) It discusses armature winding types, the EMF equation, armature reaction, and methods to improve commutation like interpoles and compensating windings.
3) It outlines the characteristics of DC generators like open-circuit characteristics, load characteristics, and efficiency considerations including various loss components.
This presentation is about the whole pricipal about DC machine. It explain the various important parts of dc machine.It tells about how many types of losses are present in DC machine.
1. The document discusses the syllabus and basics of synchronous generators or alternators.
2. Synchronous generators convert mechanical power into electrical power through electromagnetic induction. They are used as the primary source of electrical energy in large power grids.
3. The basic parts are the rotor with field windings, and the stator with 3-phase armature windings. The frequency of the induced EMF depends on the rotor speed and number of poles.
The document describes a wire rod mill roller table that has three sections, each driven by a separate DC motor powered by a common thyristor converter. It provides details on the roller table components, control equipment, power scheme, motor specifications, and discusses DC motors in general including their construction, principles of operation, classifications, speed control methods, and torque-speed characteristics.
The document describes the roller table of a wire rod mill. It has 3 sections each driven by a separate DC motor powered by a common thyristor converter. Provision is made to run each section independently. The roller table experiences kinks forming in the last few coils of wire rod, negatively impacting production. DC motors are then described as consisting of a stator and rotor that use electromagnetic forces to convert electrical energy into rotational motion.
The document discusses the key concepts of induction motors. It explains that an induction motor operates by using a rotating magnetic field in the stator to induce currents in the rotor that generate torque. It describes the different components of an induction motor including the squirrel cage and wound rotors. It also discusses important concepts like slip speed, synchronous speed, rotor frequency, equivalent circuits, power flow, and how torque is developed based on the interaction between stator and rotor magnetic fields.
The document provides an outline and introduction to DC machines. It discusses the construction and basic parts of DC machines including the stator and rotor. It explains the principle of operation for both DC generators and DC motors. It discusses armature reaction, commutation, and characteristics of DC motors. It also covers the equivalent circuits of DC generators and motors and provides examples of calculating speed and induced emf in DC machines operating as generators and motors.
This document provides an overview of DC machines, including their construction, principles of operation, and characteristics. It discusses DC machines functioning as generators and motors. Key points include:
- DC machines can operate as generators, converting mechanical energy to electrical energy, or motors, converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
- The main components are the stator (stationary part) and rotor (rotating part).
- In generator operation, relative motion between the magnetic field and armature windings induces an electromotive force (emf) based on Faraday's law of induction.
- In motor operation, current passing through the armature windings in a magnetic field experiences an electromagnetic force based on the left-hand
The document discusses synchronous generators and their operation. It covers:
- The two reaction theory which separates the armature mmf into direct and quadrature axis components.
- How phasor diagrams can be used to represent the direct and quadrature axis reactances (Xd and Xq).
- The slip test method to measure Xd and Xq by taking voltage-to-current ratios with the armature mmf aligned to each axis.
- Important cautions for the slip test including keeping slip extremely low to avoid errors from damper windings or open circuit voltages reaching dangerous levels.
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HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
3. Maxwell’s Cork screw Rule :
Hold the cork screw in yr right
hand and rotate it in clockwise
in such a way that it advances in
the direction of current. Then
the direction in which the hand
rotates will be the direction of
magnetic lines of force .
5. Fleming’s left hand rule
Used to determine the direction of force acting
on a current carrying conductor placed in a
magnetic field .
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of
the left hand are kept at right angles to one
another .
The middle finger represent the direction
of current
The fore finger represent the direction of
magnetic field
The thumb will indicate the direction of
force acting on the conductor .
This rule is used in motors.
7. Fleming’s Right hand rule
Used to determine the direction of emf induced
in a conductor
The middle finger , the fore finger and thumb of
the left hand are kept at right angles to one
another.
The fore finger represent the direction
of magnetic field
The thumb represent the direction of
motion of the conductor
The middle finger will indicate the
direction of the inducted emf .
This rule is used in DC Generators
8. Len’s Law
The direction of induced emf is given by
Lenz’s law .
According to this law, the induced emf will
be acting in such a way so as to oppose the
very cause of production of it .
e = -N (dØ/dt) volts
9. DC Generator
Mechanical energy is converted to electric
energy
Three requirements are essential
1. Conductors
2. Magnetic field
3. Mechanical energy
10. Working principle
A generator works on the principles of
Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
Whenever a conductor is moved in the
magnetic field , an emf is induced and the
magnitude of the induced emf is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux
linkage.
This emf causes a current flow if the
conductor circuit is closed .
19. Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding
A = P
The armature
windings are
divided into
no. of sections
equal to the no
of poles
Wave winding
A = 2
It is used in low
current output
and high voltage.
2 brushes
20. Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in
comparison with permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size ,
produce greater magnetic effect and
Field strength can be varied
22. Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical
High permeability silicon steel
stampings
Impregnated
Lamination is to reduce the eddy
current loss
23. Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to
armature conductors by means of a cu strip called
riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
24. Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines
because they are soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact
commutator
To deliver the current thro armature
Carbon is used for brushes because it has
negative temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving
area of contact
26. Carbon brush
Brush leads (pig tails)
Brush rocker ( brush gear )
Front end cover
Rear end cover
Cooling fan
Bearing
Terminal box
27. EMF equation
Let,
Ø= flux per pole in weber
Z = Total number of conductor
P = Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths
N =armature speed in rpm
Eg = emf generated in any on of the
parallel path
28. EMF equation
Flux cut by 1 conductor
in 1 revolution = P * φ
Flux cut by 1 conductor in
60 sec = P φ N /60
Avg emf generated in 1
conductor = PφN/60
Number of conductors in
each parallel path = Z /A
Eg = PφNZ/60A
29. DC generators are generally classified
according to their method of excitation .
Separately excited DC generator
Self excited D C generator
Types of DC Generator
30. Further classification of DC Generator
Series wound generator
Shunt wound generator
Compound wound generator
Short shunt & Long shunt
Cumulatively compound
&
Differentially compound
31. No load saturation characteristic (Eo/If)
Internal or Total characteristic (E/ Ia)
External characteristic (V/I)
Characteristics
32. For appreciable generation of emf, the
field resistance must be always less
certain resistance, that resistance is
called as the critical resistance of the
machine .
Critical field resistance
33. Magnetic neutral axis :
It is perpendicular to the lines of force
between the two opposite adjacent poles.
Leading pole Tip (LPT) :
It is the end of the pole which first
comes in contact with the armature.
Trailing pole tip :
It is the end of the pole which comes in
contact later with the armature.
General terms used in Armature
reaction
35. Effects of Armature Reaction
It decreases the efficiency of the machine
It produces sparking at the brushes
It produces a demagnetising effect on the
main poles
It reduces the emf induced
Self excited generators some times fail to
build up emf
36. Armature reaction remedies
1.Brushes must be shifted to the new position of
the MNA
2.Extra turns in the field winding
3.Slots are made on the tips to increase the
reluctance
4. The laminated cores of the shoe are staggered
5. In big machines the compensating winding at
pole shoes produces a flux which just opposes
the armature mmf flux automatically.
37. Commutation
The change in direction of current takes
place when the conductors are along the
brush axis .
During this reverse process brushes short
circuit that coil and undergone
commutation
Due to this sparking is produced and the
brushes will be damaged and also causes
voltage dropping.
38. Losses in DC Generators
1. Copper losses or variable losses
2. Stray losses or constant losses
Stray losses : consist of (a) iron losses or core
losses and (b) windage and friction losses .
Iron losses : occurs in the core of the machine
due to change of magnetic flux in the core .
Consist of hysteresis loss and eddy current
loss.
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .
39. Losses
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .
Eddy current losses : directly proportional to
the flux density , frequency , thickness of the
lamination .
Windage and friction losses are constant due to
the opposition of wind and friction .
40. Shunt Generators:
a. in electro plating
b. for battery recharging
c. as exciters for AC generators.
Applications
Series Generators :
A. As boosters
B. As lighting arc lamps
41. DC Motors
Converts Electrical energy into Mechanical
energy
Construction : Same for Generator and
motor
Working principle : Whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in the
magnetic field , a force is set up on the
conductor.
42. Back emf
The induced emf in the rotating armature
conductors always acts in the opposite
direction of the supply voltage .
According to the Lenz’s law, the direction of the
induced emf is always so as to oppose the
cause producing it .
In a DC motor , the supply voltage is the cause
and hence this induced emf opposes the
supply voltage.
43. Classification of DC motors
DC motors are mainly classified into
three types as listed below:
Shunt motor
Series motor
Compound motor
Differential compound
Cumulative compound
44. Torque
The turning or twisting force about an
axis is called torque .
P = T * 2 πN/ 60
Eb Ia = Ta * 2 πN/ 60
T ∞ φ I a
Ta ∞ I2a
45. Characteristic of DC motors
T/ Ia characteristic
N/ I a characteristic
N/T characteristic
46. According to the speed equation of a dc motor
N ∞ Eb/φ
∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
Thus speed can be controlled by-
Flux control method: By Changing the flux by
controlling the current through the field
winding.
Armature control method: By Changing the
armature resistance which in turn changes
the voltage applied across the armature
Speed control of DC motors
47. Advantages of flux control:
It provides relatively smooth and easy control
Speed control above rated speed is possible
As the field winding resistance is high the field current
is small. Power loss in the external resistance is small .
Hence this method is economical
Disadvantages:
Flux can be increased only upto its rated value
High speed affects the commutation, motor operation
becomes unstable
Flux control
48. Armature voltage control method
The speed is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the armature .
Voltage across armature can be controlled by
adding a variable resistance in series with the
armature
Potential divider control :
If the speed control from zero to the rated speed is
required , by rheostatic method then the voltage
across the armature can be varied by connecting
rheostat in a potential divider arrangement .
49. Starters for DC motors
Needed to limit the starting current .
1. Two point starter
2. Three point starter
3. Four point starter
50. To determine the efficiency of as DC motor , the output and
input should be known.
There are two methods.
The load test or The direct method
The indirect method
Direct method: In this method , the efficiency is determined
by knowing the input and output power of the motor.
Indirect method: Swinburne’s test is an indirect method of
testing DC shunt machines to predetermine the effficency
, as a motor and as a Generator. In this method, efficiency
is calculated by determining the losses .
Testing of DC machines