This document summarizes a study that analyzed the effects of acid deposition in primeval forests in western Ukraine. The study measured precipitation chemistry, soil chemistry, and soil water chemistry at two forest sites - a deciduous forest and a coniferous forest. It estimated historical deposition of sulfur and nitrogen at the sites from 1860 to 2008. The study found that current sulfur deposition is similar to estimated deposition from 1900-1950. Nitrogen deposition was lower at the coniferous forest site. Soil base cation concentrations were higher at the deciduous forest site due to differences in bedrock buffering capacity. The coniferous forest soils had a higher carbon pool but a lower carbon to nitrogen ratio. High nitrogen leaching was measured in the
Long-term forest soil acidification, nutrient leaching and vegetation
development: Linking modelling and surveys of a primeval spruce forest
in the Ukrainian Transcarpathian Mts.
TNC REPORT - Modeling nitrogen source loads on the north shore of LI 03-01-2016Gillian Mollod
This document summarizes the results of modeling nitrogen source loads to 13 subwatersheds along the north shore of Long Island from Little Neck Bay to Northport Bay. Wastewater from on-site waste disposal systems like septic tanks and cesspools was found to be the largest source of nitrogen in most subwatersheds. Atmospheric deposition and fertilizer use also contribute nitrogen, but to a lesser degree. The total nitrogen load and appropriate reduction strategies vary between subwatersheds based on their characteristics, and tailored approaches are needed. The modeling incorporated spatial data on land use, population, sewage systems and atmospheric deposition rates to quantify nitrogen inputs from wastewater, fertilizer and air pollution.
1) The document analyzes how evapotranspiration (ET) has changed in the Mahanadi River Basin in India due to changes in climate, land use, and water use from 1901-1955 to 1990-2000.
2) It finds that while irrigated land area increased, actual water use per unit of irrigated land varied greatly within the basin, with much higher usage in downstream humid areas leading to higher ET changes there than in upstream water-stressed areas.
3) Modeling the basin under pre-1955, post-1955 climate only, and post-1955 climate with irrigation scenarios shows that climate increased temperatures while precipitation decreased slightly, but irrigation increased ET more than climate changes alone
Greening of the Arctic: An IPY initiative
1-Rationale and overview of the GOA initiative.
2-North American Arctic Transect.
3-Yamal Russia Transect.
4-Circumpolar analysis of 28-year trends of sea-ice concentration, land-surface temperatures and greening patterns
1. The document presents Victoria Naipal's PhD dissertation on modelling long-term sediment dynamics in an Earth System Model framework.
2. Naipal developed models to simulate soil erosion globally and sediment dynamics over the last millennium to quantify changes in sediment storage and fluxes.
3. The models were able to reproduce observed global patterns of soil erosion and sediment storage, and showed that land use change was the main driver of increased sediment storage over the last millennium.
This thesis studied phosphate cycling in Green Lake, a meromictic lake in New York. Water samples were collected monthly from May to November 2011 at depths from 18-22 meters. Phosphate concentrations generally increased with depth and decreased over the sampling period, likely due to uptake by phototrophic bacteria. Turbidity measurements, which indicate bacterial density, peaked below phosphate maxima, suggesting bacteria growth was limited by phosphate availability. Non-point sources like nearby farms and a golf course may have contributed phosphate to the lake. Unusually high October phosphate levels could reflect input from heavy rain events in late summer.
Long-term forest soil acidification, nutrient leaching and vegetation
development: Linking modelling and surveys of a primeval spruce forest
in the Ukrainian Transcarpathian Mts.
TNC REPORT - Modeling nitrogen source loads on the north shore of LI 03-01-2016Gillian Mollod
This document summarizes the results of modeling nitrogen source loads to 13 subwatersheds along the north shore of Long Island from Little Neck Bay to Northport Bay. Wastewater from on-site waste disposal systems like septic tanks and cesspools was found to be the largest source of nitrogen in most subwatersheds. Atmospheric deposition and fertilizer use also contribute nitrogen, but to a lesser degree. The total nitrogen load and appropriate reduction strategies vary between subwatersheds based on their characteristics, and tailored approaches are needed. The modeling incorporated spatial data on land use, population, sewage systems and atmospheric deposition rates to quantify nitrogen inputs from wastewater, fertilizer and air pollution.
1) The document analyzes how evapotranspiration (ET) has changed in the Mahanadi River Basin in India due to changes in climate, land use, and water use from 1901-1955 to 1990-2000.
2) It finds that while irrigated land area increased, actual water use per unit of irrigated land varied greatly within the basin, with much higher usage in downstream humid areas leading to higher ET changes there than in upstream water-stressed areas.
3) Modeling the basin under pre-1955, post-1955 climate only, and post-1955 climate with irrigation scenarios shows that climate increased temperatures while precipitation decreased slightly, but irrigation increased ET more than climate changes alone
Greening of the Arctic: An IPY initiative
1-Rationale and overview of the GOA initiative.
2-North American Arctic Transect.
3-Yamal Russia Transect.
4-Circumpolar analysis of 28-year trends of sea-ice concentration, land-surface temperatures and greening patterns
1. The document presents Victoria Naipal's PhD dissertation on modelling long-term sediment dynamics in an Earth System Model framework.
2. Naipal developed models to simulate soil erosion globally and sediment dynamics over the last millennium to quantify changes in sediment storage and fluxes.
3. The models were able to reproduce observed global patterns of soil erosion and sediment storage, and showed that land use change was the main driver of increased sediment storage over the last millennium.
This thesis studied phosphate cycling in Green Lake, a meromictic lake in New York. Water samples were collected monthly from May to November 2011 at depths from 18-22 meters. Phosphate concentrations generally increased with depth and decreased over the sampling period, likely due to uptake by phototrophic bacteria. Turbidity measurements, which indicate bacterial density, peaked below phosphate maxima, suggesting bacteria growth was limited by phosphate availability. Non-point sources like nearby farms and a golf course may have contributed phosphate to the lake. Unusually high October phosphate levels could reflect input from heavy rain events in late summer.
This document compares methods for extracting and quantifying water-transportable phenols from different land uses. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract dissolved organic matter from water samples collected from grassland, woodland, and moorland sites. SPE followed by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (THM) was shown to be an effective approach for isolating and quantifying lignin-derived phenols. All the different land uses exported similar amounts of lignin per unit weight of organic carbon in the drainage water. A significant proportion of lignin phenols may be lost from soils in particulate form, so total phenol loss is likely greater than previously estimated from dissolved phenols
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
1) The study investigated how seasonal temperature changes affected the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phenols from soils treated with different plant litter types over 22 months.
2) The researchers found that seasonal soil temperature positively correlated with DOC loss from litter-free soils, but this correlation diminished over time for soils treated with grass and ash litter.
3) Phenol concentrations in the senescing litters were small, resulting in minor losses to water. The variety of dissolved phenols in litter-amended soil leachates increased over time and was influenced by litter type.
Soil properties and dune heath reestablishmentRhys Turton
This document summarizes soil analysis results from four trial plots on the Sefton Coast, England that are being used to study re-establishing heather habitat. Soil samples were collected and tested for pH, organic matter, magnetic susceptibility, exchangeable cations, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results show variation in properties between sites, with some having higher organic matter or exchangeable bases. However, there are no clear correlations between the soil analysis and the condition of the re-establishment techniques used at each site.
mpact of Some Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and Distribution of Mitosp...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study investigated ecological processes in an urban stormwater lake during its ice-covered period from November to mid-April. Data from two winter seasons showed chlorophyll-a levels under ice were 22% of open-water levels, indicating primary productivity still occurs. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher under ice, likely from road and urban runoff. Under ice, total phosphorus levels correlated positively with chlorophyll-a when nutrient ratios were low, suggesting phosphorus controls algal growth. The results provide evidence of active nutrient cycles in stormwater lakes during winter, contrary to assumptions of dormancy under ice cover.
This document presents the results of a systematic study measuring indoor radon concentration levels across the main urban areas of Cyprus. Between 2004-2012, over 400 measurements were taken using portable detectors in the districts of Lefkosia, Lemesos, Larnaka, and Pafos, which are home to 67.3% of Cyprus' population. The districts were divided into 189 grid cells of 1 km2 each. Grid cell mean radon concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 86.4 Bq/m3, with an overall mean of 14.3 Bq/m3. This is lower than the estimated global average of 39 Bq/m3. Equivalent annual effective dose rates were also calculated and
The document discusses using ammonium nitrate injections to enhance monitored natural attenuation (MNA) at a site with dissolved petroleum contamination. Baseline testing found the aquifer had a microbial population but limited nutrients and terminal electron acceptors. Approximately 116 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer was injected, providing a source of nitrate to drive biodegradation. Monitoring after injection found increased biological activity and degradation rates, showing nitrate addition can accelerate MNA by stimulating microbial growth where nutrients were previously limited.
This presentation was presented during the GSOC17 - Launch of the International Network of Black Soils that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by by Mr. Ivan Vasenev, from Timiryazev Academy – Russian Federation, in FAO Hq, Rome
Global Climate Change: Drought Assessment + ImpactsJenkins Macedo
This presentation outlined the purposes, methods, data analyses, results and conclusions of four selected articles in remotely sensed regional and global drought assessments and impacts for global environmental change. This presentation was developed and presented by Richard Maclean, doctoral student in Geography at Clark University and Jenkins Macedo, Master of Science candidate in Envrionmental Science and Policy at Clark University.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
This document describes a study that uses a hydropedological approach to model the impact of increasing soil sealing on runoff coefficients at a regional scale in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. The study uses a Green-Ampt infiltration model with locally calibrated pedotransfer functions to estimate soil infiltration and runoff under different land use scenarios from 1976 to 2008. The results show that an average 8.4% increase in sealed areas due to urbanization leads to an average increase in surface runoff of 3.5% and 2.7% for 20-year and 200-year rainfall return periods respectively, with increases over 20% in some highly sealed coastal areas.
This study investigated the impact of variation in soil moisture on Arctic ecosystems by manipulating water tables in a thaw lake basin. Spectral reflectance was used to monitor surface hydrology at different scales. Results showed that near infrared reflectance was most affected by presence of surface water, while blue reflectance was not. A normalized difference surface water index (NDSWI) using blue and near infrared bands strongly correlated with and predicted measured water table depth throughout the growing season. Spatial patterns of elevation, water table depth, and the predictive ability of NDSWI were analyzed across the study area at different scales.
This document discusses various methods for measuring soil organic carbon. It begins by explaining that soil organic carbon refers to carbon stored in soil organic matter. It then describes several qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative techniques for measuring soil organic carbon including loss-on-ignition, hydrogen peroxide digestion, wet chemistry techniques, dry combustion techniques, and non-destructive methods like NMR spectroscopy and DRIFT. The document provides details on the procedures and principles behind many of these quantitative measurement methods.
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
1) Soil samples were collected from uphill, on-site, and downhill of the Pantang municipal solid waste dump in Ghana and tested for heavy metals, organic compounds, and other chemical parameters.
2) Testing showed that concentrations of heavy metals like iron, zinc, manganese, lead, copper, and nickel as well as compounds like sulfate, ammonium, carbon, and chloride exceeded normal levels in the on-site and downhill samples.
3) The presence of pollutants in the on-site and downhill samples indicates that leachate from the dump has contaminated the surrounding soils over the 22 years of waste disposal at the site.
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document summarizes a study on the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in the Kaveripakkam Block of Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. 12 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and ions to understand the suitability of the groundwater for consumption, agriculture, and other household uses. The results indicate that the groundwater generally has a CaHCO3 facies with high salinity in some areas. Most samples were found suitable for irrigation and drinking according to WHO and other standards, though a few exceeded limits for parameters like EC, TDS, calcium, and sodium. The hydrogeochemistry of the region is mainly influenced by weathering processes.
This document summarizes a study on the biogeochemistry of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon along terrestrial-aquatic flowpaths in a montane headwater catchment in the Peruvian Amazon. The study investigated spatial and temporal variations in nutrient concentrations from upland soils to streams under baseflow and stormflow conditions. Key findings include: 1) During baseflow, strong terrestrial controls maintained relatively constant nitrate levels in streams compared to more variable upland soils; 2) Dissolved organic nitrogen dominated stream nitrogen despite decreasing concentrations from uplands; 3) Phosphorus concentrations showed the inverse pattern, with higher levels in streams than uplands. 4) Stoichiometric ratios contrasted between uplands and streams
This document compares traditional and modern methods for measuring the soil sorption complex, which is important for long-term studies of soil chemistry changes. Specifically, it analyzes soil samples from natural forests in Ukraine using both the historic Gedroiz method (involving ammonium chloride extraction and titration/weighing) and modern flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after barium chloride extraction. Despite risks of error in the Gedroiz method, results showed high correlation between nutrient measurements across soil profiles by the different methods. This allows values from past studies using labor-intensive Gedroiz to be recalculated to results of modern FAAS, enabling use of older data to study long-term soil chemical changes
The Czech Republic land reclamation policies require that after use mining sites must be reclaimed to their original use, i.e. to forests or agricultural use. This project compares the effect of technical reclamation and spontaneous succession on the communities of vascular plants and assemblages of arthropods in abandoned areas of the sand pit. It also studies the experimental restoration of psammophytic grasslands, started in 2009.
The project won the 1st Prize in the International Quarry Life Award in 2012 and the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in the Czech Republic.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/sand-pit-biodiversity-cep-ii-quarry
This document compares methods for extracting and quantifying water-transportable phenols from different land uses. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract dissolved organic matter from water samples collected from grassland, woodland, and moorland sites. SPE followed by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (THM) was shown to be an effective approach for isolating and quantifying lignin-derived phenols. All the different land uses exported similar amounts of lignin per unit weight of organic carbon in the drainage water. A significant proportion of lignin phenols may be lost from soils in particulate form, so total phenol loss is likely greater than previously estimated from dissolved phenols
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
1) The study investigated how seasonal temperature changes affected the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phenols from soils treated with different plant litter types over 22 months.
2) The researchers found that seasonal soil temperature positively correlated with DOC loss from litter-free soils, but this correlation diminished over time for soils treated with grass and ash litter.
3) Phenol concentrations in the senescing litters were small, resulting in minor losses to water. The variety of dissolved phenols in litter-amended soil leachates increased over time and was influenced by litter type.
Soil properties and dune heath reestablishmentRhys Turton
This document summarizes soil analysis results from four trial plots on the Sefton Coast, England that are being used to study re-establishing heather habitat. Soil samples were collected and tested for pH, organic matter, magnetic susceptibility, exchangeable cations, nitrogen and phosphorus. The results show variation in properties between sites, with some having higher organic matter or exchangeable bases. However, there are no clear correlations between the soil analysis and the condition of the re-establishment techniques used at each site.
mpact of Some Ecological Factors on the Occurrence and Distribution of Mitosp...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study investigated ecological processes in an urban stormwater lake during its ice-covered period from November to mid-April. Data from two winter seasons showed chlorophyll-a levels under ice were 22% of open-water levels, indicating primary productivity still occurs. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher under ice, likely from road and urban runoff. Under ice, total phosphorus levels correlated positively with chlorophyll-a when nutrient ratios were low, suggesting phosphorus controls algal growth. The results provide evidence of active nutrient cycles in stormwater lakes during winter, contrary to assumptions of dormancy under ice cover.
This document presents the results of a systematic study measuring indoor radon concentration levels across the main urban areas of Cyprus. Between 2004-2012, over 400 measurements were taken using portable detectors in the districts of Lefkosia, Lemesos, Larnaka, and Pafos, which are home to 67.3% of Cyprus' population. The districts were divided into 189 grid cells of 1 km2 each. Grid cell mean radon concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 86.4 Bq/m3, with an overall mean of 14.3 Bq/m3. This is lower than the estimated global average of 39 Bq/m3. Equivalent annual effective dose rates were also calculated and
The document discusses using ammonium nitrate injections to enhance monitored natural attenuation (MNA) at a site with dissolved petroleum contamination. Baseline testing found the aquifer had a microbial population but limited nutrients and terminal electron acceptors. Approximately 116 pounds of ammonium nitrate fertilizer was injected, providing a source of nitrate to drive biodegradation. Monitoring after injection found increased biological activity and degradation rates, showing nitrate addition can accelerate MNA by stimulating microbial growth where nutrients were previously limited.
This presentation was presented during the GSOC17 - Launch of the International Network of Black Soils that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by by Mr. Ivan Vasenev, from Timiryazev Academy – Russian Federation, in FAO Hq, Rome
Global Climate Change: Drought Assessment + ImpactsJenkins Macedo
This presentation outlined the purposes, methods, data analyses, results and conclusions of four selected articles in remotely sensed regional and global drought assessments and impacts for global environmental change. This presentation was developed and presented by Richard Maclean, doctoral student in Geography at Clark University and Jenkins Macedo, Master of Science candidate in Envrionmental Science and Policy at Clark University.
Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas reg...Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S, Lavado R. 2011. Carbon sequestration through the use of biosolids in soils of the Pampas region, Argentina. In: Environmental Management: Systems, Sustainability and Current Issues.Editor: H. C. Dupont, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, NY 11788,ISBN: 978-1-61324-733-4.pag. 221-236, 336 p
Identification of possible migration of contaminants in groundwater at a land...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on identifying possible groundwater contamination at a landfill site in Barka, Oman. Borehole drilling, soil sampling, and groundwater sampling and analysis were conducted. Results showed elevated levels of contaminants like TDS, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and coliform bacteria in groundwater below the landfill compared to background levels, indicating contamination from leachate and liquid waste disposal. A pump test also found decreasing contaminant concentrations with pumping time, suggesting contaminant migration from the landfill area.
This document describes a study that uses a hydropedological approach to model the impact of increasing soil sealing on runoff coefficients at a regional scale in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy. The study uses a Green-Ampt infiltration model with locally calibrated pedotransfer functions to estimate soil infiltration and runoff under different land use scenarios from 1976 to 2008. The results show that an average 8.4% increase in sealed areas due to urbanization leads to an average increase in surface runoff of 3.5% and 2.7% for 20-year and 200-year rainfall return periods respectively, with increases over 20% in some highly sealed coastal areas.
This study investigated the impact of variation in soil moisture on Arctic ecosystems by manipulating water tables in a thaw lake basin. Spectral reflectance was used to monitor surface hydrology at different scales. Results showed that near infrared reflectance was most affected by presence of surface water, while blue reflectance was not. A normalized difference surface water index (NDSWI) using blue and near infrared bands strongly correlated with and predicted measured water table depth throughout the growing season. Spatial patterns of elevation, water table depth, and the predictive ability of NDSWI were analyzed across the study area at different scales.
This document discusses various methods for measuring soil organic carbon. It begins by explaining that soil organic carbon refers to carbon stored in soil organic matter. It then describes several qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative techniques for measuring soil organic carbon including loss-on-ignition, hydrogen peroxide digestion, wet chemistry techniques, dry combustion techniques, and non-destructive methods like NMR spectroscopy and DRIFT. The document provides details on the procedures and principles behind many of these quantitative measurement methods.
Heavy metals and acid rain were applied over 4 years to a model forest ecosystem to study their effects on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass, basal respiration, and hydrolase enzyme activities were reduced by heavy metal contamination, especially in combination with acid rain. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids and genetic fingerprints showed that heavy metals altered the structure of bacterial communities over time. While soil pH and available heavy metal levels were similar between treatments with just heavy metals and those with both heavy metals and acid rain, the combined treatment had more drastic negative effects on the microbial community. This suggests that acid rain exacerbates the toxicity of heavy metals to soil microorganisms.
1) Soil samples were collected from uphill, on-site, and downhill of the Pantang municipal solid waste dump in Ghana and tested for heavy metals, organic compounds, and other chemical parameters.
2) Testing showed that concentrations of heavy metals like iron, zinc, manganese, lead, copper, and nickel as well as compounds like sulfate, ammonium, carbon, and chloride exceeded normal levels in the on-site and downhill samples.
3) The presence of pollutants in the on-site and downhill samples indicates that leachate from the dump has contaminated the surrounding soils over the 22 years of waste disposal at the site.
Soil Organic Carbon stabilization in compost amended soilsExternalEvents
This presentation was presented during the 2 Parallel session on Theme 2, Maintaining and/or increasing SOC stocks for climate change mitigation and adaptation and Land Degradation Neutrality, of the Global Symposium on Soil Organic Carbon that took place in Rome 21-23 March 2017. The presentation was made by Mr. Riccardo Spaccini, from Universitá di Napoli Federico II - Italy, in FAO Hq, Rome
This document summarizes a study on the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in the Kaveripakkam Block of Vellore District, Tamil Nadu, India. 12 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physicochemical parameters and ions to understand the suitability of the groundwater for consumption, agriculture, and other household uses. The results indicate that the groundwater generally has a CaHCO3 facies with high salinity in some areas. Most samples were found suitable for irrigation and drinking according to WHO and other standards, though a few exceeded limits for parameters like EC, TDS, calcium, and sodium. The hydrogeochemistry of the region is mainly influenced by weathering processes.
This document summarizes a study on the biogeochemistry of dissolved nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon along terrestrial-aquatic flowpaths in a montane headwater catchment in the Peruvian Amazon. The study investigated spatial and temporal variations in nutrient concentrations from upland soils to streams under baseflow and stormflow conditions. Key findings include: 1) During baseflow, strong terrestrial controls maintained relatively constant nitrate levels in streams compared to more variable upland soils; 2) Dissolved organic nitrogen dominated stream nitrogen despite decreasing concentrations from uplands; 3) Phosphorus concentrations showed the inverse pattern, with higher levels in streams than uplands. 4) Stoichiometric ratios contrasted between uplands and streams
This document compares traditional and modern methods for measuring the soil sorption complex, which is important for long-term studies of soil chemistry changes. Specifically, it analyzes soil samples from natural forests in Ukraine using both the historic Gedroiz method (involving ammonium chloride extraction and titration/weighing) and modern flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) after barium chloride extraction. Despite risks of error in the Gedroiz method, results showed high correlation between nutrient measurements across soil profiles by the different methods. This allows values from past studies using labor-intensive Gedroiz to be recalculated to results of modern FAAS, enabling use of older data to study long-term soil chemical changes
The Czech Republic land reclamation policies require that after use mining sites must be reclaimed to their original use, i.e. to forests or agricultural use. This project compares the effect of technical reclamation and spontaneous succession on the communities of vascular plants and assemblages of arthropods in abandoned areas of the sand pit. It also studies the experimental restoration of psammophytic grasslands, started in 2009.
The project won the 1st Prize in the International Quarry Life Award in 2012 and the 1st Prize in National Quarry Life Award in 2012 in the Czech Republic.
Read more: http://www.quarrylifeaward.com/project/sand-pit-biodiversity-cep-ii-quarry
Environmental Qualitative assessment of rivers sedimentsGJESM Publication
In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals (Ca, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni) in thesediment of Shavoor River in Khuzestan Province in Iran has been investigated. After the library studies and field studies, six samples of water
and sediment were taken from the river in order to evaluate heavy metal pollution in sediments. To determine the
geochemical phases of metals in sediment samples the 5-step method was used for chemical separation. For quantitative assessment of the severity of contamination in the sediments, the geochemical indicators such as enriched factor (EF) and the accumulation index (Igeo) were used. Also, the statistical analyses including methods such as correlation analysis cluster analysis the (CA), were conducted.The results of the experiments showed that the organic matter deposited varies
with the average of 2.49 and ranges between 1.95% and 3.43%. Samples showed concentrations of metals such as calcium, iron, manganese, copper and nickel at all the sampling points were below the global average, whereas the concentration of copper was slightly higher than the global scale. Enriched factor (EF) was calculated for the elements revealed that heavy metals are classified as non-infected. The Geo-accumulation Index showed that the studied elements were uninfected peers. Based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis it was concluded that metals such as manganese, copper, iron, nickel and zinc are mainly natural and calcium metal is likely to have an organic origin.
The document analyzes archived soil and herbage samples from the long-running Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted in the UK to determine the impacts of long-term phosphate fertilizer applications on arsenic concentrations. Samples receiving phosphate fertilizers annually from 1856 to 1947 showed arsenic levels in topsoil that almost doubled during this period and remained stable thereafter. Herbage samples from fertilized plots during 1888-1947 also contained significantly more arsenic. Mass balance calculations indicate the increase in soil arsenic can be explained by arsenic inputs from phosphate fertilizers used before 1948, which contained much higher arsenic levels than later fertilizers. The results demonstrate that phosphate fertilizers applied before 1948 caused substantial arsenic contamination of the soil at the
The North America and Eurasia Arctic transects: Edie Barbour
Walker, D.A., Kuss, H.P., Kopecky, M., Frost, G.V., Kade, A., Vonlanthen, C., Raynolds, M.K., and Epstein, H., 2011, The North America and Eurasia Artctic transects: Using phytosociology and remote sensing to detect vegetation pattern and change: Proceedings Euiropean Vegetation Survey, 20th Workshop, Rome, 6-9 April 2011,
The document summarizes research along two Arctic transects spanning different regions and time periods. Field studies were conducted along the North American Arctic Transect from 2002-2006 and the Eurasian Arctic Transect from 2007-2010. Vegetation, soils, and climate data were collected at sites representing different Arctic bioclimate subzones. Satellite data was also analyzed to detect long-term vegetation trends. While plant communities differed between regions due to environmental factors, the transects provided a synoptic view of Arctic vegetation across the climate gradient that enhanced understanding of relationships between vegetation and changing Arctic conditions.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within acceptable limits. Some metals like chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas during the wet season and effluent discharges from industrial and municipal waste during the dry season. The river's ecological status is important to protect.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
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Anthropogenic acidification effects in primeval forests in the transcarpathian
1. This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached
copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research
and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
and sharing with colleagues.
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websites are prohibited.
In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the
article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or
institutional repository. Authors requiring further information
regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are
encouraged to visit:
http://www.elsevier.com/copyright
3. Author's personal copy
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Site description
The Javornik site represents a natural deciduous forest on the
border between Ukraine and Slovakia at 850 m a.s.l. (22°31′ E; 48°55′
N) (Fig. 1). Forest vegetation consists namely of European beech
(Fagus sylvatica L.) and Sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.). Soils are
Cambisols (Michéli et al., 2006) developed on well-buffered bedrock
(flysch). The site is situated on a N-oriented slope, with mean annual
temperature of 5 °C and annual precipitation of 1.1 m. The Pop Ivan
site is a natural coniferous forest situated on the border between
Ukraine and Romania at 1480 m a.s.l. (24°31′ E; 47°57′ N) (Fig. 1). The
forest cover is dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten).
Soils are mostly Podzols in different stages of development as well as
Cambisols. The bedrock consists namely of acid sensitive crystalline
schist and gneiss. The Pop Ivan site is situated on a steep slope
oriented to the W, with mean annual temperature of 2 ° C and annual
precipitation of 1.8 m. Both sites are probably among the most natural
forests of such extent in Central Europe, because direct human
impacts have been minimal in this area.
2.2. Precipitation, soil, and soil water: sampling and chemical analyses
Sampling networks of precipitation collectors (9 at Javornik, 5 at
Pop Ivan) were installed (in May at Javornik, September at Pop Ivan,
2007) in a regular grid for throughfall measurements. Bulk precipi-
tation was sampled at nearby open fields (2 collectors at each site).
Precipitation was collected monthly by polyethylene funnels (area of
122 cm2
) which were replaced in winter by open plastic vessels (area
of 167 cm2
) at Javornik. During the winter season (October–April),
high snow depth and unapproachable trail conditions lead us to use
high volume samplers (area of 990 cm2
) for bulk and throughfall
(area of 179 cm2
) at Pop Ivan. At each site, the contents of throughfall
samplers were combined to create one sample for chemical analysis,
bulk precipitation collectors were analyzed separately.
Soil water has been collected since May (September at Pop Ivan)
2007 using suction lysimeters at depths of 30 and 90 cm in the
mineral soil (6 lysimeters in each depth at Javornik and 3 lysimeters in
each depth at Pop Ivan). Zero-tension lysimeters were installed under
the forest floor at both sites (6 and 3 replications). All lysimeter
samples were collected monthly and combined to create one sample
from each depth for each month.
Water pH was measured using a pH meter with a combination
electrode (Radiometer model GK-2401C). Cl, SO4 and NO3 were
measured by exchange ion chromatography. Ca, Mg, Na, K, Si and Al
were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS),
and NH4 by indophenol blue colorimetry. Alkalinity was measured by
strong acid (0.1 M HCl) titration with Gran plot analysis. Samples
processing and analysis were made in the Accredited Testing
Laboratory according to criteria of the ISO/IEC 17025:2005.
Quantitative soil samples were based on eight (Javornik) and four
(Pop Ivan) pits. Soil masses were estimated by excavating 0.5 m2
pits
using the method described in Huntington et al. (1988). This
technique entails collection of the Ol plus Of (litter plus fermented)
horizons as a single sample, and then the Oh (humus) horizon.
Mineral soil was collected for the depths of: 0–10, 10–20, 20–40 and
40–80 cm. The soil samples were weighed, and then sieved after air-
drying (mesh size of 5 mm for organic horizons and 2 mm for mineral
horizons). Soil moisture was determined gravimetrically by drying at
105 °C. Soil pH was determined in both deionized water and 1 M KCl.
Exchangeable cations were analyzed in 0.1 M BaCl2 extracts by FAAS.
Total exchangeable acidity (TEA) was determined by titration of 0.1 M
BaCl2 extracts with 0.1 M NaOH. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was
calculated as the sum of exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, K and TEA. Base
saturation (BS) was determined as the fraction of CEC associated with
base cations. Total carbon (C) and total nitrogen were determined
using a Carlo-Erba Fisons 1108 analyzer.
2.3. Water and element fluxes of the soil solution
To assess the water and element fluxes through the soil profiles we
used a measurement of the chloride (Cl) mass budget. Chlorine
compounds tend to be highly soluble in water and mobile in soils, so
atmospheric deposition and transport through terrestrial ecosystems
is rapid if there is active hydrologic flow. In addition, small-watershed
studies assume that weathering of Cl is negligible compared to
atmospheric deposition (Juang and Johnson, 1967). The water flux
through different soil horizon was calculated as follows:
water flux ðxÞðmmÞ =
Cl throughfall flux ðmg m−1
Þ
Soil Solution ðxCl concÞðmg L−1
Þ
where: x is the water flux in the respective soil horizon and xCl is the
respective soil horizon Cl concentration. Solute fluxes were calculated
by multiplying the annual average of each solute by the water flux.
2.4. Trends in emissions of sulphur and nitrogen
Historical Czech (CZ) emissions of SO2 and NOx were taken from the
Yearbooks of the Czech Statistical Office and REZZO register (Registry
of atmospheric pollution sources; www.chmi.cz) for the period 1980–
2006. The CZ emissions were tightly correlated with total emissions
from Poland, Slovakia and Romania (Berge, 1997) in the period 1980–
2006 (R2
=0.98; pb0.001 for SO2 and R2
=0.93; pb0.001 for NOx).
Historical anthropogenic emissions of SO2 were calculated on the basis
of brown coal mining, which was the major source of SO2 emissions in
the 20th century (Kopáček and Veselý, 2005). Anthropogenic SO2
emissions in the period 1960–1994 were calculated using a linear
regression model between coal mining and SO2 emission inventories
(R2
=0.89; pb0.001), and according to the linear regression model
between coal mining and SO2 emissions estimated by Mylona (1993)
(R2
=0.92; pb0.001) for the period 1860–1959 (Fig. 2A). Trends in
SO2 emissions were used to estimate S deposition.
Energy production through fuel combustion has been the major
source of NOx emissions in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. During the
first half of the 20th century, burning of solid fuel (black and brown
coal) was the main source of energy production (almost 90%). Since
the 1960s the role of liquid and gaseous fuels have continuously
Fig. 1. Locations of the research sites Javornik and Pop Ivan (circles), the meteorological
stations Chopok and Starina (squares) and research sites in the Czech Republic and
Slovakia (triangles).
857F. Oulehle et al. / Science of the Total Environment 408 (2010) 856–864
4. Author's personal copy
increased, up to 40% in the 1990s (Kopáček and Veselý, 2005).
However, Czech NOx emissions between 1980 and 2006 (REZZO
inventory) were still tightly correlated with brown coal mining
(R2
=0.89; pb0.001). We used 3% of the anthropogenic NOx emission
in the 1980s as an estimation of the emission from natural sources (soil
processes, burning of straw and stubble) (Pacyna et al., 1991) (Fig. 2B).
Historical Czech and Slovak emission trends for NH3 were calculated
for the whole 1860–2006 period according to Asman et al. (1988), using
livestock production data (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses and poultry)
and the production and consumption of nitrogenous fertilisers. Data on
livestock production and fertiliser usage were derived from Kopáček
and Veselý (2005) and recalculated for the Transcarpathian region
according to the status of livestock in the 1870–1904 period (Zlatník,
1934) (Fig. 2C) to obtain more realistic estimations of emission sources
in this agricultural area. These calculated emissions of NH3 were used to
estimate N–NH4 deposition (Fig. 2D).
2.5. Trends in deposition of sulphur and nitrogen
Data on the atmospheric deposition and precipitation concentra-
tions of SO4, NO3 and NH4 were taken from the following sources: (1)
bulk concentrations and deposition in Slovakia from the Chopok
Station, situated at 2008 m a.s.l. ~300 km west of Javornik (1978–
2006 period, www.emep.int) and the Starina Station, situated at
345 m a.s.l. ~30 km west of Javornik (1994–2006, www.emep.int)
(Fig. 1); (2) bulk deposition and concentrations from Javornik and Pop
Ivan (2007–2008); (3) throughfall deposition and concentrations
from Javornik and Pop Ivan (2007–2008).
The relationship used for the estimate of bulk SO4 concentrations at
the Starina Station from 1978 to 2006 was based on a linear regression
between the Chopok and Starina Stations for 1994–2006 (R2
=0.70;
pb0.001). The relationship used for the estimation of SO4 concentrations
at Starina for the entire 1860–2006 period was based on a linear
regression between the Starina SO4 bulk concentration and respective
1978–2006 SO2 emissions (R2
=0.85; pb0.001). The Starina bulk S
deposition was calculated by multiplying the estimated SO4 concentra-
tion by average precipitation amount (Fig. 3A). Because there was no
significant difference between measured monthly bulk SO4 concentra-
tions at Starina (2005–2006), Javornik (2007–2008) and Pop Ivan
(2008), we used the Starina SO4 concentrations as a measure of S
deposition at Javornik and Pop Ivan (Fig. 6A). Total S deposition was
calculated using the dry deposition factor (DDF) obtained from through-
fall to bulk deposition at Javornik and Pop Ivan in 2008. At Javornik, a ratio
of 1 was used prior to 1940, followed by a gradual increase to the
measured ratio of 1.4 between 1950 and 2006 (Fig. 3B). At Pop Ivan, a
ratio of 1 was used prior to 1940, followed by a ratio of 1.1 for the 1940s,
then 1.2 between 1950 and 2006 (Fig. 3C). The DDF was scaled according
to anthropogenic SO2 emission temporal change. We assumed that DDF
was equalled 1 before ca. 1940 as a result of significantly lower coal
burning (Fig. 2) and consequently low particle emissions.
Similarly, the relationship used for the estimation of bulk NO3
concentrations at the Starina Station in 1978–2006 was based on a
linear regression between the Chopok and Starina Station for 1994–
2006 (R2
=0.51; pb0.01). The relationship used for the estimation of
NO3 concentrations at Starina for the entire 1860–2006 period was
based on a linear regression between Starina NO3 bulk concentrations
and respective NO3 emissions (R2
=0.60; pb0.001) (Fig. 4A). No
significant difference between measured monthly bulk concentration
of NO3 at Starina and Javornik was observed (Fig. 6B). Therefore,
historical bulk N–NO3 concentration from Starina was used for
Javornik deposition calculation. The throughfall flux was based on
the ratio of throughfall to bulk deposition at Javornik measured in
2008. A DDF of 1 was applied for 1860–1940, increasing to 1.1 in 1950
and then to 1.4 for the 1970–2008 period (Fig. 4B). Measured monthly
bulk NO3 concentrations at Pop Ivan (2008) significantly differed from
those at Starina (Fig. 6B). Based on the ratio of NO3 bulk
Fig. 2. Coal mining and estimated emissions of SO2 (A), NOx (B) and NH4 (D), plus cattle production in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine (C).
858 F. Oulehle et al. / Science of the Total Environment 408 (2010) 856–864
5. Author's personal copy
concentrations between Pop Ivan and Starina in 2008 (0.26), a N–NO3
deposition trend was calculated for the Pop Ivan site from 1860 to
2008. The throughfall flux was calculated according to the ratio
between throughfall to bulk deposition in 2008 (0.7). This ratio was
applied for the whole period from 1860 to 2008 (Fig. 4C), because of
lower flux in throughfall compared to bulk deposition.
For the estimation of N–NH4 bulk concentrations at the Starina
Station we used a linear regression between Starina (1994–2006) and
the respective NH3 emissions (R2
=0.47; pb0.01) (Fig. 5A). No
significant difference was found between monthly N–NH4 bulk
concentrations at Starina and Javornik (Fig. 6C); therefore, bulk N–
NH4 deposition at Javornik was estimated based on bulk chemistry at
Starina (Fig. 5B). In contrast, bulk N–NH4 concentrations at Pop Ivan
significantly differed from those at Starina (average 0.19 mg L−1
vs.
0.41 mg L−1
) (Fig. 6C). The ratio of 0.5 was used for the calculation of
N–NH4 deposition at Pop Ivan. Throughfall fluxes were calculated
from the ratio between throughfall to bulk deposition in 2008. The
ratio of 0.8 was used for the Javornik site (1860–2008) and 1.2 for the
Pop Ivan site (1860–2008) (Fig. 5C).
Estimation of S–SO4, N–NO3 and N–NH4 bulk deposition at
Javornik and Pop Ivan were based on precipitation chemistry in the
Starina Station. Uncertainty associated with the deposition estimates
was calculated as a difference between mean concentrations of the
respective solutes at Starina Station, Javornik and Pop Ivan. For SO4
the uncertainty was estimated less than 30% and for NO3 and NH4 less
than 10% according to available data.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Sulphur
3.1.1. Trends in emissions and deposition rates of sulphur
The burning of brown coal in Central European power plants has
been the main source of anthropogenic SO2 emissions in the area
(Berge et al., 1999). SO2 emissions started to increase after World War
II as a result of industrial development. The highest SO2 emissions in
the Czech Republic were measured in the first half of the 1980s
(2.3 million of tons per year). A rapid decline has occurred since the
Fig. 3. Estimated and measured bulk deposition of S–SO4 at Starina Station
(A), estimated and measured bulk and throughfall deposition of S–SO4 at Javornik
(B) and Pop Ivan (C).
Fig. 4. Estimated and measured bulk deposition of N–NO3 at Starina Station
(A), estimated and measured bulk deposition and throughfall flux of N–NO3 at Javornik
(B) and Pop Ivan (C).
859F. Oulehle et al. / Science of the Total Environment 408 (2010) 856–864
6. Author's personal copy
mid 1980s caused by industrial declines and desulphurization of
power plants in the 1990s. Recent CZ emissions of SO2 are similar to
those in the 1890s (Fig. 2A).
The estimated trend of S bulk deposition at the Starina Station
(Slovakia), which was estimated from the CZ emissions of SO2, agrees
well with the measured data (pb0.001; Fig. 3A). Deposition trends of
bulk S at Javornik and Pop Ivan, which were estimated from the
Starina bulk S deposition trend, peaked in the early 1980s with 25 and
33 kg ha−1
year−1
, respectively (Fig. 3B,C). Throughfall deposition
was estimated as 35 and 40 kg ha−1
year−1
in the 1980s. In 2008,
measured bulk S deposition was 7.4 kg ha−1
year−1
at Javornik and
8.8 kg ha−1
year−1
at Pop Ivan, while throughfall deposition of S was
10.5 at Javornik and 10.6 kg ha−1
year−1
at Pop Ivan (Fig. 3B,C). The
bulk and throughfall deposition of S at Javornik was higher than that
measured in a beech forest in the Czech Republic (Table 1) even
though the Transcarpathian Mts. have frequently been reported as
being a less polluted area. For example, at the formerly highly polluted
Načetín site in the Krušné hory (50 kg ha−1
year−1
of total S deposition
in 1994–1996, NW Czech Republic, Fig. 1) only 5.4 kg ha−1
year−1
in
bulk and 7.6 kg ha−1
year−1
in throughfall was measured in 2008
(Table 1). Bulk deposition of S at Pop Ivan is similar to that in the High
Tatra Mts., Slovakia (Kopáček et al., 2004) but again higher than bulk
deposition in the Czech Republic (Table 1). Throughfall S deposition
under the spruce canopy at Pop Ivan is slightly higher than at the Czech
sites (Table 1). The reason explaining the higher deposition at sites in
Ukraine was higher precipitation amounts there, particularly at Pop Ivan,
compared to Czech sites (Table 1). Cumulative S deposition between
1860 and 2008 was estimated as 1700 kg ha−1
and 2250 kg ha−1
for
bulk deposition, and 2095 kg ha−1
and 2530 kg ha−1
for throughfall
deposition, at Javornik and Pop Ivan, respectively.
3.2. Nitrogen
3.2.1. Trends in emission and deposition rates of oxidised nitrogen
Solid fuel and wood combustion in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
were the main sources of NOx emissions until 1950s and solid fuel
combustion contributed to the total NOx emissions by ca 50% in late
Fig. 5. Estimated and measured bulk deposition of N–NH4 at Starina Station
(A), estimated and measured bulk deposition and throughfall flux of N–NH4 at Javornik
(B) and Pop Ivan (C).
Fig. 6. Concentrations of S–SO4 (A), N–NO3 (B) and N–NH4 (C) in monthly bulk
precipitation at Starina Station (2005–2006), Javornik (2007–2008) and Pop Ivan
(2007–2008). Different letters indicated statistically different chemistry (One-Way
ANOVA, pb0.05).
860 F. Oulehle et al. / Science of the Total Environment 408 (2010) 856–864
7. Author's personal copy
1990s (Kopáček and Veselý, 2005). The highest emissions were
estimated for the 1980s (Fig. 2B). Recent emissions are similar to those
in the 1960s, with decreases since 1980s primarily due to the
optimization of combustion in power plants (Kopáček and Veselý, 2005).
The estimated trend of N–NO3 bulk deposition at Starina was based on
NOx emissions and corresponds with the measured deposition (Fig. 4A).
Bulk deposition of N–NO3 at Javornik increased sharply between the
1960s and 1970s, and reached their maximum of 8 kg ha−1
year−1
in
the 1980s. Significantly lower bulk deposition was estimated for Pop
Ivan, with a maximum of 2.8 kg ha−1
year−1
in the 1980s (Fig. 4B,C).
The throughfall flux of N–NO3 was estimated to be higher than bulk
deposition at Javornik and lower at Pop Ivan (Fig. 4B,C). The measured
N–NO3 bulk deposition and throughfall flux in 2008 was 4.9 and
7.4 kg ha−1
year−1
and 1.9 and 1.4 kg ha−1
year−1
at Javornik and Pop
Ivan, respectively (Table 1). Low NO3 throughfall concentrations at Pop
Ivan, mostly under detection limit of 0.05 mg L−1
, were measured
during the summer season. Thus lower N–NO3 throughfall flux than bulk
deposition at Pop Ivan could be explained by nitrate consumption and
the production of organic N in the canopy (Lovett and Lindberg, 1993).
Measured N–NO3 bulk deposition at Javornik was similar to that
measured in the Czech Republic and higher than in the High Tatra Mts.,
Slovakia (Table 1). On the other hand, bulk deposition of N–NO3 was
markedly lower at Pop Ivan compared to that in the Czech Republic and
Slovakia (Table 1). This could be due to the long distance from large
stationary sources of NOx emissions and the low population density
(meaning sparse mobile sources of emissions). Cumulative N–NO3
deposition was estimated to be 560 and 190 kg ha−1
for bulk deposition
and 700 and 135 kg ha−1
for throughfall flux at Javornik and Pop Ivan,
respectively, for the period 1860–2008.
3.2.2. Trends in emission and deposition rates of reduced nitrogen
In contrast to NOx and SO2, NH3 emissions are mostly derived from
agricultural production. Estimated emissions in the Transcarpathian
area (Fig. 2D) were about 30% lower than reconstructed emissions for
the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Kopáček and Veselý, 2005). The
emission rate was relatively high from 1860 to 1950 and increased by
50% up to the 1980s. Recent emissions of NH3 are comparable to those
estimated for the period 1860–1950. The NH3 emissions have
decreased since the 1980s primarily due to a 55% reduction in cattle
production and the fertilisation of farmland in the Czech Republic and
Slovakia (Kopáček and Veselý, 2005). We suppose that a similar
situation has also occurred in the western Ukraine, where there have
been declines in planned agriculture since the late 1980s.
The estimated trend of N–NH4 bulk deposition at Starina corre-
sponded with measured data (Fig. 5A), and provided a reasonable basis
for the estimate of N–NH4 bulk deposition trends at Javornik and Pop
Ivan. At both sites, stable N–NH4 depositionwasestimatedfor theperiod
1860–1950, with averages of 8 and 5 kg ha−1
year−1
, followed by
estimated increases to 22 and 15 kg ha−1
year−1
in the 1980s and
decreases by 30% during the 1990s (Fig. 5B,C). The measured throughfall
flux in 2008 (5.8 kg ha−1
year−1
at the Javornik and 4.6 kg ha−1
year−1
at the Pop Ivan, Table 1) was lower than bulk deposition at Javornik and
higher than at Pop Ivan. Recent deposition is equal to the reconstructed
deposition between 1860 and 1950. Measured bulk deposition at
Javornik (7.2 kg ha−1
year−1
) is similar to that measured in the Czech
Republic, while bulk deposition at Pop Ivan (3.7 kg ha−1
year−1
) is
similar to that in the Tatra Mts. (Table 1). From 1860 to 2008, cumulative
N–NH4 deposition was estimated to be 1520 and 1000 kg ha−1
for bulk
deposition and 1220 and 1200 kg ha−1
for throughfall flux at Javornik
and Pop Ivan, respectively.
3.3. Soil chemistry
Soils at Javornik are Haplic Cambisols with dry fine soil (b2.0 mm)
comprising 45–60% of the total soil pool. Soils at Pop Ivan are mostly
Entic and Haplic Podzols with dry fine soil comprising 75% of the
uppermost mineral profile (0–20 cm) and comprising 35% at the 40–
80 cm depth. Concentrations of exchangeable base cations were the
highest in the organic soil layers at both sites, but ca. 4–6 times higher
at Javornik compared to Pop Ivan (Table 2). This difference was also
manifested in base saturation — 87–91% and 21–51% in the forest floor
layer (Ol +Of and Oh) at Javornik and Pop Ivan, respectively (Table 2).
In the mineral soil, concentrations of exchangeable cations mainly
reflected the bedrock composition (Table 2; Houška, 2007), and base
cation concentrations were almost an order of magnitude higher for
Ca and 2–3 times higher for Mg at Javornik. Such difference in base
cation concentrations resulted in very different base saturation: 30–
37% at Javornik versus only 5–8% at Pop Ivan in the mineral soil
(Table 2). Also, soil pHKCl was much higher at Javornik in the Ol +Of
layer — 4.88 compared to 2.74 at Pop Ivan. In the mineral soil, pH
differences were not so pronounced, and in the deepest horizons soil
pH was higher at Pop Ivan (Table 2). This was the result of the
extremely low CEC at Pop Ivan (19 mmol+kg−1
) in these deepest
horizons. CEC was generally higher at Javornik (70 mmol+kg−1
)
compared to Pop Ivan (47 mmol+kg−1
).
Pools of base cations in the whole soil profile (0–90 cm) were
significantly higher at Javornik, similar to the proportions of exchange-
able base cation concentrations (Table 2). Concentrations of C and N
were highest in the organic layers and in the top of the mineral soil
profile. The total pool of C was higher at the acidic and colder Pop Ivan
(Table 2). The C concentrations positively correlated with N (pb0.001)
at both sites. The C/N mass ratio was between 21 and 25 at Javornik and
24 and 28 at Pop Ivan in the Ol +Of and Oh horizons. The C/N ratio was
lower in the mineral soil, varying between 13 and 16 at Javornik
(through the whole profile) and between 15 and 18 at Pop Ivan (0–
40 cm) but with a ratio of 29 in the lowermost 40–80 cm depth.
The soil chemistry at Javornik does not show symptoms of
acidification with respect to high concentration of TEA (Table 2), most
probably due to the high base cation weathering rate from the flysch
bedrock. Compared to the Červík catchment (Beskydy Mts., Fig. 1) in the
eastern Czech Republic (Fottová, unpublished data), also underlain by
flysch but receiving an approximately two times higher deposition of S,
Table 1
Measured precipitation chemistry and deposition at Javornik, Pop Ivan, Načetín in 2008, Čertovo Lake (Kopáček et al., 2006) and the Tatra Mts. (Kopáček et al., 2004).
Water
(mm)
pH Alkalinity Na Mg K Ca N–NH4
+
N–NO3
–
S–SO4
2–
Cl–
ueq L−1
kg ha−1
year−1
Javornik Bulk 1340 4.86 −6 2.3 0.7 2.2 5.3 7.2 4.9 7.4 3.1
THFbeech 1002 5.13 49 2.3 2.1 29.6 9.5 5.7 7.4 10.5 4.2
Pop Ivan Bulk 2190 5.00 −9 1.8 0.8 3.4 6.2 3.8 1.9 8.8 3.3
THFspruce 1583 5.04 −3 3.1 1.6 8.6 9.7 4.6 1.4 10.6 4.9
Načetín (2008) Bulk 1034 4.93 −10 3.7 0.8 1.0 2.4 6.3 3.7 5.4 5.9
THFspruce 644 4.38 −36 6.3 1.9 13.5 7.6 6.7 7.3 10.2 12.0
THFbeech 645 4.69 3 3.5 1.9 9.6 6.2 5.1 6.5 7.6 8.9
Čertovo Lake (2005) Bulk 1368 4.73 −22 2.2 0.4 1.0 2.6 4.7 5.2 5.2 3.1
THFspruce 1347 4.58 −27 4.1 1.5 10.0 6.5 6.8 9.1 9.2 7.6
Tatra Mts. Bulk 1340 4.55 – 1.0 0.5 0.5 3.2 4.5 3.7 10.4 1.8
861F. Oulehle et al. / Science of the Total Environment 408 (2010) 856–864
8. Author's personal copy
base saturation at Javornik is ca. 2 times higher through the whole soil
profile. On the other hand, Houška (2007) confirmed positive influence
of acidic deposition on loss of neutralizing capacity by significant
lowering of soil pH in the period 1935–1998 (average pHKCl dropped
from 4.5 to 3.5 in A horizon and from 4.0 to 3.7 in B horizon).
In contrast, the soil chemistry at Pop Ivan shows symptoms of
acidification, and is quite similar to the Czech sites underlain by
similar igneous acidic bedrocks. For example, the Lysina catchment in
the western Czech Republic (Fig. 1) with granite bedrock has mineral
soil base saturation between 4–7% (Hruška et al., 2002). The forest
plot Načetín in the Krušné hory (underlain by gneiss) also only has
mineral soil base saturation between 5 and 8% (Oulehle et al., 2006).
Nevertheless, the high average precipitation (1.8 m) and low
temperature could be natural factors accelerating soil depletion at
Pop Ivan, and the role of anthropogenic acidification requires future
study (e.g. by biogeochemical models).
3.4. Soil water chemistry and element fluxes
Water fluxes in the soil profile at Javornik decreased with depth as
a result of forest transpiration in the topsoil where the majority of
roots are present. In contrast, at Pop Ivan the water flux (calculated
using the Cl balance) increased with depth, probably as a result of
lateral water movement on the steep slope (Table 3). The reasons of
the relatively high interception in the Pop Ivan spruce forest (28%
of precipitation in 2008, Table 1) were after short term measurements
of water fluxes in open field and throughfall uncertain.
The fluxof S through thesoil profile at Javornik wassimilar to current
deposition (Table 2), and at 90 cm was calculated as 9.8 kg ha−1
year−1
.
Similar concentrations of soil water SO4 were measured at Pop Ivan
(Table 3). The SO4 concentrations at Javornik and Pop Ivan (Table 3)
were markedly lower compared to Načetín (Oulehle et al., 2006), where
soil water SO4 concentration in 90 cm depth were 22 mg L−1
in spruce
forest and 12 mg L−1
in beech forest. Nevertheless, high export of S at
the 90 cm depth was caused by the high water flux calculated by the Cl
balance model. Nitrogen flux (based mainly or only on the N–NO3
concentration under the forest floor/mineral soil) was highest under the
forest floor at Javornik (37 kg ha−1
year−1
), likely as a result of high
mineralization and nitrification rates in the old beech forest. Even at
90 cm the N flux was estimated to be 17 kg ha−1
year−1
, which is more
than current deposition (Tables 2 and 3). On the other hand, Hedin et al.
(1995) showed that nitrogen loss in unpolluted old growth forests is
driven primarily by dissolved organic nitrogen, rather than inorganic
forms. The high leaching of N–NO3 could be attributable to the low soil
Table 3
Soil water concentrations (upper panel) and fluxes (lower panel) at different soil profile depths (forest floor, 30 and 90 cm) at Javornik and Pop Ivan.
2008 pH Alkalinity Na K Ca Mg SiO2 Al NH4
+
NO3
−
SO4
2−
Cl−
Bc/Al
ueq L−1
mg L− 1
mol/mol
Javornik Forest floor 4.82 36.5 0.20 5.56 6.10 0.84 2.42 0.43 0.63 20.20 3.18 0.58 20.7
30 cm 4.87 4.3 0.43 0.32 4.72 0.63 4.82 0.26 0.14 9.55 4.39 0.78 15.8
90 cm 5.62 41.7 0.78 0.49 5.31 0.99 5.23 0.05 0.18 12.80 5.39 0.77 105.7
Pop Ivan Forest floor 4.06 −93.0 0.22 1.40 1.18 0.43 3.68 0.46 0.57 4.67 3.82 0.63 4.8
30 cm 4.47 −26.3 0.41 0.11 0.35 0.34 3.81 0.79 0.03 1.80 3.69 0.37 0.9
90 cm 4.57 −20.5 0.48 0.15 0.65 0.44 4.90 0.64 0.02 3.07 4.18 0.23 1.6
2008 Water Na K Ca Mg SiO2 Al Cl S N
mm kg ha−1
year−1
Javornik Forest floor 726 1.5 40.4 44.3 6.1 17.6 3.1 4.2 7.7 36.7
30 cm 540 2.3 1.7 25.5 3.4 26.0 1.4 4.2 7.9 12.2
90 cm 547 4.3 2.7 29.1 5.4 28.6 0.3 4.2 9.8 16.6
Pop Ivan Forest floor 779 1.7 10.9 9.2 3.3 28.7 3.6 4.9 9.9 11.7
30 cm 1326 5.5 1.4 4.6 4.5 50.6 10.5 4.9 16.3 5.7
90 cm 2133 10.2 3.1 13.9 9.3 104.5 13.7 4.9 29.7 15.1
Forest floor layer included Ol, Of and Oh horizon.
Table 2
Soil chemistry (upper panel) and pools (lower panel) at Javornik and Pop Ivan.
Horizon pH(H2O) pH(KCl) Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Aln+
TEA CEC BS C N C/N
mg kg−1
mmolc kg−1
%
Javornik Ol+Of 4.86 4.88 6860 718 1024 8.3 44 472 91 42 1.7 25
Oh 4.26 4.05 3260 258 302 68 26 218 87 17 0.8 21
0–10 3.98 3.84 574 62 115 401 62 99 37 5.4 0.4 14
10–20 4.11 3.98 276 30 62 419 59 77 22 3.1 0.2 13
20–40 4.31 4.13 275 25 43 377 50 67 24 2.1 0.2 13
40–85 4.61 4.31 323 36 36 262 39 60 30 1.1 0.1 16
Pop Ivan Ol+Of 3.71 2.74 1200 232 273 312 81 168 51 43 1.6 28
Oh 3.33 2.69 448 120 140 757 131 168 21 34 1.4 24
0–10 3.82 3.18 73 46 61 835 119 128 8 13 0.7 18
10–20 4.35 3.60 35 22 39 615 83 88 6 6.7 0.4 15
20–40 4.69 4.09 18 8.0 18 293 45 47 5 4.0 0.2 18
40–80 4.98 4.48 10 2.5 7.3 74 18 19 6 1.5 0.1 29
POOL Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
Aln+
C N C/N
kg ha−1
mass ratio
Javornik Forest floor + 2046 211 328 2015 126,744 9020 14
Pop Ivan Mineral soil 186 65 105 1220 212,164 10,569 20
TEA (Total Exchangeable Acidity), CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity), BS (Base Saturation).
862 F. Oulehle et al. / Science of the Total Environment 408 (2010) 856–864
9. Author's personal copy
C/N ratio (Dise et al., 1998; Gundersen et al., 1998). The weighted
average soil C/N ratio at Javornik was calculated to be 14 (22 at the forest
floor). This low C/N ratio could be partly due to high N deposition in the
past. Total deposition of N during the period 1860–2008 was estimated
to be 2080 kg ha−1
. On the basis of the nitrogen saturation typology
presented by Stoddard (1994), the Javornik site fits Stage 2, which is
characterized by distinct seasonality and high concentrations during the
growing season. This suggests nitrogen saturation of old growth
deciduous forests in the area.
Significantly lower concentrations of NO3 (3–4 times, Table 3) were
observed at Pop Ivan, despite the fact that leaching was also high
(Table 3). Total N deposition at Pop Ivan was estimated as 1190 kg ha−1
for the period 1860–2008. The non-linear nature of the relationship
between soil C/N and NO3 export makes it difficult to perform robust
predictions, as small (and difficult to detect) changes in soil C/N can
result in large NO3 increases once the threshold for accelerated NO3
leaching (a C/N of approximately 22–25) has been passed (Dise et al.,
1998; Gundersen et al., 1998).
The concentrations of base cations in the soil water reflected the soil
chemistry. High concentrations of Ca (ca. 4–7 times) and Mg (ca. 2 times)
were observed at Javornik compared to Pop Ivan (Table 3). Ca and Mg soil
water fluxes were estimated to be 29 and 5 kg ha−1
year−1
, at Javornik
and 14 kg ha−1
year−1
and 9 kg ha−1
year−1
at Pop Ivan at 90 cm. The
highest fluxes were observed under the forest floor at Javornik (Table 3).
Forest floor soil water concentrations of Ca and Mg were higher compared
to the mineral soil at Pop Ivan, but fluxes of Ca and Mg were highest in the
mineral soil at the 90 cm depth (Table 3). The highest concentrations and
fluxes of K were observed under the forest floor at both sites. Intensive
internal cycling of K between the forest canopy and the forest floor is clear
when comparing the throughfall flux to bulk deposition. Leaching of
aluminium was negligible at Javornik site at 90 cm because of the high soil
water pH (average pH=5.62) and positive alkalinity (Table 3). Lower soil
water pH and negative alkalinity was observed at Pop Ivan (average
pH=4.57), with consequently higher Al leaching (Table 3). Compared to
acidified sites in Central Europe (e.g. Načetín and Lysina, Fig. 1) with
mineral soil water Al concentrations of ca. 3 mg L−1
(Oulehle et al., 2006)
and stream water concentrations of 1 mg L−1
(Hruška et al., 2009; Krám
et al., 2009), Pop Ivan had significantly lower Al soil water concentrations
(Table 3). Relatively high past deposition of S together with acid sensitive
bedrock and high water fluxes depletes base cations from soils, resulting
in low base saturation at the Pop Ivan. High concentrations of total
aluminium, or low base cation to total aluminium ratios (Bc/Al, where
Bc=K+Ca+Mg), in the soil solution can cause physiological stress for
the spruce root system (Puhe and Ulrich, 2001). In particular, a Bc/Al ratio
below 1 has been proposed as a threshold value, below which there is risk
of significant damage of plants (Sverdrup and Warfvinge, 1993; Cronan
and Grigal, 1995). At Pop Ivan, a soil water Bc/Al of 0.9 was measured at
the 30 cm soil depth (Table 3) where a majority of roots are present,
suggesting that coniferous forests in the area are vulnerable to acidic
deposition due to the adverse effect of aluminium on roots.
4. Conclusions
Estimated emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3 were used to calculate S
and N deposition at primeval forest ecosystems in the Ukrainian
Transcarpathian Mts. between 1860 and 2008. The deciduous forest at
Javornik received an estimated total S deposition of 2095 kg ha−1
during the period 1860–2008. The current measured S bulk deposition
of 7.4 kg ha−1
year−1
is similar to that estimated for the 1st half of the
20th century. The old growth coniferous forest at Pop Ivan received an
estimated total S deposition of 2530 kg ha−1
during the period 1860–
2008. The current measured S bulk deposition of 8.8 kg ha−1
year−1
is
similar to that measured at the end of the 19th century. Total N
deposition was lower at Pop Ivan compared to Javornik, namely
because of significantly lower NO3 deposition. The estimated
cumulative N bulk deposition was 2080 and 1190 kg ha−1
between
1860 and 2008 at Javornik and Pop Ivan, respectively. High leaching of
N was observed at the Javornik site, suggesting N saturation of the old
growth forests in the area. The C/N ratio of the forest floor was 22 and
26 at Javornik and Pop Ivan, respectively. A relatively high base
saturation of the mineral soil (29%) and a high concentration of base
cations in the soil solution were observed at Javornik, where high
weathering of the flysch bedrock was likely responsible for mitigating
the adverse effects of acidic deposition. In contrast, a low soil base
saturation of 6.5% was measured at Pop Ivan. This depletion of base
cations was likely caused primarily by low weathering rates of the
bedrock, the high water flux and the relatively high past S deposition.
Despite relatively low Al concentrations in the soil water compared
with highly acidified sites in the Czech Republic, a low soil water Bc/Al
ratio (0.9) was found in the upper mineral soil. This suggests that the
spruce forest ecosystems in the area are vulnerable to anthropogenic
acidification and to the adverse effects of Al on forest root systems.
Acknowledgments
We thank David Hardekopf for proofreading. This study was
supported by Czech Science Foundation (project No. 526/07/1187)
and by the research plans of the Czech Geological Survey (MZP
0002579801) and The Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape
and Ornamental Gardening (MSM 6293359101).
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