An overview of the Evolved IP Network, starting from IP basics and going through routing and switching to finally end in a brief description of MPLS

1. Evolved ip network (ein)

2. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 2
Internet protocol
stack
› application: supporting network applications
– FTP, SMTP, STTP
› transport: host-host data transfer
– TCP, UDP
› network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination
– IP, routing protocols
› link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements
– PPP, Ethernet
› physical: bits “on the wire”
application
transport
network
link
physical

3. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 3
message
segment
datagram
frame
source
application
transport
network
link
physical
HtHnHl M
HtHn M
Ht M
M
destination
application
transport
network
link
physical
HtHnHl M
HtHn M
Ht M
M
network
link
physical
link
physical
HtHnHl M
HtHn M
HtHnHl M
HtHn M
HtHnHl M HtHnHl M
router
switch
Encapsulation

4. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 4
Transport services and
protocols
› provide logical communication
between app processes running on
different hosts
› transport protocols run in end
systems
– send side: breaks app messages
into segments, passes to
network layer
– rcv side: reassembles segments
into messages, passes to app
layer
› more than one transport protocol
available to apps
– Internet: TCP and UDP
application
transport
network
data link
physical
application
transport
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physical
network
data link
physicalnetwork
data link
physical

5. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 5
Key Network-Layer
Functions
› forwarding: move packets
from router’s input to
appropriate router output
› routing: determine route
taken by packets from
source to dest.
– Routing algorithms
analogy:
 routing: process of planning trip
from source to dest
 forwarding: process of getting
through single interchange

6. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 6
The Internet Network layer
forwarding
table
Host, router network layer functions:
Routing protocols
•path selection
•RIP, OSPF, BGP
IP protocol
•addressing conventions
•datagram format
•packet handling conventions
ICMP protocol
•error reporting
•router “signaling”
Transport layer: TCP, UDP
Link layer
physical layer
Network
layer

7. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 7
IPv4 Address Classes
› Class A = 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255 = n.h.h.h = /8
Class B = 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255 = n.n.h.h = /16
Class C = 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255 = n.n.n.h = /24
Class D (multicast) = 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255 Class E
(reserved) = 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255

8. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 8
Private IP Addresses
› There are three blocks of private IP addresses:
– 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255
– 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
– 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
› Private IP addresses are sometimes referred to as Non-
Routable IP. This is because the addresses are not routed
to the Internet by an Internet Service Provider.

9. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 9
IP Addressing: introduction
› IP address: 32-bit identifier
for host, router interface
› Interface: connection
between host/router and
physical link
– router’s typically have
multiple interfaces
– host may have multiple
interfaces
– IP addresses associated with
each interface
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4
223.1.2.1
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.3
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
223.1.1.1 = 11011111 00000001 00000001 00000001
223 1 11

10. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 10
Subnets
› IP address:
– subnet part (high order bits)
– host part (low order bits)
› What’s a subnet ?
– device interfaces with same
subnet part of IP address
– can physically reach each
other without intervening
router
223.1.1.1
223.1.1.2
223.1.1.3
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.2.2
223.1.2.1
223.1.3.2223.1.3.1
223.1.3.27
network consisting of 3 subnets
LAN

11. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 11
Subnets 223.1.1.0/24
223.1.2.0/24
223.1.3.0/24
› Recipe
To determine the subnets,
detach each interface from its
host or router, creating islands
of isolated networks. Each
isolated network is called a
subnet.
Subnet mask: /24

12. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 12
Forwarding vs.
Routing Function
› Within a single switch, communication across the boundary
of two or more directly connected networks, is enabled
through the Forwarding Function.
› Between switches across an enterprise, packets are
moved over multiple boundaries through the assistance of
a Routing Function.

13. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 13
routing table
› A set of information each router maintains that provides a
mapping between different network IDs and the other
routers to which it is connected

14. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 14
Routing process
› Each time a datagram is received, the router do the
following :
– Checks its destination IP address against the routing entries in its
table
– Decides where to send the datagram
– Sends the datagram on its next hop
The packet is sent to the Default
Route when it doesn’t match all the
others routes in the Routing Table

15. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 15
Populating The
Routing Table
› Directly-connected networks
› Static route entries
› Dynamic route entries
› Multiple routes
› IP Route Sharing
› Blackhole Route

16. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 16
Basic terms in routing
& table structure
› Directly-Connected Routes
 every directly-connected interface configured on the switch.
› Static Routes
Manually entered into the routing table
Never aged out
› Dynamic Routes
Learned via a routing protocol
Aged out of the routing table when an update is not received

17. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 17
The IP Route Table
* Summit4:32 # show iproute
Destination Gateway Mtr Flags Use VLAN Origin
10.1.0.0/24 10.1.0.2 1 0 blue Direct
10.101.10.0/24 10.101.10.3 1 4 -------- Direct
10.101.20.0/24 10.101.20.3 1 4 -------- Direct
127.0.0.1/8 127.0.0.1 0 U H 0 Default Direct
Default Route 10.101.10.1 1 G M 22 -------- Static
Press <SPACE> to continue or <Q> to quit:

18. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 18
Introducing
VLAN –
Virtual LAN

19. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 19
What are VLANs?
› Virtual Local Area Network
› A logically separate IP subnetwork
› Allows multiple IP networks and subnets to exist on
the same switched network
› Refers to a collection of devices that communicate
as if they were on the same physical LAN
› Can be comprised of one or more ports
› A port may participate in one or more VLANs

20. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 20
VLAN Benefits
› Provide extra security
› Cost reduction
› Higher performance
› Broadcast storm mitigation
› Ease the change and movement of devices
› Simpler project or application management

21. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 21
Virtual Router
Redundancy
Protocol (VRRP)

22. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 22
VRRP Overview
› VRRP can prevent loss of
network connectivity to end hosts
› VRRP works as follow
– A number of routers can be
designated as backup routers
– Only one of the virtual routers is
active at any given time  Master or
Active router.

23. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 23
› If the master goes down
– The remaining VRRP routers elect a new master VRRP router
– The new master forwards packets on behalf of the owner
VRRP overview

24. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 24
Routing protocols

25. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 25
routing
› Routing is the process by which data is delivered to and
through the correct nodes in a network
› A routing protocol is one which determines paths and
delivery of data packets
– Examples of routing protocols include OSPF, BGP, IS-IS, RIP
› A routed protocol is one which carries the data, such as IP,
IPX, Appletalk

26. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 26
Autonomous System (AS)
› Collection of networks with
– Same policy
– Single routing protocol
– Usually under single administrative control
AS 100
A

27. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 27
Intra-AS Routing
› Also known as Interior Gateway Protocols (IGP)
› IGP
– Operates within an Autonomous System
– Carries information about internal prefixes
› Most common Intra-AS routing protocols:
– RIP: Routing Information Protocol
– OSPF: Open Shortest Path First
– IS-IS: Intermdediate System to Intermediate System

28. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 28
Worldwide connectivity

29. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 29
inter-AS routing
› Also known as Exterior Gateway Protocols (EGP)
› Current EGP is BGP
› BGP
– Communicates prefix reachability
– Allows a subnet to advertise its existence to rest of the Internet

30. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 30
Why bgp?

31. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 31
Types of routing
protocols
Dynamic
Routing
Protocols
Interior
Gateway
Protocols
(IGPs)
Distance Vector
Routing
Protocols
RIP
Link-State
Routing
Protocols
OSPF IS-IS
Exterior
Gateway
Protocols
(EGPs)
Path-Vector
Routing
Protocols
BGP

32. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 32
MPBN
Mobile packet backbone network

33. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 33
The MPBN solution is Multi-Service ready!
Mpbn - Foundation of the
multiservice network
IP/MPLSIP/MPLS
PEPE
PEPE
PEPE
PEPE
PEPE
MPBN
IP
IP IP IPTDM IPATMTDM ATM
TDM
ATM
IP
TDM
ATM
CS CoreCS CoreCS Core PS CorePS Core IMSIMS GERANGERAN UTRANUTRAN O&MO&M
409-11-108-00
LTE
IP

34. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 34
Mpls - Concept
• In Core:
Forward using labels (as
opposed to IP addr)
Label indicates service
class and destination
Label Switch
Router (LSR)
Router
ATM switch + Tag
Switch ControllerLabel Distribution
Protocol (LDP)
Edge Label
Switch Router
(ATM Switch or
Router)
• At Edge:
Classify packets
Label them

35. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 35
› MPLS: Multi Protocol Label Switching
› Packet forwarding is done based on Labels.
› Labels are assigned when the packet enters into
the network.
› Labels are on top of the packet.
› MPLS nodes forward packets/cells based on the
label value (not on the IP information).
Mpls - Concept

36. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 36
1a. Existing routing protocols (e.g. OSPF, IS-IS)
establish reachability to destination networks.
1b. Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)
establishes label to destination
network mappings.
2. Ingress Edge LSR receives packet,
performs Layer 3 value-added
services, and labels(PUSH) packets.
3. LSR switches packets using
label swapping(SWAP) .
4. Edge LSR at egress
removes(POP) label and
delivers packet.
Mpls - Concept

37. Multi-Service PBN (MPBN) - Evolving to a Multi-Service IP Infrastructure and Backbone solution | Ericsson Internal | 8/221 09-FGB 101 113 Uen, Rev C |
2012-04-12 | Page 37
The
future