The document discusses efficient water management strategies for sufficient crop production. It notes that water is a scarce resource that must be used properly, efficiently, economically and sustainably. It highlights that irrigation uses the majority of fresh water globally and that water availability is declining in India. Various strategies are presented to improve water use efficiency in agriculture, such as laser land leveling, alternate furrow irrigation, and raising crops in sunken beds with fish and vegetables to maximize productivity from available water. The overall message is that efficient irrigation management is critical to ensure sufficient food production with limited water resources.

1. EFFICIENT WATER MANAGEMENT
for
SUFFICIENT CROP PRODUCTION
Prof. Pravat Roul
Associate Director of Research
Orissa University of Agriculture & Technology,

2. Water is the ELIXIR of Life which makes
wonders in earth if it is used
Properly,
Efficiently,
Economically,
Environmentally,
Optimally,
Equitably, and
Judiciously
Sir C. V. Raman

3. World Water Council 2000
…..envisages that “there is a water crisis
today. But the crisis is not about having
too little water to satisfy our needs. It is a
crisis of managing water so badly that
millions of people and environment
suffer”.

4. National Water Policy
“Efficiency of utilization in all the
diverse uses of water should be
optimized and an awareness of
water as a scarce resource
should be fostered”
… National Water Policy,2002

5. National Water Policy revised in 2002 lays
emphasis on:
• Integrated water resource development & management-
Integrated use
• Proper blending of traditional knowledge with recent
technologies- ITK use
• Creation of well developed infrastructure system-
Infrastructure development
• Water utilization and demand regulation with effective
involvement of all stake holders- Participatory approach

6. World Water Day (22 March)… theme areasWorld Water Day (22 March)… theme areas
1995-Water- everyone’s responsibility
1996- Water fore the thirsty
1997-Is water resource of the world enough?
1998-Ground water:the invisible resource
1999-Flow of water:everyone’s life
dependant upon
2000- Water for 21st
century
2001- Water for health
2002- Water for development
2003- Water for future
2004- Water and disaster
2005-2015- Water for life

7. 2003- International
Year of Freshwater
2007- International
Year of Water Productivity
2008- Year of Irrigation

8. Proportion of water use in the World
• Agriculture 69%
• Industrial 23%
• Domestic 08%

9. Projected demand of water in India (m ha m)Projected demand of water in India (m ha m)
Purpose 2000 2010 2025 2050
Irrigation 54.1(85.3%) 68.8 (84.6) 91.0 (83.2) 107.2 (74.1)
Domestic 4.2(6.6) 5.6 (6.9) 7.3 (6.7) 10.2 (7.0)
Energy 0.2(0.3) 0.5 (0.6) 1.5 (1.4) 13.0 (9.0)
Industrial 0.8(1.3) 1.2 (1.5) 2.3 (2.1) 6.3 (4.4)
Others 4.1(6.5) 5.2 (6.4) 7.2 (6.6) 8.0 (5.5)
Total 63.4 81.3 109.3 144.7
Source: Agril. Res. Data Book 2006, ICAR
Urbanisation: 10.8% in 1991, 27.8% 2001, 41% 2030

10. Projected demand of water in Odisha (m ha m)
Purpose
2001 2051
Surface Ground Total Surface Ground Total
Domestic 0.08 0.12 0.20 0.12 0.18 0.30
Agriculture 1.80 0.47 2.27 4.00 0.94 4.94
Industry 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.18 0.02 0.20
Environment 2.10 0.84 2.94 2.10 0.84 2.94
Others 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04
Total 4.05 1.45 5.50 6.42 2.00 8.44

11. India’s position….
• Ranked 133rd
among 180 Nations in terms
of water availability
(Norway 81 383 m3
/yr, Canada 76 551 m3
/yr, Brazil 31 891 m3
/yr,
Australia, 14 850 m3
/yr)
• Ranked 120th
in 122 countries in terms of
water quality

12. Declining per capita availability of water
• India
– 5177 m3
in 1951
– 2500 m3
in 1990
– 1820 m3
in 2001
– 1341 m3
in 2025
– 1144 m3
in 2050
• Odisha
– 3359 m3
in 2001
– 2218 m3
in 2051
Stress level - 1700 m3
/year
Scarcity level - 1000 m3
/year
Absolute scarcity level - < 500 m3
/year
But by 2051:
Rushikulya basin will experience a scarcity
condition and basins like Budhabalanga
and Bahuda will be close to scarcity
condition

13. Domestic 100
Institutional 20
Industrial 30
Fire extinction 15
Other purpose 35
Total 200
Water use in a farm (%)
Water use in city
(litre/day/head)
Irrigation 80
Domestic 10
Farm animals 05
Waste 05
Total 100%

14. Need for efficient management of water in
agriculture
• Uses 85% fresh water
• Declining water availability for agril. use (85 to 74%)
• Irrigated area has to increase to 140-150 mha to
produce 450-500 mt food grains to feed 162 crore
people by 2050
• Efficiency of canal irrigation system is 40%( to 60%)
ground water from 60% ( to 75%)
• Development of irrigation is a costly proposition

15. Objectives of efficient
irrigation water management
Objectives of efficient
irrigation water management
• High yield of good quality
• High WUE
• Low irrigation cost
• Least damage to soil productivity/health
• High yield of good quality
• High WUE
• Low irrigation cost
• Least damage to soil productivity/health

16. Solid
Air
Water
Volume composition of soil

17. Efficiency of irrigation methodsEfficiency of irrigation methods
Efficiency Surface Sprinkler Drip
Conveyance 60-70 100 100
Application 60-70 70-80 90
Ev from surface 30-40 30-40 15
Overall 60-65 80-85 85-90

18. WATER USE EFFICIENCY
(WUE)
[Y/WR]

19. Factors affecting WUE (Y/WR)Factors affecting WUE (Y/WR)
• Climatic parameters
• Crops and varieties
• Agronomic practices
• Irrigation techniques
• Fertilizer management
• Pest control
• Climatic parameters
• Crops and varieties
• Agronomic practices
• Irrigation techniques
• Fertilizer management
• Pest control
Y WR
• Climatic parameters
• Mulching
• Wind break
• Antitranspirants
• Antievaporants
• Growth retardants
• Precised irrigation
•In-situ moisture conservation

20. WUE of different field cropsWUE of different field crops
Crop WR
(mm)
Yield
(kg/ha)
WUE
(kg/ha-
mm)
Rice 1200 4000 3.3
Maize 500 4000 8.0
Potato 500 20000 40.0
Groundnut 480 2500 5.2
Sunflower 400 2000 5.0
Mustard 300 1400 4.7
Sesame 250 1000 4.0
Greengram 250 1000 4.0
Jute 480 2800 5.8

21. Critical growth stages of cropsCritical growth stages of crops
Crop Stage
Rice Tillering, PI, Fl, Milk
Wheat CRI, Tillering, Jointing, Fl, Milk, Dough
Maize Knee high, Tasseling, Silk
Pulses Fl, Pod devel.
Groundnut Fl, Pegging, Pod devel.
Sunflower 4-5 leaf stage, Buttoning, Fl, Seed devel.
Sugarcane Germination, Tillering, Grand growth
Potato Stolonisation, Tuberisation, Tuber devel.
Brinjal, Chilli,
Okra
Seedling, early growth, Fl., Fruit devel.

22. Effect of moisture stress on maizeEffect of moisture stress on maize
Stress at Grain
yield
(t/ha)
% ↓ WR
(cm)
WUE
(kg/ha-
cm)
No stress 6.32 - 43 148
Seedling 3.76 41 33 99
Early growth 4.31 32 37 118
Tasseling 3.13 51 35 88
Milk 3.16 50 33 93
Tasseling to
Milk
2.20 65 32 67

23. Critical growth stages of sweet potato
Stage Yield, t/ha
Stress during tuber initiation 4.4
Stress during tuber development 12.4
Stress during tuber maturity 6.2
Non stress 8.6
CD 5% 3.7

24. Effect of land levelling on WUE
Treatmen
t
WR, mm WUE, kg/m3
water
Rice Wheat Rice Wheat
LLRB - 264 - 1.90
TLRB - 334 - 1.38
LLFB 695 353 0.91 1.31
TLFB 915 527 0.55 0.82
RB; raised bed, FB: flat bed, TL: tradional levelling, LL: laser levelling
Gill, 2006, Nat Symp. Conservation Agril, ISA, Varanasi

25. Effect of puddling on water expense in riceEffect of puddling on water expense in rice
Treatment BD ,
g/cc
Water
expense, mm
Water
saving, %
Yield,
t/ha
Unpuddled 1.55 310 - 5.91
Compaction with tractor wheel 1.70 270 13 5.68
Puddling with country plough 1.63 229 26 5.92
Puddling with disc harrow 1.65 229 26 5.97
Puddling with rotavator 1.69 210 32 5.59
Puddling with puddler 1.59 230 26 5.93

26. Alternate furrow irrigation in maizeAlternate furrow irrigation in maize
Method Yield
(t/ha)
IR
(cm)
Water
saving (%)
WUE
(kg/ha-cm)
Each furrow 4.36 26.8 - 1.63
Alternate furrow 4.09 20.4 24 2.00
Paired row 3.83 20.6 23 1.86

27. Water saving due to alternate furrow
irrigation
Crop Water saving, %
Maize 27-29
Sugarcane 45
Sunflower 12
Cotton 27
Tomato 16

28. Importance of WM in rice
• Much higher WR (1 cm/each day duration)
• Most inefficient user of water (3.7 kg/ha mm)
• In India- 52% is irrigated but consumes 40% of all
irrigation water resources
• In Odisha 43% is irrigated-but consumes 65% of all
irrigation water resources
• 60-83% of total water applied to rice field is lost as
deep percolation
• 3000-4000 litre water is sufficient to produce 1 kg rice,
but
– In India it is about 15 000 litres
– Even in Japan it is about 6000 litres

29. Water saving techniques in rice
• Proper land leveling and puddling (saves 10%), Laser leveling improves
WUE & FUE by 20-30%
· Growing rice in a compact rather than in isolated patches.
· Continuous shallow sub. (5+2 cm) than deep sub. saves 10-50% irrigation
water
· Saturation throughout is optimum in shallow WT (20-30 cm in rabi and 20-
45 cm in kharif)
· Bed planting saves 26-42% water as compared to conventional planting.
·
• SRI & Aerobic rice cultivation are other water saving options

30. RWUE of cropping systems in rainfed
upland
System RWUE (kg/ha-mm)
Sole Rice 2.17
Rice+Arhar (4:1) 3.80
Rice+Biri (4:1) 4.64
Rice+G.nut (4:1) 3.75
G.nut+Arhar, 4:1 6.59
G.nut+Biri, 4:1 5.48
G.nut+Mung, 4:1 6.13
G.nut+Cowpea, 4:1 4.82
Maize-HG 6.73
Maize-Sesame 6.27

31. Rice based cropping system
System REY
(t/ha)
WUE,
(kg/ha-
mm)
Net return
(Rs. ha-1
)
B:C
Rice-mustard-rice 10.84 9.00 16749 1.43
Rice-potato-rice 20.00 16.00 30473 1.47
Rice-potato-okra 17.96 19.48 22816 1.33
Rice-cauliflower-rice 17.84 15.38 27960 1.44
Rice-cabbage-rice 19.54 15.89 39045 1.64
Rice-rice 8.98 9.62 12197 1.30
On Farm study in Hirakud Command (mean of 5 years)

32. INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM

33. Sunken and raised bed systemSunken and raised bed system
Rice, fish and vegetable farming
Productivity of water 8.96 Rs/m3
Net Return 1.2 lakh/ ha
B:C ratio 4.78

34. THANK YOU