Effects of Nanoparticles (Zinc and Silicon) and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield, Photosynthetic Pigments and Grain Filling Components of Triticale under Salinity Stres
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor that profoundly curtails the growth and yield of crop plants. This adversity also extends to the impairment of pigments and plastids, leading to diminished chlorophyll indices, rates, and grain-filling durations. To counteract the deleterious impact of such stressors on plant growth, a spectrum of strategies has been devised. Prominent among these strategies are plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, exemplified by azospirillum, and the utilization of nanoparticles like zinc and silicon. These factors play a pivotal role in elevating yield outcomes. Zinc's pivotal involvement spans protein metabolism, photosynthetic activities, and diverse physiological traits within plants. Particularly noteworthy is its contribution to rectifying zinc deficiency, a particularly critical concern in plants cultivated in high-pH soils. Notably, recent research has illuminated the potential of applying minute quantities of micronutrients, notably zinc via foliar spraying, in bolstering plant resilience against salt stress. Likewise, silicon emerges as a supplemental micronutrient that imparts heightened resistance to environmental stresses, fostering increased resilience within biological systems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles (zinc and silicon) on the yield, photosynthetic pigments, and filling components of triticale grain under salt stress.
Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the world. It contains 12 to 20% protein. Silicon (Si) existing in the Earth’s crust is classified as the most abundant element after oxygen. Although silicon is not considered an essential element for plant growth, but a number of studies have reported that it as an important factor in plants that plays an important role in the resistance mechanisms of plants against environmental stress. Also, it plays a crucial physiological role in photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content. One of the most effective factors in increasing the Grasspea biomass is seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Some of the benefits provided by PGPR are the ability to produce gibberellic acid, cytokinins and ethylene, N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients. Numerous studies have shown a substantial increase in dry matter accumulation via inoculation with PGPR. Some researchers reported that seed inoculation with PGPR enhanced relative water content and photochemical efficiency of PSII lathyrus under water limitations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nano silicon and seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on biomass, nodulation and some physiological traits of Grasspea.
Salinity is one of the major constraints to wheat growth, which hampers production, causing yield loss in arid and semi-arid regions. Reductions in growth resulting from high salinity are because of both osmotic stress, inducing a water deficit, and the effects of excess Na+ and Cl– ions on critical biochemical processes. Salt stress induces a significant reduction in photosynthesis through the reduction of leaf area and photosynthetic pigments. Several strategies have been developed to decrease the toxic effects caused by high salinity on plant growth. Among them, the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Pseudomonas and Mycorrhiza play an important role in yield improvement. Many studies have been published on the beneficial effects of bacterial inoculation on plant physiology and growth under salt stress. One of the common hypotheses employed in most of the studies conducted under salinity stress was the lowering of ethylene level by the ACC-deaminase activities of PGPR and improved plant growth and yield under salinity stress.
It was reported that the application of Pseudomonas spp. improved plant growth by decreasing the uptake of Na+ and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes under salinity stress. The selective uptake of K+ as opposed to Na+ is considered one of the important physiological mechanisms contributing to salt tolerance in many plant species. Inoculation with PGPR significantly decreased Na+ uptake and increased K+ content and enhanced levels of K+ that could be to mitigate oxidative stress imposed by higher salinity. Some researchers have reported that PGPR species like Azotobacter and Pseudomonas increased the growth and biomass of canola (Brassica napus L.) under salinity stress.
A Better understanding of wheat physiological responses under salinity may help in programs in which the objective is to improve the grain yield under salinity stress. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological, stomata conductance, along with root and shoot Na+/ K+ ratios) of wheat to cycocel and PGPR application under salinity stress.
The most important problem that threatens food security of any country and the world is the lack of adequate water resources, so one of the ways to deal with this crisis is to use plants with low water requirements and high water use efficiency. Among the plants, we can name Quinoa, which is one of the plants that has been less studied and exploited in Iran. Since the planting date has the greatest impact on the physiological characteristics of the crop compared to other cropping treatments, so choosing the appropriate planting date can also create the greatest correlation between plant growth trends and climatic conditions. Undoubtedly, the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to the positive effects it has on all soil properties, is also economically, environmentally and socially fruitful and can be a suitable and desirable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the response to deficit irrigation, planting date and application of different biofertilizers in quinoa.
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals after wheat and rice in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. Also, its mean production is 8 ton ha-1. Moreover, the total area of under cultivation is 132572 hectares in Iran. Crop simulation models can play an important role in improving agricultural production systems in many developing countries. Crop models can simulate plant growth processes and grain yield instead of conducting several years of field experiments. On the other hands, crop simulation models should be calibrated and evaluated with independent data sets under different climatic conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this research was evaluation of the APSIM model for simulation of growth, development and yield of maize hybrids in Kerman province under different amounts of nitrogen.
Since the development of crop cultivation and their yield depend on irrigation and since drought is one of the features of our country, one of the solutions to deal with these problems is the implementation of applied research in the field of stress-resistant plants cultivation such as quinoa. Also, considering the important role of potassium and zinc elements in the plant, providing a sufficient amount of these elements under drought stress can be effective in increasing the plant's resistance to this type of stress. Considering the genetic differences of plants and their different reactions in the face of environmental stress such as drought stress, and different fertilization of genotypes, it seems necessary to carry out this research to investigate the application of potassium and zinc chelates on the morpho-physiological and yield indicators of three quinoa genotypes under drought stress conditions in Razavi Khorasan climate.
The effect of salinity stress on the quantity and quality of crop production highlights the importance of managing and reducing the damage caused by this stress factor in agriculture. Increasing soil salinity and decreasing fertility of arable lands is one of the major problems in saline areas. Cultivation of salt-tolerant crops which can increase soil fertility could be effective in the sustainable production of these lands. Studying photosynthesis and its related factors could provide appropriate physiological views in understanding plant behavior against salinity stress. The present study was conducted to assess the salinity tolerance of chickpea genotypes for cultivation in saline areas.
Nitrogen (N) is one of the main limiting factors in agroecosystems all around the world. However, high application rates of N fertilizers would lead to negative environmental consequences. Reduction of N fertilizers consumption decreases production costs and environmental pollution. Therefore, N efficiency to be enhanced due to the high N fertilizer cost and required measures to prevent the waste of N. Cultivation of diverse crop cultivars with higher resources absorption and utilization efficiency is one of the major approaches in sustainable agriculture that would result in the effective use of natural and chemical inputs and reduce significantly the environmental risks. Quchan City is one of the potato production poles in Khorasan Razavi province. In this region, large amounts of N fertilizers annually are consumed in the potato agroecosystem. Therefore, the potato of the present study was evaluating N uptake and utilization efficiency, and finally, N uses efficiency in the potato agroecosystem of Quchan.
South of Iran has been located in the dry belt and desert strip thus water stress has always been one of the serious problems in its agriculture (Buzarjomehri et al., 2020). Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more plant species in a specific land and growing season, which is important in agricultural systems with limited resources and low input (Brooker et al., 2015). Due to the differences in the rooting depth, lateral expansion, and root density of cereals and legumes, they have been the best candidates for intercropping traditionally for limited soil water and nutrient availability environments (Babalola, 1980; Haynes, 1980). Application of bio-fertilizers (PGPR bacteria) that have nitrogen (N) fixation and phosphorus (P) solubilizing activity (Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescence, respectively) is a promising approach for obtaining N, P, and water-restricted areas (Tien et al, 1979; Barea, 2015). Organic manures enhance soil water holding capacity and serve as excellent slow-release sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil (Risse et al., 2006). This study aimed to investigate the effect of different fertilizer systems (chemical, integrated, and bio-organic) on triticale grain yield and its components in sole and intercropped triticale in triticale/chickpea system under late season water stress in a hot and dry area of southern Iran (Fars province - Darab).
Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus L.) is one of the most important forage crops in the world. It contains 12 to 20% protein. Silicon (Si) existing in the Earth’s crust is classified as the most abundant element after oxygen. Although silicon is not considered an essential element for plant growth, but a number of studies have reported that it as an important factor in plants that plays an important role in the resistance mechanisms of plants against environmental stress. Also, it plays a crucial physiological role in photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content. One of the most effective factors in increasing the Grasspea biomass is seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Some of the benefits provided by PGPR are the ability to produce gibberellic acid, cytokinins and ethylene, N2 fixation, solubilization of mineral phosphates and other nutrients. Numerous studies have shown a substantial increase in dry matter accumulation via inoculation with PGPR. Some researchers reported that seed inoculation with PGPR enhanced relative water content and photochemical efficiency of PSII lathyrus under water limitations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nano silicon and seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on biomass, nodulation and some physiological traits of Grasspea.
Salinity is one of the major constraints to wheat growth, which hampers production, causing yield loss in arid and semi-arid regions. Reductions in growth resulting from high salinity are because of both osmotic stress, inducing a water deficit, and the effects of excess Na+ and Cl– ions on critical biochemical processes. Salt stress induces a significant reduction in photosynthesis through the reduction of leaf area and photosynthetic pigments. Several strategies have been developed to decrease the toxic effects caused by high salinity on plant growth. Among them, the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Pseudomonas and Mycorrhiza play an important role in yield improvement. Many studies have been published on the beneficial effects of bacterial inoculation on plant physiology and growth under salt stress. One of the common hypotheses employed in most of the studies conducted under salinity stress was the lowering of ethylene level by the ACC-deaminase activities of PGPR and improved plant growth and yield under salinity stress.
It was reported that the application of Pseudomonas spp. improved plant growth by decreasing the uptake of Na+ and increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes under salinity stress. The selective uptake of K+ as opposed to Na+ is considered one of the important physiological mechanisms contributing to salt tolerance in many plant species. Inoculation with PGPR significantly decreased Na+ uptake and increased K+ content and enhanced levels of K+ that could be to mitigate oxidative stress imposed by higher salinity. Some researchers have reported that PGPR species like Azotobacter and Pseudomonas increased the growth and biomass of canola (Brassica napus L.) under salinity stress.
A Better understanding of wheat physiological responses under salinity may help in programs in which the objective is to improve the grain yield under salinity stress. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physiological, stomata conductance, along with root and shoot Na+/ K+ ratios) of wheat to cycocel and PGPR application under salinity stress.
The most important problem that threatens food security of any country and the world is the lack of adequate water resources, so one of the ways to deal with this crisis is to use plants with low water requirements and high water use efficiency. Among the plants, we can name Quinoa, which is one of the plants that has been less studied and exploited in Iran. Since the planting date has the greatest impact on the physiological characteristics of the crop compared to other cropping treatments, so choosing the appropriate planting date can also create the greatest correlation between plant growth trends and climatic conditions. Undoubtedly, the use of biological fertilizers, in addition to the positive effects it has on all soil properties, is also economically, environmentally and socially fruitful and can be a suitable and desirable alternative to chemical fertilizers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the response to deficit irrigation, planting date and application of different biofertilizers in quinoa.
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important cereals after wheat and rice in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. Also, its mean production is 8 ton ha-1. Moreover, the total area of under cultivation is 132572 hectares in Iran. Crop simulation models can play an important role in improving agricultural production systems in many developing countries. Crop models can simulate plant growth processes and grain yield instead of conducting several years of field experiments. On the other hands, crop simulation models should be calibrated and evaluated with independent data sets under different climatic conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this research was evaluation of the APSIM model for simulation of growth, development and yield of maize hybrids in Kerman province under different amounts of nitrogen.
Since the development of crop cultivation and their yield depend on irrigation and since drought is one of the features of our country, one of the solutions to deal with these problems is the implementation of applied research in the field of stress-resistant plants cultivation such as quinoa. Also, considering the important role of potassium and zinc elements in the plant, providing a sufficient amount of these elements under drought stress can be effective in increasing the plant's resistance to this type of stress. Considering the genetic differences of plants and their different reactions in the face of environmental stress such as drought stress, and different fertilization of genotypes, it seems necessary to carry out this research to investigate the application of potassium and zinc chelates on the morpho-physiological and yield indicators of three quinoa genotypes under drought stress conditions in Razavi Khorasan climate.
The effect of salinity stress on the quantity and quality of crop production highlights the importance of managing and reducing the damage caused by this stress factor in agriculture. Increasing soil salinity and decreasing fertility of arable lands is one of the major problems in saline areas. Cultivation of salt-tolerant crops which can increase soil fertility could be effective in the sustainable production of these lands. Studying photosynthesis and its related factors could provide appropriate physiological views in understanding plant behavior against salinity stress. The present study was conducted to assess the salinity tolerance of chickpea genotypes for cultivation in saline areas.
Nitrogen (N) is one of the main limiting factors in agroecosystems all around the world. However, high application rates of N fertilizers would lead to negative environmental consequences. Reduction of N fertilizers consumption decreases production costs and environmental pollution. Therefore, N efficiency to be enhanced due to the high N fertilizer cost and required measures to prevent the waste of N. Cultivation of diverse crop cultivars with higher resources absorption and utilization efficiency is one of the major approaches in sustainable agriculture that would result in the effective use of natural and chemical inputs and reduce significantly the environmental risks. Quchan City is one of the potato production poles in Khorasan Razavi province. In this region, large amounts of N fertilizers annually are consumed in the potato agroecosystem. Therefore, the potato of the present study was evaluating N uptake and utilization efficiency, and finally, N uses efficiency in the potato agroecosystem of Quchan.
South of Iran has been located in the dry belt and desert strip thus water stress has always been one of the serious problems in its agriculture (Buzarjomehri et al., 2020). Intercropping is the cultivation of two or more plant species in a specific land and growing season, which is important in agricultural systems with limited resources and low input (Brooker et al., 2015). Due to the differences in the rooting depth, lateral expansion, and root density of cereals and legumes, they have been the best candidates for intercropping traditionally for limited soil water and nutrient availability environments (Babalola, 1980; Haynes, 1980). Application of bio-fertilizers (PGPR bacteria) that have nitrogen (N) fixation and phosphorus (P) solubilizing activity (Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescence, respectively) is a promising approach for obtaining N, P, and water-restricted areas (Tien et al, 1979; Barea, 2015). Organic manures enhance soil water holding capacity and serve as excellent slow-release sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the soil (Risse et al., 2006). This study aimed to investigate the effect of different fertilizer systems (chemical, integrated, and bio-organic) on triticale grain yield and its components in sole and intercropped triticale in triticale/chickpea system under late season water stress in a hot and dry area of southern Iran (Fars province - Darab).
Introduction
Nowadays, the cultivation of plants adapted to adverse conditions, such as drought and salinity, in the country has been considered. Meanwhile, Kochia scoparia, one of the forgotten plants, due to its classification in the group of halophytes, has specific characteristics suitable for cultivation in low-water and saline areas (Salehi, Kafi, & Kiani, 2012). This plant is known as an important annual forage crop, and its grains also have high nutritional value and oil, which can be considered for future industrial applications (Salehi et al., 2012). Studies on the salinity tolerance of the Kochia plant have shown that it is suitable for cultivation in saline areas, and in terms of quantity and quality, can compete with conventional forage plants. The use of natural organic materials, such as humic acid, has received more attention. These materials, as part of soil organic matter, are influenced by physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in biological molecules (Sabzevari & Khazaei, 2009; Dong, Córdova-Kreylos, Yang, Yuan, & Scow, 2009). Additionally, nitrogen is the most important element needed for plant growth and development. It is also a key component in many biological compounds, including proteins, nucleic acids, some hormones, and chlorophyll. Nitrogen plays an essential role in photosynthetic processes and the final function of plants (Kaur, Gupta, & Kaur, 2002; Taiz, Zeiger, Møller, & Murphy, 2015). As a result of this research, a combination of nitrogen and humic acid can be used as nutritional resources in salt stress conditions.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in the Saline Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the 2015 growth season. The main plot included drought stress with a four-week interruption of irrigation at three levels of control (irrigation until the end of the growing season), after establishment (50 days after planting), the beginning of flowering (71 days after planting) and late flowering (82 days after planting) The subplot was included nitrogen application at three levels of zero, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 from urea fertilizer source. The optimum level of humic acid (2 per thousand) was done as seed at the time of planting for all treatments.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the drought stress during vegetative and reproductive growth stages had a negative effect on the Kochia plant. However, its effect in the early stages of vegetative growth (after establishment) was greater than the stress at the end of the season (late flowering). Drought stress has a negative effect on Kochia grain yield by reducing the concentration of chlorophyll a, altering the chlorophyll a to b ratio, decreasing carotenoid concentration, and affecting relative leaf water content. However, seed treatments of humic acid and its combination with 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen level by increasing th
In the pursuit of a resilient and progressive agricultural system, the incorporation of diverse fertilizers is deemed essential. This practice not only enhances product quality but also aids in cost reduction. However, over-reliance on a specific type of input can inadvertently lead to unintended repercussions. The unrestricted utilization of chemical fertilizers, for instance, can precipitate adverse outcomes such as imbalanced pH levels, the accumulation of heavy elements, soil structure deterioration, and environmental contamination. Conversely, organic fertilizers, while environmentally friendly, often release nutrients at a slower rate, potentially disrupting optimal plant growth. To attain a balanced and sustainable agricultural approach, the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers is advocated. Moreover, harnessing the biological potential inherent in soil ecosystems, including beneficial microbial communities encompassing bacteria and fungi, emerges as a promising avenue in cultivating sustainable agriculture. Acknowledging the adverse impact of late-season heat stress on wheat production in Khuzestan and recognizing the significance of reducing chemical fertilizer usage while augmenting organic and biological fertilizers to foster ecological health, this experiment undertakes the exploration of the effects of a synergistic approach. Specifically, it delves into the combined utilization of nitrogen and compost fertilizers, complemented by the incorporation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. This endeavor aims to shed light on how this combined strategy operates within the context of terminal heat stress, assessing its influence on the physiological attributes and yield of the wheat cultivar Chamran 2.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the green revolution led to a dramatic increase in global food and fodder production to eliminate hunger and boost food security. This production enhancement was accompanied by an intensified agricultural and chemical input consumption and increased cultivated area and mechanization. Although yield per unit area has improved in most crops, concerns about food security for the world's rising population are still significant. Guaranteeing food security in the future will necessitate a shift in management approaches to boost output, agroecosystem sustainability, and stability and reduce the environmental harm caused by agriculture. The first step to achieving sustainability and ecological intensification in agricultural systems is to have a comprehensive agroecological analysis of agricultural systems in each region. Hence, the complete evaluation and analysis of agroecological features according to their type in each region is necessary for establishing an optimal management technique. After analyzing the present state of each region's shared ecosystems, the optimal strategy for boosting production stability must be devised and implemented.
The increasing demand for medicinal plants in traditional medicine as well as the pharmaceutical industry has created the need for some plants to be grown commercially, but the lack of soil moisture poses a serious threat to their production. Planting method can affect the emergence and growth rate of crop and lead to decrease water consumption and increase irrigation water efficiency as yield increases. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is one of the drought tolerant plants. Saving water consumption by cultivating drought tolerant plants has been proposed as a strategy to combat drought. It should be noted, however, that irrigation without proper planning can reduce the growth and production of crops. In this regard, determining time of deficit irrigation with minimum damage is an appropriate solution that achieves optimum yield while saving water consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and planting method on some physiological traits, yield and water use efficiency of Roselle plant.
Applying innovative nanotechnology in agriculture is considered as one of the promising approaches to obtain significant increases of crop yield. Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered potential agents for agriculture as fertilizers and growth enhancers and using of nano-fertilizers has led to an increasing in the efficiency of nutrients, the correct management of fertilizer consumption, and a reduction of the frequency of fertilizer application. Stimulants are compounds that initiate signals for cells to increase or decrease the production of secondary metabolites and plant defense response. Stimulants such as Putrescine play a role in regulating various plant physiological processes. In this regard, considering the importance of using new technologies, including nanotechnology, in sustainable agriculture to increase the quantitative and qualitative performance of agricultural products, especially oil-medicinal plants, and the lack of sufficient information about the use of iron nanoparticles and polyamine putricine in Camelina plant nutrition, The effect of foliar spraying of these stimulants on functional, morphological and physiological traits of Camelina plant (Soheil veriety) was evaluated.
There is an urgent need to increase per capita food production to compete with high population growth while maintaining environmental sustainability. Because nitrogen plays a vital role in food production for humans and livestock, nitrogen management is essential in food production. In most cropping systems, nitrogen management seems to be a major challenge due to its high mobility and natural tendency for losses from the soil-plant system to the environment. Soil organic carbon plays a key role in improving soil ecological conditions. Adding organic matter to the soil is an excellent tool for improving physical, chemical and biological conditions and is almost always desirable. Soil organic carbon stock of crop ecosystems may be increased by improving farming practices. The application of green manure, fertilizer and the return of crop straw into the soil are known as management operations to increase soil organic carbon. Fertilizers, especially nitrogen, increase crop yield, and organic carbon is returned to the soil through roots and debris, which in most cases leads to increased soil organic carbon.
Water is now the main limiting factor for crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Water-cut or irrigation interruption has been suggested as one of the main strategies agro-technique to get the most benefit from limited water resource available. In this regard, plant growth stage, time of stress induction and the genotype are the main key factors to determine the degree of success. Canola is one of the most important oil crop. It can survive some degree of water stress while there is a need for research to find the most appropriate genotypes for plantations in water-limited areas.
Food security is one of the basic needs of any society. Studies have been conducted on the foliar application of elements, especially silicon, calcium, and potassium, to reduce the adverse environmental effects on the physico-mechanical properties of cereals and improve their growth and development in order to maintain food security. Lodging, which is caused by a decrease in the mechanical properties of the plant stem's flexural strength, is characterized by bending or fracture that changes the angle of the grain stem from the vertical position. Due to the important factors involved, an important aspect of performance is directly and indirectly related to the occurrence of fungal diseases and nutrient-related issues affecting the physico-mechanical properties of the plant, such as flexural strength. The efficacy of silicon, calcium, and potassium in addressing these concerns is notable.
Seed pretreatment is one of the simple techniques that can increase seed vigor and seedling establishment, and thus plant yield. Seed pretreatment can be done with water (hydropriming), inorganic salts such as potassium nitrate (halopriming), and growth regulators such as salicylic acid (hormone priming) and ascorbic acid (vitamin priming). Another effective factor in producing strong seeds is proper nutrition of the mother plants. Proper nutrition of the maternal plant in the form of foliar sprays with essential elements leads to the production of high-quality seeds, which affects germination and yield. Considering the positive role of seed pretreatment in improving germination rate and seedling establishment, and increasing seed yield of various plants as a result of foliar application of growth regulators and inorganic salts, this experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying with salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and potassium nitrate on improving physiological and biochemical characteristics, yield and yield components of borage.
Drought stress and consequent lack of available water for plants is one of the main causes of accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various organs of plants, which is effective in reducing the yield of cereals such as wheat. The antioxidant system, which contains various enzymes and genes, is responsible for removing and detoxifying plants from ROS. Unfortunately, genes responding to drought stress and their enzymatic activities associated with spike and flag leaf of wheat have received less attention. Therefore, in the present study, photosynthetic parameters, key enzymes of the antioxidant system, and expression analysis of some genes involved in this system under field capacity (FC) and drought stress (DS) conditions in spike and flag leaves of wheat were investigated.
Introduction
Gelatin is one of the most widely used colloidal proteins, which has unique hydrocolloidal property. Gelatin is derived from collagen by changing the thermal nature. This product is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic and photography industries. Global gelatin demand for food and non-food products is increasing. Two important properties of nanoparticles are: Increasing the surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles causes the atoms on the surface to have a much greater effect on their properties than the atoms within the particle volume. The effects of quantum size, which is the second feature. Methods for preparing nanoparticles from natural macromolecules: In general, two major methods for making protein nanoparticles have been reported Emulsion-solvent evaporation method and sedimentation or phase separation method in aqueous medium. Numerous methods have been reported for the preparation of nanoparticles from natural macromolecules. The first method is based on emulsification and the second method is based on phase separation in aqueous medium. In the first method, due to the instability of the emulsion, it is not possible to prepare nanoparticles smaller than 500 nm with a narrow particle size distribution. Therefore, coagulation method or anti-solvent method which is based on phase separation was proposed to prepare nanoparticles from natural macromolecules.
Materials and Methods
Type B (cow) gelatin was purchased from processing company with Bloom 260-240 food and pharmaceutical Iran solvent gelatin solution of 25% aqueous acetate glutaraldehyde from Iran Neutron Company. Two-stage anti-solvent method was used to produce gelatin nanoparticles. Then, to form nanoparticles, acetone was added dropwise while stirring until the dissolved acetone begins to change color and eventually turns white, which indicates the formation of nanoparticles. Finally, glutaraldehyde solution was added for cross-linking and finally centrifuged.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that with increasing gelatin concentration, nanoparticle size and PDI increased significantly. According to the announced results, the solvent has a direct effect on the size. Therefore, the best mixing speed is determined to achieve the smallest particle size. Zeta potential is the best indicator for determining the electrical status of the particle surface and a factor for the stability of the potential of the colloidal system because it indicates the amount of charge accumulation in the immobile layer and the intensity of adsorption of opposite ions on the particle surface. If all the particles in the suspension are negatively or positively charged, the particles tend to repel each other and do not tend to accumulate. The tendency of co-particles to repel each other is directly related to the zeta potential. Fabricated gelatin nanoparticles have a stable structure, and are heat resistant. These nanoparticles are ready to be used to accept
Covering a staggering 215 million hectares, wheat stands as the world's most extensively cultivated crop plant. Just like its botanical counterparts, wheat operates as an obligate aerobic organism, implying its reliance on absorbing oxygen from the surrounding environment to facilitate growth, proliferation, and the successful completion of its life cycle. Annual instances of waterlogging stress inflict harm upon wheat crops, attributed to inadequate irrigation practices, subpar drainage systems, uneven field leveling, elevated groundwater levels, the presence of unyielding impermeable layers, and bouts of intense, abrupt rainfall. This adverse impact is progressively escalating, potentially influenced by the ongoing shifts in climate patterns. Consequently, the adoption of resilient cultivars and the genetic enhancement of bread wheat assume critical importance. These strategies are aimed at augmenting the wheat's capacity to effectively cope with waterlogging stress, aligning it with the mounting demands of a burgeoning global population.
To achieve these goals, it is necessary to understand the factors causing waterlogging stress damage in wheat and to know the mechanisms of tolerance in this plant. The survival of root terminal meristem cells under waterlogging stress conditions is very limited, and their ability to grow again after removing the stress is also restricted. Waterlogging stress leads to the death of primary roots and reduced growth of lateral roots in wheat. However, there is variation among wheat cultivars concerning these traits. Reduced access to oxygen hampers root growth and nutrient absorption, including nitrogen. Consequently, photosynthesis and carbohydrate availability decrease, further restricting root growth.
Intensive agriculture, despite high production, has adverse environmental effects, mainly due to the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we need alternative agricultural systems that are more economically and environmentally sustainable to produce crops. One of the sustainable methods in the production of agricultural products is intercropping. Intercropping of two or more species in a plot of land can increase biodiversity and resource utilization as agricultural perspective, which in turn can lead to increased yield stability. Intercropping uses resources more efficiently than monoculture, preventing the growth and spread of weeds by shading and suffocating weeds, and in some cases with allelopathic. Intercropping of cereals and legumes is recommended for the development of sustainable food production systems, especially in planting systems based on reduced consumption of foreign inputs. The importance of these systems depends on the nitrogen stabilized by the legumes. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of row intercropping of barley and vetch and different levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on weed biomass, yield components and yield of two species in Karaj climatic condition.
Modeling and Fabrication of a Robot for Sowing in a Seedling Tray (Case Study...J. Agricultural Machinery
Adopting new technologies for crop growth has the characteristics of improving disaster resistance and stress tolerance, ensuring stable yields, and improving product quality. Currently, the cultivation of seed trays relies on huge labor power, and further mechanization is needed to increase production. However, there are some problems in this operation, such as the difficulty of improving the speed of a single machine, seedling deficiency detection, automatic planting, and controlling the quality, which need to be solved urgently. To solve these problems, there are already some meaningful attempts. Si et al. (2012) applied a photoelectric sensor to a vegetable transplanter, which can measure the distance between seedlings and the movement speed of seedlings in a seedling guide tube, to prevent omission transplantation. Yang et al. (2018) designed a seedling separation device with reciprocating movement of the seedling cup for rice transplanting. Tests show that the structure of the mechanical parts of the seedling separation device meets the requirements of seed movement. The optimization of the control system can improve the positioning accuracy according to requirements and achieve the purpose of automatic seedling division. Chen et al. (2020) designed and tested of soft-pot-tray automatic embedding system for a light-economical pot seedling nursery machine. The experimental results showed that the embedded-hard-tray automatic lowering mechanism was reliable and stable as the tray placement success rate was greater than 99%. The successful tray embedding rate was 100% and the seed exposure rate was less than 1% with a linear velocity of the conveyor belt of 0.92 m s-1. The experiment findings agreed well with the analytical results.
Despite the sharp decline in Iran's water resources and growing population, the need to produce food and agricultural products is greater than ever. In the past, most seeds were planted directly into the soil, and many water resources, especially groundwater, were used for direct seed sowing and plant germination. One way to reduce the consumption of water, fertilizers, and pesticides is to plant seedlings instead of direct seed sowing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was dynamic modeling and fabrication of seed planting systems in seedling trays.
In recent decades, the need for increased food production has resulted in the expansion of intensified agriculture practices characterized by high consumption of inputs, thereby reducing agricultural sustainability. The agricultural sector's contribution to the world's energy consumption, ecological footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions has grown substantially. Emissions of greenhouse gases have negative ecological effects, including climate change, global warming, and diminished sustainable development. In this sector, energy analysis and greenhouse gas emissions in ecosystems are the most common methods for assessing sustainability. This study was conducted to evaluate the sustainability of canola agroecosystems by analyzing energy consumption, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Assessment of Sieve Slope, Sieve Range and Fan Suction on Cleaning Efficiency...J. Agricultural Machinery
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual plant of the legume genus that is cultivated in 109 countries due to its high-quality oil and seed protein. In Iran, this crop is cultivated on an area of 3000 hectares, with an average yield of 4 tons per hectare. Threshing performance significantly affects seed loss and physical damage, including cracking and crushing of seeds during harvest. Therefore, over the last century, extensive research has been conducted on different types of threshing methods, as well as the design and development of various threshing machines.
Research on seed crops such as cereals and seeds suggest that factors such as the rotational speed of the thresher, threshing-concave distance, feeding rate, and shape of threshing teeth play a crucial role in determining the threshing efficiency and quality of the threshed seeds. Although limited research has been conducted on peanut threshing, there are currently no combine-machines available for this crop on global markets. Therefore, this study aims to investigate several working parameters of an experimental peanut thresher, including the effect of sieve angle, sieve range of movement, and suction speed on the separation unit.
The quantity and quality of forage plants are beneficial and useful due to their role in animal husbandry, reproduction and other livestock products. Due to the limitation of water resources, water-deficit as a significant biotic stress is the most severe threat to world food security and is responsible for many yield losses. Plants constantly modify their physiological processes in response to various biotic and abiotic stress to regulate the balance between plant growth and defense response. Many researchers have documented that plant nutrients are involved in biological processes of plants. It has been stated that the use of silicon by increasing the ability to absorb water can be useful to improve drought tolerance of sorghum, sorghum can with the help of silicon extract more water from dry soil and maintain more stomatal conductance.
Introduction
As a useful fruit for humans, apple (Malus domestica) is a good sourceof antioxidants, minerals, ascorbic acid, vitamins, polyphenols, fibers and other essential elements with medicinal properties. Improving the storage time of apple juice and maintaining the stability of extracts with high Brix value (during transportation and storage) and its marketability by removing the remaining water as well as reducing the turbidity, viscosity and brown color caused by colloidal suspended solids. Large (pectin, protopectin, pigments, polymeric carbohydrates, tannin, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, fibers, etc.) is of great importance. Due to the presence of colloidal suspended solid particles and compounds that settle over time (mold, bacteria, plant cell fragments, pectin-tannin complex), apple juice must be clarified before concentration. Due to the high-energy consumption, time-consuming, degradation of thermo-sensitive components, and reduction of nutritional value in traditional methods, recently, the use of membrane concentration in food and beverage production holds great potential.. Despite all the benefits of membrane processes, one of the critical problems is permeate flux decline due to the concentration polarization and membrane fouling. In this study, an innovative mechanical motion was developed to remove the cake deposits on the membrane surface towards mitigating adverse effects of polarization and fouling.
Materials and Methods
Membrane scraped surface module was designed and made with polyethylene material. The membrane was enclosed between the lower and upper parts of the module. These two parts are connected with screws and create a cylindrical part. Also, two caps are pressed axially to this cylindrical part by a metal frame to eliminate any unwanted leakage. The rotor shaft was coupled with an electric motor and the rotation of the output shaft was regulated by an inverter. A pump transferred the fresh fruit juice to the module through the inlet port and then it was divided into two output streams, permeate and retentate. The permeate was collected from the bottom of the module for further investigation and the retentate was returned to the juice tank. A polyethersulfone (PES) membrane with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 4 kDa was used to clarify apple juice. Effects of the blade rotation speed (0, 600, 1400 and 2200 rpm), transmembrane pressure (TMP) (0.5, 1 and 1.5 bar), feed flow rate (FFR) (10, 15 and 20 ml/s) and the distance of the blade from the membrane surface (2 and 5 mm) on volumetric concentration factor (VCF) and fouling phenomenon were evaluated. Hermia model was used to study the main fouling mechanism and it was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that rotating the blade with speed of 600 rpm at TMP of 0.5 bar, FFR of 10 ml/s and 2 mm distance from the membrane surface had the best performance in VCF and reducing fouling. The main mechanis
Quinoa is a dicotyledonous plant from the Amaranthaceae family, with favorable nutritional value and a high potential for growth and production in adverse environmental conditions. Despite being three carbon, it has high water consumption efficiency and as a new crop, due to its wide adaptation to different environment conditions such as salinity and drought, as well as being premature, it is suitable for planting in arid and desert areas and has many factors. Genetic and environmental factors such as genotype, density, arrangement and planting date, soil salinity, and drought stress affect yield. Among these, drought is one of the most important non-living stresses that cause great damage to crops and horticulture in the world every year. And especially Iran, which is considered an arid and semi-arid country. The effect of moisture stress on plants varies depending on which stage of plant growth occurs and plants can work through various mechanisms such as reducing growth parameters, closing pores, reducing photosynthesis, changing regulatory mechanisms of ion transport, and increasing activity. Antioxidant enzymes cope with drought stress to some extent, although such mechanisms are energy-intensive and cause a decline in performance.
Long-term use of chemical fertilizers can cause many adverse effects. In addition, excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers can lead to decreased food safety and low quality of vegetables, such as the accumulation of nitrates in plants. Today, using organic fertilizers is an efficient way to achieve sustainable agricultural development. The release rate of nutrients from organic fertilizers is slow and hardly exceeds the absorption capacity of plants compared to chemical fertilizers.
Introduction
Prolonged droughts and lack of water resources, followed by the salinity of water and soil resources, have faced many limitations in the production of some conventional agricultural and garden plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the country. Therefore, the introduction of new plants with high yield potential, which have suitable growth in saline soils, the threshold of their seed yield reduction is high, and the production product is of high quality has been considered in Iran. Quinoa with the scientific name Chenopodium quinoa Willd. It is an annual plant originating from Latin America, which, despite its high nutritional value, tolerates a wide range of abiotic stresses and can grow in marginal lands. For this reason, this experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of quinoa plant genotypes against different levels of salinity in the research field of the Gorgan Agricultural Meteorological Research Department.
Materials and Methods
Cultivation of seeds of nine genotypes Titicaca (control number), Giza1, RedCarina, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29, and Q31 obtained from Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute in a factorial experiment based on a complete random block design. Plastic pots were made with a bed of sand and clay in a ratio of two to one on March 5, 2019. The application of NaCl salt solution treatments at the levels of zero, 10, 20, and 30 decisiemens/m started after the establishment of the plant and reached the six-leaf stage and lasted for 45 days. After salinity treatment, morphological traits including plant height, stem diameter, number of sub-branches, inflorescence length, inflorescence width, biomass, 1000 seed weight, and seed weight per plant were measured.
Introduction
Sunflower, one of the primary oilseed crops worldwide, is cultivated extensively due to its suitability for agricultural needs, high oil yield, and nutritional and medicinal value. However, drought remains the most critical limiting factor affecting sunflower productivity. In arid and semi-arid regions, the intensity of drought stress is predicted to increase in the future. Unfortunately, severe drought stress leads to significant reductions in both seed and oil production. While sunflower is moderately drought-tolerant, understanding the physiological and agronomic aspects of drought stress is crucial for sustainable management. Given that water, scarcity poses a significant threat to crop productivity and environmental resources are diminishing, effective irrigation management under water scarcity is becoming increasingly important.
Materials and Methods
In order to study the effects of deficit irrigation on grain yield and physiological traits of six sunflower cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019-2020 growing season. The experimental site was located in the research farm of the Safiabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Main plots consisted of three irrigation regimes including; control, moderate, and severe deficit irrigation (50, 70, and 90% of available moisture, respectively), and sub plots consisted of six sunflower cultivars including; Oscar, Felix, Shakira, Savana, Labad and Monaliza.
More Related Content
Similar to Effects of Nanoparticles (Zinc and Silicon) and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield, Photosynthetic Pigments and Grain Filling Components of Triticale under Salinity Stres
Introduction
Nowadays, the cultivation of plants adapted to adverse conditions, such as drought and salinity, in the country has been considered. Meanwhile, Kochia scoparia, one of the forgotten plants, due to its classification in the group of halophytes, has specific characteristics suitable for cultivation in low-water and saline areas (Salehi, Kafi, & Kiani, 2012). This plant is known as an important annual forage crop, and its grains also have high nutritional value and oil, which can be considered for future industrial applications (Salehi et al., 2012). Studies on the salinity tolerance of the Kochia plant have shown that it is suitable for cultivation in saline areas, and in terms of quantity and quality, can compete with conventional forage plants. The use of natural organic materials, such as humic acid, has received more attention. These materials, as part of soil organic matter, are influenced by physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in biological molecules (Sabzevari & Khazaei, 2009; Dong, Córdova-Kreylos, Yang, Yuan, & Scow, 2009). Additionally, nitrogen is the most important element needed for plant growth and development. It is also a key component in many biological compounds, including proteins, nucleic acids, some hormones, and chlorophyll. Nitrogen plays an essential role in photosynthetic processes and the final function of plants (Kaur, Gupta, & Kaur, 2002; Taiz, Zeiger, Møller, & Murphy, 2015). As a result of this research, a combination of nitrogen and humic acid can be used as nutritional resources in salt stress conditions.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted in the form of split plots based on the randomized complete block design with three replications in the Saline Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the 2015 growth season. The main plot included drought stress with a four-week interruption of irrigation at three levels of control (irrigation until the end of the growing season), after establishment (50 days after planting), the beginning of flowering (71 days after planting) and late flowering (82 days after planting) The subplot was included nitrogen application at three levels of zero, 100 and 200 kg.ha-1 from urea fertilizer source. The optimum level of humic acid (2 per thousand) was done as seed at the time of planting for all treatments.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the drought stress during vegetative and reproductive growth stages had a negative effect on the Kochia plant. However, its effect in the early stages of vegetative growth (after establishment) was greater than the stress at the end of the season (late flowering). Drought stress has a negative effect on Kochia grain yield by reducing the concentration of chlorophyll a, altering the chlorophyll a to b ratio, decreasing carotenoid concentration, and affecting relative leaf water content. However, seed treatments of humic acid and its combination with 100 kg.ha-1 nitrogen level by increasing th
In the pursuit of a resilient and progressive agricultural system, the incorporation of diverse fertilizers is deemed essential. This practice not only enhances product quality but also aids in cost reduction. However, over-reliance on a specific type of input can inadvertently lead to unintended repercussions. The unrestricted utilization of chemical fertilizers, for instance, can precipitate adverse outcomes such as imbalanced pH levels, the accumulation of heavy elements, soil structure deterioration, and environmental contamination. Conversely, organic fertilizers, while environmentally friendly, often release nutrients at a slower rate, potentially disrupting optimal plant growth. To attain a balanced and sustainable agricultural approach, the combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers is advocated. Moreover, harnessing the biological potential inherent in soil ecosystems, including beneficial microbial communities encompassing bacteria and fungi, emerges as a promising avenue in cultivating sustainable agriculture. Acknowledging the adverse impact of late-season heat stress on wheat production in Khuzestan and recognizing the significance of reducing chemical fertilizer usage while augmenting organic and biological fertilizers to foster ecological health, this experiment undertakes the exploration of the effects of a synergistic approach. Specifically, it delves into the combined utilization of nitrogen and compost fertilizers, complemented by the incorporation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. This endeavor aims to shed light on how this combined strategy operates within the context of terminal heat stress, assessing its influence on the physiological attributes and yield of the wheat cultivar Chamran 2.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the green revolution led to a dramatic increase in global food and fodder production to eliminate hunger and boost food security. This production enhancement was accompanied by an intensified agricultural and chemical input consumption and increased cultivated area and mechanization. Although yield per unit area has improved in most crops, concerns about food security for the world's rising population are still significant. Guaranteeing food security in the future will necessitate a shift in management approaches to boost output, agroecosystem sustainability, and stability and reduce the environmental harm caused by agriculture. The first step to achieving sustainability and ecological intensification in agricultural systems is to have a comprehensive agroecological analysis of agricultural systems in each region. Hence, the complete evaluation and analysis of agroecological features according to their type in each region is necessary for establishing an optimal management technique. After analyzing the present state of each region's shared ecosystems, the optimal strategy for boosting production stability must be devised and implemented.
The increasing demand for medicinal plants in traditional medicine as well as the pharmaceutical industry has created the need for some plants to be grown commercially, but the lack of soil moisture poses a serious threat to their production. Planting method can affect the emergence and growth rate of crop and lead to decrease water consumption and increase irrigation water efficiency as yield increases. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is one of the drought tolerant plants. Saving water consumption by cultivating drought tolerant plants has been proposed as a strategy to combat drought. It should be noted, however, that irrigation without proper planning can reduce the growth and production of crops. In this regard, determining time of deficit irrigation with minimum damage is an appropriate solution that achieves optimum yield while saving water consumption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different irrigation regimes and planting method on some physiological traits, yield and water use efficiency of Roselle plant.
Applying innovative nanotechnology in agriculture is considered as one of the promising approaches to obtain significant increases of crop yield. Nanoparticles (NPs) are considered potential agents for agriculture as fertilizers and growth enhancers and using of nano-fertilizers has led to an increasing in the efficiency of nutrients, the correct management of fertilizer consumption, and a reduction of the frequency of fertilizer application. Stimulants are compounds that initiate signals for cells to increase or decrease the production of secondary metabolites and plant defense response. Stimulants such as Putrescine play a role in regulating various plant physiological processes. In this regard, considering the importance of using new technologies, including nanotechnology, in sustainable agriculture to increase the quantitative and qualitative performance of agricultural products, especially oil-medicinal plants, and the lack of sufficient information about the use of iron nanoparticles and polyamine putricine in Camelina plant nutrition, The effect of foliar spraying of these stimulants on functional, morphological and physiological traits of Camelina plant (Soheil veriety) was evaluated.
There is an urgent need to increase per capita food production to compete with high population growth while maintaining environmental sustainability. Because nitrogen plays a vital role in food production for humans and livestock, nitrogen management is essential in food production. In most cropping systems, nitrogen management seems to be a major challenge due to its high mobility and natural tendency for losses from the soil-plant system to the environment. Soil organic carbon plays a key role in improving soil ecological conditions. Adding organic matter to the soil is an excellent tool for improving physical, chemical and biological conditions and is almost always desirable. Soil organic carbon stock of crop ecosystems may be increased by improving farming practices. The application of green manure, fertilizer and the return of crop straw into the soil are known as management operations to increase soil organic carbon. Fertilizers, especially nitrogen, increase crop yield, and organic carbon is returned to the soil through roots and debris, which in most cases leads to increased soil organic carbon.
Water is now the main limiting factor for crop production in arid and semi-arid regions. Water-cut or irrigation interruption has been suggested as one of the main strategies agro-technique to get the most benefit from limited water resource available. In this regard, plant growth stage, time of stress induction and the genotype are the main key factors to determine the degree of success. Canola is one of the most important oil crop. It can survive some degree of water stress while there is a need for research to find the most appropriate genotypes for plantations in water-limited areas.
Food security is one of the basic needs of any society. Studies have been conducted on the foliar application of elements, especially silicon, calcium, and potassium, to reduce the adverse environmental effects on the physico-mechanical properties of cereals and improve their growth and development in order to maintain food security. Lodging, which is caused by a decrease in the mechanical properties of the plant stem's flexural strength, is characterized by bending or fracture that changes the angle of the grain stem from the vertical position. Due to the important factors involved, an important aspect of performance is directly and indirectly related to the occurrence of fungal diseases and nutrient-related issues affecting the physico-mechanical properties of the plant, such as flexural strength. The efficacy of silicon, calcium, and potassium in addressing these concerns is notable.
Seed pretreatment is one of the simple techniques that can increase seed vigor and seedling establishment, and thus plant yield. Seed pretreatment can be done with water (hydropriming), inorganic salts such as potassium nitrate (halopriming), and growth regulators such as salicylic acid (hormone priming) and ascorbic acid (vitamin priming). Another effective factor in producing strong seeds is proper nutrition of the mother plants. Proper nutrition of the maternal plant in the form of foliar sprays with essential elements leads to the production of high-quality seeds, which affects germination and yield. Considering the positive role of seed pretreatment in improving germination rate and seedling establishment, and increasing seed yield of various plants as a result of foliar application of growth regulators and inorganic salts, this experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed pretreatment and foliar spraying with salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and potassium nitrate on improving physiological and biochemical characteristics, yield and yield components of borage.
Drought stress and consequent lack of available water for plants is one of the main causes of accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various organs of plants, which is effective in reducing the yield of cereals such as wheat. The antioxidant system, which contains various enzymes and genes, is responsible for removing and detoxifying plants from ROS. Unfortunately, genes responding to drought stress and their enzymatic activities associated with spike and flag leaf of wheat have received less attention. Therefore, in the present study, photosynthetic parameters, key enzymes of the antioxidant system, and expression analysis of some genes involved in this system under field capacity (FC) and drought stress (DS) conditions in spike and flag leaves of wheat were investigated.
Introduction
Gelatin is one of the most widely used colloidal proteins, which has unique hydrocolloidal property. Gelatin is derived from collagen by changing the thermal nature. This product is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic and photography industries. Global gelatin demand for food and non-food products is increasing. Two important properties of nanoparticles are: Increasing the surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles causes the atoms on the surface to have a much greater effect on their properties than the atoms within the particle volume. The effects of quantum size, which is the second feature. Methods for preparing nanoparticles from natural macromolecules: In general, two major methods for making protein nanoparticles have been reported Emulsion-solvent evaporation method and sedimentation or phase separation method in aqueous medium. Numerous methods have been reported for the preparation of nanoparticles from natural macromolecules. The first method is based on emulsification and the second method is based on phase separation in aqueous medium. In the first method, due to the instability of the emulsion, it is not possible to prepare nanoparticles smaller than 500 nm with a narrow particle size distribution. Therefore, coagulation method or anti-solvent method which is based on phase separation was proposed to prepare nanoparticles from natural macromolecules.
Materials and Methods
Type B (cow) gelatin was purchased from processing company with Bloom 260-240 food and pharmaceutical Iran solvent gelatin solution of 25% aqueous acetate glutaraldehyde from Iran Neutron Company. Two-stage anti-solvent method was used to produce gelatin nanoparticles. Then, to form nanoparticles, acetone was added dropwise while stirring until the dissolved acetone begins to change color and eventually turns white, which indicates the formation of nanoparticles. Finally, glutaraldehyde solution was added for cross-linking and finally centrifuged.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that with increasing gelatin concentration, nanoparticle size and PDI increased significantly. According to the announced results, the solvent has a direct effect on the size. Therefore, the best mixing speed is determined to achieve the smallest particle size. Zeta potential is the best indicator for determining the electrical status of the particle surface and a factor for the stability of the potential of the colloidal system because it indicates the amount of charge accumulation in the immobile layer and the intensity of adsorption of opposite ions on the particle surface. If all the particles in the suspension are negatively or positively charged, the particles tend to repel each other and do not tend to accumulate. The tendency of co-particles to repel each other is directly related to the zeta potential. Fabricated gelatin nanoparticles have a stable structure, and are heat resistant. These nanoparticles are ready to be used to accept
Covering a staggering 215 million hectares, wheat stands as the world's most extensively cultivated crop plant. Just like its botanical counterparts, wheat operates as an obligate aerobic organism, implying its reliance on absorbing oxygen from the surrounding environment to facilitate growth, proliferation, and the successful completion of its life cycle. Annual instances of waterlogging stress inflict harm upon wheat crops, attributed to inadequate irrigation practices, subpar drainage systems, uneven field leveling, elevated groundwater levels, the presence of unyielding impermeable layers, and bouts of intense, abrupt rainfall. This adverse impact is progressively escalating, potentially influenced by the ongoing shifts in climate patterns. Consequently, the adoption of resilient cultivars and the genetic enhancement of bread wheat assume critical importance. These strategies are aimed at augmenting the wheat's capacity to effectively cope with waterlogging stress, aligning it with the mounting demands of a burgeoning global population.
To achieve these goals, it is necessary to understand the factors causing waterlogging stress damage in wheat and to know the mechanisms of tolerance in this plant. The survival of root terminal meristem cells under waterlogging stress conditions is very limited, and their ability to grow again after removing the stress is also restricted. Waterlogging stress leads to the death of primary roots and reduced growth of lateral roots in wheat. However, there is variation among wheat cultivars concerning these traits. Reduced access to oxygen hampers root growth and nutrient absorption, including nitrogen. Consequently, photosynthesis and carbohydrate availability decrease, further restricting root growth.
Intensive agriculture, despite high production, has adverse environmental effects, mainly due to the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Therefore, we need alternative agricultural systems that are more economically and environmentally sustainable to produce crops. One of the sustainable methods in the production of agricultural products is intercropping. Intercropping of two or more species in a plot of land can increase biodiversity and resource utilization as agricultural perspective, which in turn can lead to increased yield stability. Intercropping uses resources more efficiently than monoculture, preventing the growth and spread of weeds by shading and suffocating weeds, and in some cases with allelopathic. Intercropping of cereals and legumes is recommended for the development of sustainable food production systems, especially in planting systems based on reduced consumption of foreign inputs. The importance of these systems depends on the nitrogen stabilized by the legumes. The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of row intercropping of barley and vetch and different levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on weed biomass, yield components and yield of two species in Karaj climatic condition.
Modeling and Fabrication of a Robot for Sowing in a Seedling Tray (Case Study...J. Agricultural Machinery
Adopting new technologies for crop growth has the characteristics of improving disaster resistance and stress tolerance, ensuring stable yields, and improving product quality. Currently, the cultivation of seed trays relies on huge labor power, and further mechanization is needed to increase production. However, there are some problems in this operation, such as the difficulty of improving the speed of a single machine, seedling deficiency detection, automatic planting, and controlling the quality, which need to be solved urgently. To solve these problems, there are already some meaningful attempts. Si et al. (2012) applied a photoelectric sensor to a vegetable transplanter, which can measure the distance between seedlings and the movement speed of seedlings in a seedling guide tube, to prevent omission transplantation. Yang et al. (2018) designed a seedling separation device with reciprocating movement of the seedling cup for rice transplanting. Tests show that the structure of the mechanical parts of the seedling separation device meets the requirements of seed movement. The optimization of the control system can improve the positioning accuracy according to requirements and achieve the purpose of automatic seedling division. Chen et al. (2020) designed and tested of soft-pot-tray automatic embedding system for a light-economical pot seedling nursery machine. The experimental results showed that the embedded-hard-tray automatic lowering mechanism was reliable and stable as the tray placement success rate was greater than 99%. The successful tray embedding rate was 100% and the seed exposure rate was less than 1% with a linear velocity of the conveyor belt of 0.92 m s-1. The experiment findings agreed well with the analytical results.
Despite the sharp decline in Iran's water resources and growing population, the need to produce food and agricultural products is greater than ever. In the past, most seeds were planted directly into the soil, and many water resources, especially groundwater, were used for direct seed sowing and plant germination. One way to reduce the consumption of water, fertilizers, and pesticides is to plant seedlings instead of direct seed sowing. Therefore, the purpose of this study was dynamic modeling and fabrication of seed planting systems in seedling trays.
In recent decades, the need for increased food production has resulted in the expansion of intensified agriculture practices characterized by high consumption of inputs, thereby reducing agricultural sustainability. The agricultural sector's contribution to the world's energy consumption, ecological footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions has grown substantially. Emissions of greenhouse gases have negative ecological effects, including climate change, global warming, and diminished sustainable development. In this sector, energy analysis and greenhouse gas emissions in ecosystems are the most common methods for assessing sustainability. This study was conducted to evaluate the sustainability of canola agroecosystems by analyzing energy consumption, carbon footprint, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Assessment of Sieve Slope, Sieve Range and Fan Suction on Cleaning Efficiency...J. Agricultural Machinery
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual plant of the legume genus that is cultivated in 109 countries due to its high-quality oil and seed protein. In Iran, this crop is cultivated on an area of 3000 hectares, with an average yield of 4 tons per hectare. Threshing performance significantly affects seed loss and physical damage, including cracking and crushing of seeds during harvest. Therefore, over the last century, extensive research has been conducted on different types of threshing methods, as well as the design and development of various threshing machines.
Research on seed crops such as cereals and seeds suggest that factors such as the rotational speed of the thresher, threshing-concave distance, feeding rate, and shape of threshing teeth play a crucial role in determining the threshing efficiency and quality of the threshed seeds. Although limited research has been conducted on peanut threshing, there are currently no combine-machines available for this crop on global markets. Therefore, this study aims to investigate several working parameters of an experimental peanut thresher, including the effect of sieve angle, sieve range of movement, and suction speed on the separation unit.
The quantity and quality of forage plants are beneficial and useful due to their role in animal husbandry, reproduction and other livestock products. Due to the limitation of water resources, water-deficit as a significant biotic stress is the most severe threat to world food security and is responsible for many yield losses. Plants constantly modify their physiological processes in response to various biotic and abiotic stress to regulate the balance between plant growth and defense response. Many researchers have documented that plant nutrients are involved in biological processes of plants. It has been stated that the use of silicon by increasing the ability to absorb water can be useful to improve drought tolerance of sorghum, sorghum can with the help of silicon extract more water from dry soil and maintain more stomatal conductance.
Introduction
As a useful fruit for humans, apple (Malus domestica) is a good sourceof antioxidants, minerals, ascorbic acid, vitamins, polyphenols, fibers and other essential elements with medicinal properties. Improving the storage time of apple juice and maintaining the stability of extracts with high Brix value (during transportation and storage) and its marketability by removing the remaining water as well as reducing the turbidity, viscosity and brown color caused by colloidal suspended solids. Large (pectin, protopectin, pigments, polymeric carbohydrates, tannin, starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, fibers, etc.) is of great importance. Due to the presence of colloidal suspended solid particles and compounds that settle over time (mold, bacteria, plant cell fragments, pectin-tannin complex), apple juice must be clarified before concentration. Due to the high-energy consumption, time-consuming, degradation of thermo-sensitive components, and reduction of nutritional value in traditional methods, recently, the use of membrane concentration in food and beverage production holds great potential.. Despite all the benefits of membrane processes, one of the critical problems is permeate flux decline due to the concentration polarization and membrane fouling. In this study, an innovative mechanical motion was developed to remove the cake deposits on the membrane surface towards mitigating adverse effects of polarization and fouling.
Materials and Methods
Membrane scraped surface module was designed and made with polyethylene material. The membrane was enclosed between the lower and upper parts of the module. These two parts are connected with screws and create a cylindrical part. Also, two caps are pressed axially to this cylindrical part by a metal frame to eliminate any unwanted leakage. The rotor shaft was coupled with an electric motor and the rotation of the output shaft was regulated by an inverter. A pump transferred the fresh fruit juice to the module through the inlet port and then it was divided into two output streams, permeate and retentate. The permeate was collected from the bottom of the module for further investigation and the retentate was returned to the juice tank. A polyethersulfone (PES) membrane with molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 4 kDa was used to clarify apple juice. Effects of the blade rotation speed (0, 600, 1400 and 2200 rpm), transmembrane pressure (TMP) (0.5, 1 and 1.5 bar), feed flow rate (FFR) (10, 15 and 20 ml/s) and the distance of the blade from the membrane surface (2 and 5 mm) on volumetric concentration factor (VCF) and fouling phenomenon were evaluated. Hermia model was used to study the main fouling mechanism and it was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that rotating the blade with speed of 600 rpm at TMP of 0.5 bar, FFR of 10 ml/s and 2 mm distance from the membrane surface had the best performance in VCF and reducing fouling. The main mechanis
Quinoa is a dicotyledonous plant from the Amaranthaceae family, with favorable nutritional value and a high potential for growth and production in adverse environmental conditions. Despite being three carbon, it has high water consumption efficiency and as a new crop, due to its wide adaptation to different environment conditions such as salinity and drought, as well as being premature, it is suitable for planting in arid and desert areas and has many factors. Genetic and environmental factors such as genotype, density, arrangement and planting date, soil salinity, and drought stress affect yield. Among these, drought is one of the most important non-living stresses that cause great damage to crops and horticulture in the world every year. And especially Iran, which is considered an arid and semi-arid country. The effect of moisture stress on plants varies depending on which stage of plant growth occurs and plants can work through various mechanisms such as reducing growth parameters, closing pores, reducing photosynthesis, changing regulatory mechanisms of ion transport, and increasing activity. Antioxidant enzymes cope with drought stress to some extent, although such mechanisms are energy-intensive and cause a decline in performance.
Long-term use of chemical fertilizers can cause many adverse effects. In addition, excessive consumption of chemical fertilizers can lead to decreased food safety and low quality of vegetables, such as the accumulation of nitrates in plants. Today, using organic fertilizers is an efficient way to achieve sustainable agricultural development. The release rate of nutrients from organic fertilizers is slow and hardly exceeds the absorption capacity of plants compared to chemical fertilizers.
Similar to Effects of Nanoparticles (Zinc and Silicon) and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield, Photosynthetic Pigments and Grain Filling Components of Triticale under Salinity Stres (20)
Introduction
Prolonged droughts and lack of water resources, followed by the salinity of water and soil resources, have faced many limitations in the production of some conventional agricultural and garden plants, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the country. Therefore, the introduction of new plants with high yield potential, which have suitable growth in saline soils, the threshold of their seed yield reduction is high, and the production product is of high quality has been considered in Iran. Quinoa with the scientific name Chenopodium quinoa Willd. It is an annual plant originating from Latin America, which, despite its high nutritional value, tolerates a wide range of abiotic stresses and can grow in marginal lands. For this reason, this experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of quinoa plant genotypes against different levels of salinity in the research field of the Gorgan Agricultural Meteorological Research Department.
Materials and Methods
Cultivation of seeds of nine genotypes Titicaca (control number), Giza1, RedCarina, Q18, Q21, Q22, Q26, Q29, and Q31 obtained from Karaj Seedling and Seed Breeding Research Institute in a factorial experiment based on a complete random block design. Plastic pots were made with a bed of sand and clay in a ratio of two to one on March 5, 2019. The application of NaCl salt solution treatments at the levels of zero, 10, 20, and 30 decisiemens/m started after the establishment of the plant and reached the six-leaf stage and lasted for 45 days. After salinity treatment, morphological traits including plant height, stem diameter, number of sub-branches, inflorescence length, inflorescence width, biomass, 1000 seed weight, and seed weight per plant were measured.
Introduction
Sunflower, one of the primary oilseed crops worldwide, is cultivated extensively due to its suitability for agricultural needs, high oil yield, and nutritional and medicinal value. However, drought remains the most critical limiting factor affecting sunflower productivity. In arid and semi-arid regions, the intensity of drought stress is predicted to increase in the future. Unfortunately, severe drought stress leads to significant reductions in both seed and oil production. While sunflower is moderately drought-tolerant, understanding the physiological and agronomic aspects of drought stress is crucial for sustainable management. Given that water, scarcity poses a significant threat to crop productivity and environmental resources are diminishing, effective irrigation management under water scarcity is becoming increasingly important.
Materials and Methods
In order to study the effects of deficit irrigation on grain yield and physiological traits of six sunflower cultivars, a field experiment was carried out in a split-plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2019-2020 growing season. The experimental site was located in the research farm of the Safiabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center. Main plots consisted of three irrigation regimes including; control, moderate, and severe deficit irrigation (50, 70, and 90% of available moisture, respectively), and sub plots consisted of six sunflower cultivars including; Oscar, Felix, Shakira, Savana, Labad and Monaliza.
Deficit irrigation offers a solution for optimizing crop production under water stress conditions, albeit with an initial reduction in yield per unit area. Employing deficit irrigation aids in farm management in scenarios where land availability isn’t constrained, enabling the determination of optimal cultivation patterns while conserving water consumption. However, deficit irrigation may influence plant growth and development by inducing drought stress. Due to several capabilities, quinoa shows resistance to solar radiation, temperature, water availability, and atmospheric CO2 concentration, which makes it possible to cultivate it in different agricultural areas. Quinoa also has a great capacity for cultivation in dry and low-water soils. Although growth analysis sometimes provides valuable clues, it does not provide any physicochemical information related to the environmental reactions of plants; in other words, the main benefit of many quantities involved in growth analysis is to provide an accurate estimate of the ability and efficiency of the plant in the community at certain time intervals. In general, growth analysis evaluates the system based on the results of physiological manifestations. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the physiological growth analyses of three quinoa cultivars under different moisture levels in summer and spring planting dates in the South Khorasan region.
Agriculture is a cornerstone of many developing economies, providing food, income, and employment for millions of people. It is also projected to play a vital role in feeding a global population of 9.1 billion people by 2050. However, there are growing concerns about the environmental impact of agriculture, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions like Iran. Managing water and fertilizer usage in agriculture is crucial to ensuring food security and sustainability. However, conducting field experiments to assess the interaction of all factors involved is expensive and time-consuming. This research focuses on optimizing maize production in Kerman province, a region where maize is a major crop. The research is motivated by the need to improve resource management in Iran, where water and fertilizer resources are limited. The APSIM model is used to determine the best management scenario for maize production in Kerman province. APSIM is a crop growth simulation model that can be used to predict the impact of different management practices on crop yield, water use efficiency, and nutrient use efficiency. The use of APSIM in this research provides a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to conducting extensive field experiments. The results of this research will contribute to the development of sustainable and efficient agricultural practices in Kerman province and similar regions. These regions are characterized by resource constraints, such as limited water and fertilizer availability. The research aimed to simulate the effect of management parameters (planting date and irrigation) on Crop yield and subsequently achieve the optimal management scenario.
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important crops in the human food basket worldwide. It is a highly nutritious pulse crop with low digestible carbohydrates, protein, essential fats, fiber, and a range of minerals and vitamins. As the human population grows, the demand for this protein source increases and various approaches to its sustainable products are being developed. Autumn cultivation of chickpea in cold regions requires the introduction of cultivars tolerant to freezing stress. The ability of plants to overwinter depends on the biochemical and physiological responses induced by their cold acclimation duration. Cold acclimation mechanisms in the plant are a fundamental reason for plant tolerance increase in autumn cultivation. Hence, investigating the mentioned traits can help identify cold-tolerant genotypes. Identifying attributes that provide a suitable description of the diversity between genotypes is critical through canonical correlation analysis, cluster analysis, and determining the genetic distance.
The excessive use of chemical fertilizers is a leading cause of environmental pollution in the agriculture sector. Therefore, optimizing fertilizer application is a crucial approach to boost production while minimizing environmental harm. On the other hand, application of chemical fertilizers along with manure can be considered as the proper management system that led to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers and adverse effects on environment and also improve nutrition for plants. Response-surface methodology is a powerful tool to optimize production resources which decreases cost and time of the experiments by reducing number of them. Therefore, the aim of the study was optimization of chemical fertilizers of nitrogen and phosphorus along with manure application in fodder maize production.
Crop cultivars are the most important factor in crop optimum quantity and quality products achievement and cotton is one of the most industrial crops. Objectives of new cotton cultivars introduction are yield increase, earliness, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite the improvement and introduction of numerous new cotton cultivars in Iran in recent years, new foreign cotton cultivars have also been registered, introduced, and commercialized for the first time in Iran. Therefore, the cultivation of new foreign cotton cultivars that show early maturity, high-yielding, and have good fiber quality is included in projects of the Ministry of Jihad of Agriculture for cotton cultivation development. This research was carried out to evaluate and compare the seed cotton yield and its components and some fiber qualitative characteristics of new cotton with thought VCU trial in South Khorasaد province in Birjand Mohammadieh agriculture research station to introduce and commercialize these cultivars.
Global warming directly affects agricultural production and food security (Ainsworth & Ort, 2010). Temperature controls the rate of plant metabolic processes that ultimately affect biomass production and grain yield (Hay & Walker, 1981). Although farmers are not able to control the climatic conditions, management and changes in factors such as irrigation, soil, crop varieties, activities, and technologies used in the cultivation of crops can reduce the harmful effects of climate change (Moradi et al., 2014). One of the reliable approaches to studying the effects of climate change on agricultural production is using crop growth models. The present study was conducted to simulate the effects of climate change on phonological stages and yield of maize and to investigate the possibility of mitigating the negative effects of climate change on maize by changing the sowing date and selecting suitable cultivars as management strategies for adaptation to climate change in Kermanshah region.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world as well as in Iran. It has experienced many improvements in terms of yield and quality traits during recent decades. Wheat, like energy, is known as a strategic commodity and is one of the important indicators of agriculture. This plant has the highest area under cultivation and production among other cereals in the world. Planting date is an important factor in crop production because meteorological parameters vary with changes in planting date. Delay in planting is one of the problems that is common in almost all wheat growing areas of Iran and is one of the main causes of reduced yields of wheat cultivars. Yield reduction rate varies depending on the delay in planting and cultivars, and the results of some experiments indicate that this amount sometimes reaches more than 35% of potential grain yield. Phenology and growth rate due to their effect on duration and the occurrence of different stages of development and the environmental conditions prevailing in each of these stages, are the key point of adaptation to various environmental conditions such as delayed planting date. This experiment was designed to identify the changes in yield and yield components and phenological stages of new bread wheat cultivars with different growth habits and to investigate the possibility of introducing cultivars compatible with delayed planting date in the region.
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is the second most important sugar crop after sugarcane, which annually produces about 40% of total sugar production worldwide and is adapted to different climatic conditions (El-Hag et al., 2015). Due to global warming, autumn cultivation of sugar beet is predicted to become more priority in the future, but autumn cultivation is in danger of bolting and flowering in many areas. Excessive bolting reduces sugar content, root yield, and purity of raw syrup. In general, both early sowing and delayed sowing reduce root yield, sugar, and leaf area index and increase the percentage of impurities. Therefore, this experiment was designed and implemented with the aim of feasibility study of autumn cultivation of sugar beet and determination of the best planting date in North, Razavi, and South Khorasan provinces for three new varieties resistant to sugar beet.
Climate change is rapidly degrading the conditions of crop production. For instance, increasing salinization and aridity is forecasted to increase in most parts of the world. As a consequence, new stress-tolerant species and genotypes must be identified and used for future agriculture. Stress-tolerant species exist but are actually underutilized and neglected. Quinoa, scientifically known as Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a member of the Amaranthaceae family. Promoting the cultivation and nutrition of quinoa will diversify food products in the country, sustainable production, increase farmers' incomes and provide part of the community's food needs. Crop simulation models have been used for various studies such as selecting the appropriate cultivar, determining the best planting date, predicting the effect of diversity and climate change on growth. Field research requires a lot of time and money, while computer simulation models can save time and money by conducting extensive experimental simulations.
Cumin is one of the most important medicinal plants in Iran and is widely used in food, health and beauty industries due to its antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Yield of some crops are higher in autumn planting compared to spring. However, low temperature and inappropriate distribution of precipitation are of factors affecting seedling emergence and establishment. So it seems that seeds with higher germination also have better emergence and establishment producing more vigorous seedlings in further growth stages. So, to success in autumn-planting of cumin, it is necessary to have ecotypes with appropriate and even emergence in low temperature and water restricted conditions. Since water is of high paramount importance in germination and lower water potentials lead to lower accessibility of water to seeds, the aim of this experiment was to study seed germination response of different cumin ecotypes to low water potentials.
Response of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Ecotypes to Drought Stress during Germ...
Effects of Nanoparticles (Zinc and Silicon) and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield, Photosynthetic Pigments and Grain Filling Components of Triticale under Salinity Stres
1. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research
Homepage: https://jcesc.um.ac.ir
Research Article
Vol. 21, No. 3, Fall 2023, p. 347-361
Effects of Nanoparticles (Zinc and Silicon) and Plant Growth Promoting
Rhizobacteria on Yield, Photosynthetic Pigments and Grain Filling Components
of Triticale under Salinity Stress
Z. Mohammadzadeh 1*
, R. Seyed Sharifi2
, S. Farzaneh3
Received: 25 February 2023
Revised: 02 April 2023
Accepted: 09 April 2023
How to cite this article:
Mohammadzadeh, Z., Seyed sharifi, R., & Farzaneh, S. (2023). Effects of Nanoparticles
(Zinc and Silicon) and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria on Yield, Photosynthetic
Pigments and Grain Filling Components of Triticale under Salinity Stress. Iranian Journal
of Field Crops Research, 21(3), 347-361. (in Persian with English abstract).
https://doi.org/10.22067/jcesc.2023.81343.1231
Introduction
Salinity stands as a significant environmental stressor that profoundly curtails the growth and yield of crop
plants. This adversity also extends to the impairment of pigments and plastids, leading to diminished chlorophyll
indices, rates, and grain-filling durations. To counteract the deleterious impact of such stressors on plant growth,
a spectrum of strategies has been devised. Prominent among these strategies are plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria, exemplified by azospirillum, and the utilization of nanoparticles like zinc and silicon. These
factors play a pivotal role in elevating yield outcomes. Zinc's pivotal involvement spans protein metabolism,
photosynthetic activities, and diverse physiological traits within plants. Particularly noteworthy is its
contribution to rectifying zinc deficiency, a particularly critical concern in plants cultivated in high-pH soils.
Notably, recent research has illuminated the potential of applying minute quantities of micronutrients, notably
zinc via foliar spraying, in bolstering plant resilience against salt stress. Likewise, silicon emerges as a
supplemental micronutrient that imparts heightened resistance to environmental stresses, fostering increased
resilience within biological systems. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of application of plant
growth-promoting rhizobacteria and nanoparticles (zinc and silicon) on the yield, photosynthetic pigments, and
filling components of triticale grain under salt stress.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three
replications in greenhouse research of the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of
Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2022. Factors experimental included salinity at three levels (no salinity as control,
application of 60, 120 mM salinity) by NaCl, application of PGPR at two levels (no inoculation as control and
seed inoculation with Azospirillium), and foliar application of nanoparticles at four levels (foliar application with
water as control, foliar application of 0.8 g.L-1
nano zinc oxide, foliar application 50 mg.L-1
nano silicon, foliar
application both of nano zinc oxide (0.4 g.L-1
) and nano silicon (25 mg.L-1
). The strains and cell densities of
microorganisms used as PGPR in this experiment were 1×107
bacteria per milliliter (107
cfu.ml−1
). A two-part
linear model was used to quantify the grain-filling parameters. In this study, grain dry weight and number were
1- M.Sc. in Seed Science and Technology, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture and
Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran
2- Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources,
University of. Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran
3- Associate Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural
Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardebili, Ardebil, Iran
(*- Corresponding Author Email: zahra.mhz9812@gmail.com)
https://doi.org/10.22067/jcesc.2023.81343.1231
2. 843
جلد ،ایران زراعی پژوهشهای نشریه
12
شماره ،
3
،
پاییز
2411
used to calculate the average grain weight for each sample. Total duration of grain filling was determined for
each treatment combination by fitting a bilinear model:
GW ={
where GW is the grain dry weight; a, the GW-intercept; b, the slope of grain weight indicating grain filling
rate; t, the days after earring; and t0, physiological maturity. The effective grain filling period (EGFD) was
calculated from the following equation:
EGFD = the highest grain weight (g)/rate of grain filling (g day-1
).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that application of Azospirillium and foliar application of nano zinc-silicon oxide under
no salinity increased chlorophyll a (38.42%), chlorophyll b (41.76%), total chlorophyll (39.39%), carotenoids
(53.99%), root weight (62.61%), grain filling rate (16.37%), grain filling period and effective grain filling period
(21.28 and 29.78%) and grain yield (47.23%) in compared to no application of Azospirillium and nanoparticles
under 120 mM salinity. Application of Azospirillium and foliar application nano zinc-silicon oxide under 60 mM
salinity also increased chlorophyll a (31.4%), chlorophyll b (34.35%), total chlorophyll (32%), carotenoids
(45.68%), root weight (57.14%), grain filling rate (15.21%), grain filling period and effective grain filling period
(21.29 and 28.16%) and grain yield (35.67%) in compared to the application of Azospirillium and nanoparticles
under 120 mM salinity. According to this study, application of Azospirillium and nanoparticles (zinc and silicon)
can increase yield of triticale grain under salinity stress such as no salinity due to the improvement of
photosynthetic pigments content and grain filling components.
Keywords: Azospirillium, Chlorophyll content, Grain filling period, Root weight