A thorough presentation on Effective English Writing and its types. For any query or Problem mail me at aytazazali123@gmail.com.

3. I believe in miracles
in every area of life
except writing.
Experience has shown me
that there are no miracles in writing. The only
thing
that produces good writing
is hard work.
(Isaac Bashevis Singer)

4. Presentation Outline
 Writing
 Written Communication: types, advantages,
disadvantages, common etiquettes in written
communication.
 Effective writing: Five keys,
 Writing process
 Letter writing
 Reports
 Writing Technical Reports
 Common misspelled words
 Sample letters and reports

5. Write any unforgettable
event of your life……

7. What is writing?
 A modeof expression and
communication.

9. One of the best methods to communicate
Writing is one of the oldest known forms of
communication
 In today’s age of information and technology, writing
has become a lost art

10. cont.
 Writing is an extension of human language across time
and space.
 Writing most likely began as a consequence of political
expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable
means for transmitting information, maintaining
financial accounts, keeping historical records, and
similar activities.
 Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of
trade and administration outgrew the power of
memory, and writing became a more dependable
method of recording and presenting transactions in a
permanent form.

11. cont.
 Researchers divide the progression of written
communication into three revolutionary stages called
"Information Communication Revolutions"
 During the first stage, written communication first
emerged through the use of pictograms. The pictograms
were made in stone, hence written communication was not
yet mobile.
 During the second stage, writing began to appear on
paper, papyrus, clay, wax, etc. Common alphabets were
introduced and allowed for the uniformity of language
across large distances. A leap in technology occurred when
the Gutenberg printing-press was invented in the 15th
century
 The third stage is characterized by the transfer of
information through controlled waves and electronic
signals.

13. OBJECTIVES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
1. Future reference
2. Record of evidence
3. Measurement of progress
4. Precedents
5. Avoiding mistakes
6. Effective decision-making
7. Organizational efficiency
8. Legal requirements

14. Essentials of effective written communication
1. Completeness
2. Clarity
3. Conciseness
4. Courtesy
5. Unity
6. Coherence
7. Emphasis
8. Sequence
9. Avoid jargon
10. Brevity
11. Accuracy
12. Strength
13. Readability

15. Directives
Forms
News bulletin
Proposals
Agreements
Handbook
Pamphlets
Brochures
Media of written communication

16. Job application
Pay envelope inserts
Letters
Booklets: Prof. K. R. Balan
-Indoctrination booklets
-Reference guides
-Institutional booklets
Memoranda
Office orders

17. Instructions
Manual
Office notes
Explanation
Magazines
Circulars
Newspapers
Posters
Leaflets
Forms

18. Bulletins
Catalogues
Union publications
Complaints & suggestions
House journals
Handbooks
Hand files

19. ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN
COMMUNICATION
Creates a permanent record
Allows you to store information for future reference
Easily distributed
All recipients receive the same information
Written communication helps in laying down
apparent principles, policies and rules for running of
an organization.
It is a permanent means of communication. Thus, it is
useful where record maintenance is required.

20. cont.
Written communication is more precise and explicit.
Effective written communication develops and
enhances an organization’s image.
It provides ready records and references.
It assists in proper delegation of responsibilities. While
in case of oral communication, it is impossible to fix
and delegate responsibilities on the grounds of speech
as it can be taken back by the speaker or he may refuse
to acknowledge.
Necessary for legal and binding documentation

21.  Writing skills are an important part of
communication.
 Good writing skills allow you to communicate your
message with clarity and ease.
 The communication takes place to a far larger
audience than through face-to-face or telephone
conversations.

22. DISADVANTAGES OF
WRITTEN COMUNICATION
Written communication does not save upon the costs.
It costs huge in terms of stationery and the manpower
employed in writing/typing and delivering letters.
Also, if the receivers of the written message are
separated by distance and if they need to clear their
doubts, the response is not spontaneous.
Written communication is time-consuming as the
feedback is not immediate. The encoding and sending
of message takes time.

23. cont.
Effective written communication requires great skills
and competencies in language and vocabulary use.
Poor writing skills and quality have a negative impact
on organization’s reputation.
Too much paper work and e-mails burden is involved

26. AUDIENCE AND FORMAT
 The first step to writing is choosing the appropriate
format.
 The format, as well as the audience, defines the
writing voice i.e., how formal or relaxed the tone
should be.
 With everything one writes, the readers/ recipients,
should be able to define the tone as well as aspects of
the content

27. COMPOSITION AND STYLE
 Start with your audience- The reader should be
introduced with the subject.
 Create an outline- Outlines help in identifying which
steps to take in which order.
 Use AIDA- Follow the Attention-Interest-Desire-
Action (AIDA) formula. These steps can help in the
writing process.

28.  Try some empathy- One should remember the
audience's needs at all times.
 Use the rhetorical triangle- One should make sure
that one communicates why people should listen , the
message should engage the audience.

29. STRUCTURE
 The document should be as reader friendly as possible
 Use headings, subheadings, bullet points, and
numbering whenever possible to break up the text.
 Adding graphs and charts is also a smart way to break
up your text.
 Using questions is a good idea, questions help keep the
reader engaged and curious.

30. GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
 It's essential to learn grammar properly, and to avoid
common mistakes that the spell checker won't find.
 Using words like “affect” instead of “effect” or missing
out the apostrophe should be avoided.
 Everything that one writes should be of a quality that
every reader will find acceptable.

31. PROOFING
 Proof your headers and sub headers – People often
skip these and focus on the text alone. Just because
headers are big and bold doesn't mean they're error
free!
 Read the document out loud –This way one is more
likely to catch mistakes.

32.  Use your finger to follow text as you read – This is
another trick that helps slow down.
 Start at the end of your document – Proofread from
the end to the beginning. This helps focusing on
errors, not on content

33.  It's important to know how to communicate a point
quickly and professionally.
 Many people spend a lot of time writing and reading,
so the better you one is at this form of communication,
the more successful one is likely to be.
 Identify the audience before even starting to create the
document.

34.  Utilize full potential of written communication
 What you write will ultimately define you as a
professional to your colleagues and superiors
 Match the appropriate communication method to the
recipient
 Eliminating excessive or unnecessary communication
will improve your workflow
 Mastering these skills will improve your ability and
enhance your career.

35.  If one feels that there's too much information to
include, an outline should be created to outline the
thoughts.
 Learning grammatical and stylistic techniques will also
help in writing more clearly.
 Lastly, one should be sure to proof read the document
before sending it.

36. Tips that can improve your
writing in any medium

37. Five Keys To Effective Writing
 Put the reader first
 Use simple words and short sentences
 Use jargon only when necessary
 Write with verbs and nouns
 Format to improve readability

38. Five Keys To Effective Writing
 Key #1: Put the reader first
 Communication = understanding
 Write to EXpress not Impress
 Use words readers can picture
 Tie in to the reader’s experience
 WIIFM – What’s in it for me
 Key #2: Use simple words and short sentences.

39. Five Keys To Effective Writing
 Key #3: Use jargon only when necessary
 What is jargon?
 Key #4: Write with verbs and nouns
 Use the active voice
 When it is okay to use passive voice
 Key #5: Format document to improve readability
 Use lists, bullets, charts, tables, indents, italics, bolds,
headings and subheadings.

40. Tip
 Avoid wordy prepositional phrases
 In the amount of (for)
 In order to (to)
 Due to the fact that (because)
 In the event that (if)
 During the time that (when, while)

42. Plan, organize, write
 Before you begin
 Who is the audience (“My audience is _________.”)
 Purpose of the message (“My purpose is________.”
 How will the reader use the information (“So that the
reader will________.”)

43. Plan, organize, write
 As you begin
 Assemble all useful information
 Determine what’s important
 Choose what to leave out
 Group information logically

44. Plan, organize, write
 Four ways to organize
 Division
 Compare/contrast
 Cause/effect
 Problem-analysis solution

45. Division
 Start with main idea, then discuss the parts.

46. Compare/Contrast
 Use familiar to explain unfamiliar
 Put the conclusion up front.

47. Problem-Analysis-Solution
 Find a straightforward way to offer
recommendations.

48. Cause/Effect
 Presents a clear-way analysis
 A-B; A-B-C-D; ABCD-E

49. Plan, organize, write
 Develop an outline
 Write
 Write the easiest part first
 Develop major sections one at a time
 Introduction for main ideas
 Main point in first paragraph
 Turn off your internal editor

50. Plan, organize, write
 90% of writing is re-writing and editing
 Let the document cool
 Aim to cut first draft by at least 10%

51. COMMON ETIQUETTES IN
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
 Continuing with the series of etiquettes in
communication, language experts tell us about what
we need to keep in mind while communicating in
writing.
 While written communication affords greater
flexibility, since it can be edited and both composed
and read at leisure or at one's pace, a great deal of care
needs to be taken, in order to ensure its effectiveness;
as it can serve as a point of reference, which one can
turn to time and again, thus creating a more lasting
impact.

52. 1.
FOCUS ON FORMAT
 The various formal writing forms have a pre-determined,
universally accepted format that accompanies them. This
format, which is largely based on universal writing
conventions, serves to facilitate communication, by
eliminating miscommunication that may result through
random writing styles.
 Moreover, these formats are likely to change with time, due
to the evolving nature of communication and/or
technology.
 For example, the semi block format that was earlier the
most relied upon format for letter writing has now given
way to the full block format, after the wide spread use of
computers.

53. 2.
STUCTURING OF THE CONTENT
 Introduction, Body and Conclusion: While writing one
should ensure that the content is well organized, with the
overview/basic details comprising the introduction; all
major points with their explanation and exemplification
constituting the body (preferably divided into a separate
paragraph each for every new point, with titles and
subtitles, if necessary).

54. 3.
ENSURING CONNECTIVITY
 The content that comprises a piece of writing should
reflect fluency and should be connected through a
logical flow of thought, in order to prevent
misinterpretation and catch the attention of the
reader.
 Moreover, care should be taken to ensure that the flow
is not brought about through a forced/deliberate use
of connectives , as this make the piece extremely
uninteresting and artificial.

55. 4.
TEMPERING THE CONTENT AS PER THE
LEVEL OF FORMALITY
 The level of formality that is shared between the
sender and receiver should define the use of
salutations, the vocabulary, the content, the format
and even the medium.
 Though not integral to the matter communicated, this
courtesy helps in creating a balanced impression about
the communicator.

56. 5.
STEERING CLEAR OF SHORT
FORM
 People may not be aware of the meaning of various
short forms and may thus find it difficult to interpret
them. Moreover, short forms can at time be culture
specific or even organization specific and may thus
unnecessarily complicate the communication.

57. 6.
IMPORTANCE OF GRAMMER,
SPELLING AND PUNCTUATION
 Improper grammar can at worst cause
miscommunication and at least result in unwanted
humour and should be thus avoided. So too, spellings
can create the same effect or can even reflect a careless
attitude on part of the sender.
 Finally, effective use of punctuations facilitates reading
and interpretation and can in rare cases even prevent a
completely different meaning, which can result in
miscommunication.

58. cont.
Pic:1
Pic:2

59. 7.
SENSITIVITY TO THE
AUDIENCE
 One needs to be aware of and sensitive to the
emotions, need and nature of the audience in
choosing the vocabulary, content, illustrations,
formats and medium of communication, as a
discomfort in the audience would hamper rather than
facilitate communication.

60. 8.
IMPORTANCE OF
CREATIVITY
 In order to hold the readers' attention one needs to be
creative to break the tedium of writing and prevent
monotony from creeping in.
 This is especially true in the case of all detailed writing
that seeks to hold the readers' attention.
 Make sure your communication doesn't end up in a
pile of garbage.

61. 9.
AVOIDING EXCESSIVE USE
OF JARGON
 Excessive use of jargon can put off a reader, who may
not read further, as, unlike a captive audience, the
choice of whether to participate in the communication
rests considerably with the reader.

62. 10.
AWARNESS OF THE
AUDIENCE/MEDIUM
 The medium needs to be chosen, as per its suitability to the
audience/content; while the content would need
tempering as per the medium/audience. For example,
while an elaborate message can be sent via a letter or an
email, an sms, the same content may have to be heavily
edited.
 Like all effective communication, good writing could be
said to occur when the gap between 'what one desires to say
and what one is constrained to mean' is negligible or
almost non-existent.

63. Have you hit your target?
 In written
communication most
confusion &
frustration are caused
by failing to be
specific.
 Make it clear, brief
and concise

64. GOOD WRITING: Features
Completeness: all information needed is provided
Correctness: relevant and precise information
Credibility: support your argument
Clarity: should not be vague, confusing, ambiguous
Conciseness: to the point
Consideration: anticipate the reader’s reaction
Vitality: use the active voice rather than the passive voice

65. Summary

66. DIFFERENT WRITING STYLES
There are three types of writing styles:
 Colloquial
 Casual
Formal

67. COLLOQUIAL
 Colloquial language is an informal, conversational
style of writing. It differs from standard English in that
it often makes use of colourful expressions, slang, and
regional phrases. As a result, it can be difficult to
understand for an a person from a different region or
country.

68. CASUAL
 Casual language involves everyday words and
expressions in a familiar group context, such as
conversations with family or close friends. The
emphasis is on the communication interaction itself,
and less about the hierarchy, power, control, or social
rank of the individuals communicating.

69. FORMAL
 In business writing, the appropriate style will have a
degree of formality. Formal language is
communication that focuses on professional
expression with attention to rules, protocol, and
appearance. It is characterized by its vocabulary
and the grammatical arrangement of words in a
sentence. That is, writers using a formal style tend to
use a more sophisticated vocabulary.

70. SOME DOs AND
DO NOTs
 Be Specific: Just like a reporter, communicate the
“who, what, where, why, when and how” of what needs
to done. Stay objective and specific.
 Avoid the Passive Voice: Instead of writing “The
program was planned by Dane,” write, “Dane planned
the program.”
 Be Concise :There’s no need to be long-winded. Get to
the point. You’ll lose readers if you spout off too long!

71. cont.
 Get Things Right :Take great care when spelling people’s
names,, and other specifics. And also make sure that you do
a careful proof of your work.
 Know When Formal Language is Required: If you’re writing
an informal note to group members, it’s fine to use
contractions (“don’t” instead of “do not”).However, if you’re
writing for a formal audience, like a proposal to the board
of directors, be more formal with your language.
 Read It Out Loud :One very effective way to self-proof your
work is to read it out loud. This will help you determine if
you’ve used incorrect words, if your sentences run on too
long, if your tenses don’t match, and more.

72. First Impression
No matter what you are writing a few things can create a
negative first impression about your intelligence and
your level of care: misspellings, grammatical mistakes,
missed words, messy delivery and incomplete work.

73. Three-Step Writing Process
Step 1 Step 3Step 2
Planning Writing Quality controll

74. WRITING PROCESS
Planning
 Keep objectives in mind and research the topic
 Think about the audience
 Outlining helps organize thoughts

75. cont...
 Follow your outline, use your handbook
 Inspiration is acceptable but must be carefully
reviewed
 Use the interview approach to supplement the outline
(who, what, where, when, how)
Writing

76.  Reread your work
 Be critical of your own work
Quality Control

78. TYPES OF FORMAL WRITING
E-mails
Letters and Memos
Agendas
Reports
Promotional Material
Academic Documents
Research (scientific) manuscripts
Notice
Circular

80. Letter Writing
 In order to achieve the definite purpose and the
intended results, the business letters written to express
facts and opinions clearly, concisely, completely and
correctly.

81. Types of Letters
 Personal (to a friend or within the family)
 Social ( invitations, death notices, etc.)
 Official ( from government or its corporations, etc.)
 Business (within business environment)
 Miscellaneous (letters to the editor, etc)

82. Purposes
 Giving or seeking information
 Making or answering an enquiry
 Placing an order
 Demanding or refusing credit
 Mollifying the injured feeling of a customer
 Selling goods and services
 Making, accepting or refusing a request
 Making or responding to complaints
 Creating goodwill etc.,

83. Importance / Advantages
 Drafting at convenience
 Reaches far and wide
 A record for purpose of law
 A record for reference
 Saves money in communication
 Convenient for giving unpleasant news

84. Essentials of a good letter
 Correctness
 Completeness
 Clarity
 Conciseness
 Courtesy
 Consideration
 Concreteness
 Convincing power

85. Reference No. Ref:T/23/19
Date 31st December,2010
Sender’s Address GMR Builders
Inside Address Mr. G.Reddy, Ramco Tiles, New
Delhi.
Salutation Dear Sir,
Body Text We are pleased………..
Closing ‘call to Action’ Yours Sincerely
Signature Block Sd/-
Enclosures Carbon Copy Encl: cc to: bcc:

86.  Letter Body
 Opening or Introduction
 Main Body (Central section)
 Future Action (or response)
 Special markings
 Continuation of pages
 Closing Section
 Enclosures
 Signature
 Copies to be circulated
 Continuation of Pages
 Address on the Envelopes

87. Planning a Letter
 Select the Suitable Tone
 State the purpose
 Assemble Relevant Information
 Arrange the material
 Opening the Letter
 Avoid Obvious Opening Statements
 Avoid participial Opening
 Avoid Trite Expression
 Avoid Personal Pronoun

88. Layout
 Neatly typed on the best stationery with proper
punctuation and carefully laid out letter creates a good
impression.

89. Forms of Layout
 Block Form
 Semi Block Form
 Indented Form

92. The central Part
 Referring to the reader’s problem
 Telling the reader what he wants to know
 Creating the Hypothetical Situation
 Using a subject Line
 Open with a ‘Thank You’
 Begin with a courteous Request or Command
 Open with a pertinent name

93. Closing the Letter
 Use a provocative tone
 Use suggestion
 Use Command
 Offer an incentive
 Repeat the main point
 Use the Reader’s Name
 Avoid Participial closings and indefinite closings

94. Complimentary Close
Dear Sir
Dear Sirs
Dear Madam
Dear Sir/Madam
Yours faithfully
Or
Yours truly
Dear Mr. Khurram
Dear Mrs. Kiran
Dear Kathrine
Yours sincerely
Dear Customer
Dear Reader
Dear Subscriber
Dear Shareholder
Dear Member
Yours sincerely

95. Don’ts
 Avoid Trite Expressions
 Avoid Long Phrases
 Avoid Adjectives
 Avoid Cliches (indicates the natural way of presenting
ideas)
 Avoid redundancy
 Avoid Gobbledygook (refers to the kind of grandiose
writing)
 Avoid verbosity
 Avoid curtness
 Avoid demanding tone
 Avoid bragging tone
 Avoid angry tone

96. To give a letter the right look, we should pay attention to
its structure, layout and to its form and punctuation. It
reflects the image of your organization. Since letters
serve a permanent records and are a valuable
repository of information, we have to use suitable and
impressive layout. We should use suitable and widely
accepted structure at work place.

97. Letters and Memos
 Letters and memos are the basic vehicles of official
communication
 They should be brief and make a single point (no more
than 2 pages)
 Letters are for external communications
 Memos are for internal communications

98. Letters and Memos
 Heading or
Letterhead
 Date
 Inside address
 Salutation
 Subject line
 Body
 Closing and
Signature
 Enclosures or ‘CC’
All official letters should include:

99. Letters and Memos
 TO: (To whom is the memo directed?)
 FROM: (Who wrote the memo?)
 DATE:
 SUBJECT: or RE:
All official memos should include:

100. Types of Letters and Memos
 Letters of request
 Sales letters
 Response letters
 Cover letters, recommendations
 Letters of collection
 Letters to vendors and suppliers
 Memos that deal with employee issues
 Memos that make announcements
 Memos for policies and procedures

101. “The greatest problem in
communication is the illusion that
it has been accomplished.”
- George Bernard Shaw

104. Reports
 Define the main point
 Define the goals and objectives
 Collect the evidence needed to support the main point
 Organize the report
 State the conclusions and recommendations

105. Organization of Reports
 Title
 Executive summary
 Introduction
 Materials and methods
 Results and discussions
 Conclusions
 Recommendations

106. Common Errors & Tips
 Company name usage
 Shortened words (thru, condn, mgmt, ref, lib)
 Repetition of words
Example: file the file in the file folder.
 Use of ampersand (&)
 Use of bold
 UPPER CASE

107. Common Errors & Tips
Punctuation
 Use commas to separate elements in a series, and
to separate ideas or clauses.
 Use correct punctuation in abbreviations; e.g., for
example i.e., that is etc., et cetera
 Do not use multiple punctuation marks, for
example: !!! ... ???, etc.
 Punctuation of lists and tables

109. How Engineers Spend Their Time: Early
Career
______% Engineering: Designing, measuring,
calculating, problem-solving
______% Communicating: Writing reports, letters,
memos, proposals; giving presentations,
talking to colleagues and bosses and
customers and clients
25-50
50-75
Performance evaluation and job advancement
usually depend more on communication skills than
on technical skills.

110. Tips on Technical Report Writing
 Don’t waste words. Don’t say obvious things. (“Pollution
is a serious problem.”) Don’t say things your audience
doesn’t need to know (long irrelevant explanations,
detailed math).
 Use spell-check and grammar-check!
 It’s (contraction of it is) versus its (possessive
pronoun). It’s a nice day. Put the CD back in its case.
 Affect (verb) versus effect (noun). Stress affects everyone
differently. The effect of stress can be negative.
 Include proper citations of others’ work.

111. Tips on Technical Report Writing
 Use the full term, then put the acronym in
parentheses
 Eliminate fluff (e.g. “Back in the year of 1973…”, “A
man by the name of John Smith…”, “Basically…” (this is
the written equivalent of “like”)
 Avoid vague generalizations. (e.g. “very expensive”,
“very difficult”, “very high temperature”)

112. Tips on Technical Report Writing
 Proofread carefully. Look for missing words, extra
words, and wrong (but correctly spelled) words like:
 due/do
 form/from
 their/there
 an/and
 where/were

113.  Avoid sentence fragments. Every sentence must
have a subject and verb. “Also to measure things
about the tube.” doesn’t.
 Avoid choppy sentences, especially if they repeat
words and phrases. Example:
“This report is about permeation tubes.
Permeation tubes are devices that...”
“This report is about permeation tubes,
devices that...”

114.  Watch out for misplaced modifiers. Example:
“Being poisonous, you have to be very
careful about leaks.”
“Since the gases are very toxic, care
should be taken to avoid leaks.”

115. Report Components
 Title
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Experimental and/or Theoretical Methods
 Results and Discussion
 Summary and Conclusions
 References
 Appendices

116. Structure of Report
Start with broad
knowledge base
Narrow to focus
of report
Broaden again,
relate back to beginning
Abstract
Intro
Results
Discussion
Conclusions

117. Title
 Title should be concise, complete, comprehensible,
correct, descriptive (and not the title of the lab
procedures)
 Title should have the following: title, authors,
affiliation, date.

118.  A good report:
 addresses intended audience
 provides introductions and conclusions for
internal sections as well as the whole paper
 provides transitions between sections
 avoids “stream of consciousness” (rambling)
writing
 looks professional in style and appearance
 recognizes that the document should be
persuasive

119. A Well Written Report
Should be:
Concise
Clear and well organized
Mechanically correct
Written in standard English
Legible
Completed on time
Written in ink

120. How to Write Anything
 Free-write a rough draft. Just write—don’t proofread,
edit, revise, correct, look back at all. Then
 Revise. Organize, check for introduction and
conclusion for all sections, build in transitions, get rid
of excess verbiage, spell-check and grammar-check.
 Revise again.
 Read it out loud. This can help you detect awkward
phrases, missing commas, etc.

121. Common Errors & Tips
 Hyphen and dash usage
 Confusion between its and it's
 Use of apostrophe
 Abbreviations and acronyms
 Use active voice
 Do not switch tenses very often
 Proofread for accuracy

122. Summary

123. Common
Mispelled Misspelled
words

124. Some spelling errors are introduced because
people's typing is not perfect, such as
letters are doubled, or more frequently double
letters tripled, such as "betwween" and "betweeen"
letters are singled, such as "betwen"
keys are transposed, so "because" becomes
"becuase". Some of the errors listed may be due to
mistyping rather than ignorance, for example
"solider" for "soldier". These misspellings rarely
happen in handwritten text.

125. Spelled Word Misspelled Word
absence absense, absance
acceptable acceptible
accidentally/accidently accidentaly
accommodate accomodate, acommodate
acquaintance acquaintence, aquaintance
acreage acrage, acerage
adultery adultary
affect effect
amateur amatuer, amature
argument arguement

126. Spelled Word Misspelled Word
atheist athiest
believe beleive
buoy/buoyant bouy/bouyant
camouflage camoflage, camoflague
Caribbean Carribean
cemetery cemetary,cematery
colleague collaegue, collegue
collectible collectable
conscientious consciencious
coolly cooly

127. Spelled Word Misspelled Word
disastrous disasterous
embarrass embarass
fluorescent flourescent
grateful gratefull, greatful
hygiene hygene, hygine, hiygeine, higeine, hygeine
indispensable indispensible
liaison liason
maintenance maintenence, maintainance, maintnance
memento momento
minuscule miniscule
perseverance perseverence
pronunciation pronounciation
upholstery upholstry
vacuum vaccuum
vicious visious

129. Summary

132. SAMPLE LETTERS
AND REPORTS

133. Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics of Laminar Flow in Rectangular and Square
Plain Ducts and Ducts With Twisted-Tape Inserts
S.K. Saha and N. Mallick
The present paper reports the results of an experimental investigation of the heat
transfer and pressure drop characteristics of laminar flow of viscous oil through
horizontal rectangular and square plain ducts and ducts inserted with full-length
twisted tapes, short-length twisted tapes, and regularly spaced twisted-tape
elements. Isothermal pressure drop measurements were taken in acrylic ducts. Heat
transfer measurements were taken in electrically heated stainless-steel ducts imposing
uniform wall heat flux boundary conditions. The duct aspect ratios AR were 1, 0.5, and
0.333. The twist ratios of the twisted tapes were y=2.692, 5.385, 2.597, 5.193, 2.308, and
4.615. Short-length tapes were 0.9, 0.7, and 0.5 times the duct length. The space ratios
were s=2.692, 5.385, 2.597, 5.193, 2.308, and 4.615. Both friction factor and Nusselt
number increase by 30% (+ 5%) with decreasing y and AR for AR1 and increasing Re,
Sw, and Pr. As the tape-length decreases by a factor of 2, both friction factor and Nusselt
number decrease by a factor of 3. Friction factor increases by 80% (+ 12%) as s
decreases by 50%, and Nusselt number increases by 75% (+ 30%) as s increases by
100%. Isothermal friction factor correlation and comprehensive Nusselt number
correlation have been developed to predict data reasonably well in the entire range of
parameters. Performance evaluation says that short-length twisted tapes are worse and
regularly spaced twisted-tape elements are better than the full-length twisted tapes.
This is about 200 words
What
How
Results
Significance

137. Name on the letter head
Ref: no. : Reg/01/002
21st October,2010
Mr. Ramesh Debraj
General Manager – Finance
The School Book Depot
Navi Mumbai – 400 707
Sub: Request for the rates
Dear Mr.Debraj,
We shall be really pleased to establish business contacts with you for the purchase of some
Publications of Maharashtra. Kindly send the price list available with you and the terms and conditions
of the business at he earliest, so that we can immediately place the order.
We look forward for your immediate positive action.
Thanking you,
Yours sincerely,
Subhash Chandra
G M – Marketing

142. Informal letter-The format

151. Put it before them briefly so they will read it,
Clearly so they will appreciate it,
Picturesquely so they will remember it,
And, Above all, accurately so they will be guided
by its light.
-- Joseph Pultizer