Abstract
Objective(s):
The effect of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) in sport shoes outsoles on the parameters related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Injury has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shoes outsole containing a composite of thermoplastic elastomer based on styrene-butadiene and silica nanoparticles (TPEN shoe) on Knee Valgus Angle (KVA) as a risk factor of ACL injuries during landing.
Materials and Methods:
Fourteen active healthy women without knee injuries and disorders performed bilateral drop jump (DJ) and single leg drop landing (SLL) tasks in barefoot, wearing shoes fabricated with polyvinyl chloride outsole (PVC shoe) and TPEN shoes conditions , randomly. The knee valgus angle values of right and left legs were calculated in the landing conditions. Two factors repeated measures ANOVA were used to investigate the effect of landing and footwear conditions on KVA of right and left legs.
Results:
For both left and right limbs, the KVA was at maximum and minimum values during landing with barefoot and TPEN shoes, respectively. PVC shoe significantly reduced the knee valgus by 3.84% in left and 4.18% in right knee (P<0.05)><0.05).
Conclusion:
Shod landing and specially TPEN shoe decreases KVA compared to barefoot. Our results suggested that using SNPs could produce some viscoelasticity property and a better joint movement control in shoe outsoles which can reduce KVA and consequent reduction of ACL Injury.
The study investigated the effects of minimalist footwear on landing biomechanics compared to self-selected athletic footwear. 10 participants performed landings from a 36.6 cm platform wearing their typical athletic shoe (C1) and provided minimalist shoes (C2). Kinematic data found significant differences between conditions at heel contact and maximum knee flexion for ankle angle, foot inclination, and ankle range of motion. Force data analysis found minimalist footwear resulted in lower peak impact forces and longer contact times compared to typical athletic shoes. The results suggest minimalist footwear may cause biomechanical adaptations during landing that could reduce injury risk by decreasing impact forces.
Preventing programs in Football Club Barcelona - Xavi, antonio & francescMuscleTech Network
Xavier Yanguas
Sports Medicine Specialist at the Medical Services Futbol Club Barcelona.
-
Preventing programs in Football Club Barcelona
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14 and 14th October, 2014
Fabrizio Tencone
Isokinetic Medical Group, Torino, Italy – Head Juventus Football Club Medical Department, Italy.
-
From injury to return to sport: 25 years of experience in Italian football
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Flywheel training in football for injury prevention and performanceJari Puustinen
The document discusses using flywheel training for injury prevention and performance in football. It describes how flywheels can provide eccentric overload training through the entire range of motion compared to free weights. A 10-week training program for junior elite soccer players using flywheels twice per week reduced muscle injury rates and improved jumping and sprinting abilities. For in-season training, a weekly 25-minute high-intensity session incorporating flywheels improved change of direction ability in football players.
This document discusses tendinopathy injuries in football/soccer players. It provides epidemiological data showing that tendinopathy represents 6% of injuries in football, with patellar and Achilles tendinopathy being most common. Two case studies from FC Barcelona are presented: [1] A 26-year-old defender who was treated with injections and eccentric exercises for jumper's knee and returned to play with mild pain; [2] A 22-year-old striker undergoing an eccentric exercise protocol for mild patellar tendon pain, with good progress after 8 weeks. The document emphasizes that tendinopathy presents differently in each individual and treatments should be customized based on clinical symptoms rather than images alone.
Anthony Shield - is nmi a risk factor for hamstring strain injury MuscleTech Network
Anthony Shield
Senior lecturer, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
-
Is neuromuscular inhibition a risk factor for hamstring strain?
A criteria based progression rehabilitation protocol for hamstring strain injuries presented at the Sports Medicine Australia conference 2015 during the Hamstring symposium
Walk and Run For Life! Through Lever Mechanisms Or Spring Mechanisms? Melbour...Dr. James Stoxen DC
Running, as decades of studies have shown, is one of the best ways for your patients to put distance between themselves and the aging process. The medical quandary, though, has been determining for mature patients when the physical demands of running – the wear and tear on bone and joints — outweigh the enormous anti-aging benefits. Many physicians err on the side of caution, supportive footwear, orthotics and even prematurely advising patients to stop running. It’s been a pleasure to be here in Australia. Many of you know the “Blue Wiggle” Anthony Field, and it’s interesting that you’re coming to a medical conference and you’re hearing a doctor talk about anti-aging medicine and the application of bare-foot running and that was certainly the exact same thing that the client said, when I recommended barefoot running and barefoot training to him back in 2004. What happened was this individual had chronic pain, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, which obviously was misdiagnosed, and he had clinical depression. To learn more about Dr. Stoxen’s other Lecture he gave entitled, ‘The Inflammation-Depression Connection at The 6th Annual A5M Conference In Anti-Aging & Aesthetic Medicine, click here I’m talking about the ‘Wiggles’ by the way and they were only in Chicago for approximately 48 hours, and we had a limited amount of time to try to fix this chronic condition that Anthony had for 25 years. What I did was what he called “the pain exorcism” which was a 15-hour-straight treatment broken up between, shows. Basically this was a grueling release of the human spring mechanism, and the flushing of the inflammatory chemicals with various therapies that was, extremely aggressive. - See more at: http://teamdoctorsblog.com/2013/03/lecture-video-and-power-point-notes-for-walk-and-run-for-life-through-lever-mechanisms-or-spring-mechanisms-melbourne-australia-august-19-2012/#sthash.oT1pIjK6.dpuf
The study investigated the effects of minimalist footwear on landing biomechanics compared to self-selected athletic footwear. 10 participants performed landings from a 36.6 cm platform wearing their typical athletic shoe (C1) and provided minimalist shoes (C2). Kinematic data found significant differences between conditions at heel contact and maximum knee flexion for ankle angle, foot inclination, and ankle range of motion. Force data analysis found minimalist footwear resulted in lower peak impact forces and longer contact times compared to typical athletic shoes. The results suggest minimalist footwear may cause biomechanical adaptations during landing that could reduce injury risk by decreasing impact forces.
Preventing programs in Football Club Barcelona - Xavi, antonio & francescMuscleTech Network
Xavier Yanguas
Sports Medicine Specialist at the Medical Services Futbol Club Barcelona.
-
Preventing programs in Football Club Barcelona
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14 and 14th October, 2014
Fabrizio Tencone
Isokinetic Medical Group, Torino, Italy – Head Juventus Football Club Medical Department, Italy.
-
From injury to return to sport: 25 years of experience in Italian football
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Flywheel training in football for injury prevention and performanceJari Puustinen
The document discusses using flywheel training for injury prevention and performance in football. It describes how flywheels can provide eccentric overload training through the entire range of motion compared to free weights. A 10-week training program for junior elite soccer players using flywheels twice per week reduced muscle injury rates and improved jumping and sprinting abilities. For in-season training, a weekly 25-minute high-intensity session incorporating flywheels improved change of direction ability in football players.
This document discusses tendinopathy injuries in football/soccer players. It provides epidemiological data showing that tendinopathy represents 6% of injuries in football, with patellar and Achilles tendinopathy being most common. Two case studies from FC Barcelona are presented: [1] A 26-year-old defender who was treated with injections and eccentric exercises for jumper's knee and returned to play with mild pain; [2] A 22-year-old striker undergoing an eccentric exercise protocol for mild patellar tendon pain, with good progress after 8 weeks. The document emphasizes that tendinopathy presents differently in each individual and treatments should be customized based on clinical symptoms rather than images alone.
Anthony Shield - is nmi a risk factor for hamstring strain injury MuscleTech Network
Anthony Shield
Senior lecturer, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
-
Is neuromuscular inhibition a risk factor for hamstring strain?
A criteria based progression rehabilitation protocol for hamstring strain injuries presented at the Sports Medicine Australia conference 2015 during the Hamstring symposium
Walk and Run For Life! Through Lever Mechanisms Or Spring Mechanisms? Melbour...Dr. James Stoxen DC
Running, as decades of studies have shown, is one of the best ways for your patients to put distance between themselves and the aging process. The medical quandary, though, has been determining for mature patients when the physical demands of running – the wear and tear on bone and joints — outweigh the enormous anti-aging benefits. Many physicians err on the side of caution, supportive footwear, orthotics and even prematurely advising patients to stop running. It’s been a pleasure to be here in Australia. Many of you know the “Blue Wiggle” Anthony Field, and it’s interesting that you’re coming to a medical conference and you’re hearing a doctor talk about anti-aging medicine and the application of bare-foot running and that was certainly the exact same thing that the client said, when I recommended barefoot running and barefoot training to him back in 2004. What happened was this individual had chronic pain, chronic fatigue, fibromyalgia, which obviously was misdiagnosed, and he had clinical depression. To learn more about Dr. Stoxen’s other Lecture he gave entitled, ‘The Inflammation-Depression Connection at The 6th Annual A5M Conference In Anti-Aging & Aesthetic Medicine, click here I’m talking about the ‘Wiggles’ by the way and they were only in Chicago for approximately 48 hours, and we had a limited amount of time to try to fix this chronic condition that Anthony had for 25 years. What I did was what he called “the pain exorcism” which was a 15-hour-straight treatment broken up between, shows. Basically this was a grueling release of the human spring mechanism, and the flushing of the inflammatory chemicals with various therapies that was, extremely aggressive. - See more at: http://teamdoctorsblog.com/2013/03/lecture-video-and-power-point-notes-for-walk-and-run-for-life-through-lever-mechanisms-or-spring-mechanisms-melbourne-australia-august-19-2012/#sthash.oT1pIjK6.dpuf
Bryan Heiderscheit
Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Director, UW Runners' Clinic, Director, Badger Athletic Performance Research, Co-director, UW Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
-
Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the early stance phase of sprinting
(13th October, Barcelona)
6th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Downhill Running as an Eccentric Exercise and its effect of Muscle Strength a...3050999
This presentation summarizes research on downhill running as an eccentric exercise and its effects on muscle strength and damage. Downhill running places high eccentric loads on the muscles of the legs. Several studies were reviewed that showed downhill running decreases muscle power and strength, increases markers of muscle damage, and is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness. Practical applications for training and further research areas were also discussed.
Relationship between selected anthropometric parameters of the lower limbs wi...Ayobami Ayodele
An undergraduate dissertation to determine the relationship between selected anthropometric variables and vertical jump performances among recreational basketball players. A presentation.
Johannes Tol
Sports medicine physician, Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
-
PRP for acute hamstring injuries: a 3-arm RCT in Qatar
(6th MuscleTech Network workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Effect of a_knee_ankle_foot_orthosis_on_knee.10huda alfatafta
The KAFO significantly reduced knee varus angle and the first peak of the external knee adduction moment during walking compared to no orthosis. It also reduced the knee adduction angular impulse during stair ascent compared to no orthosis. No significant differences were found between the custom and off-the-shelf knee valgus braces for any measures. The KAFO showed greater improvements in knee alignment and loading than the knee valgus braces for this individual with varus knee alignment.
Vibram FiveFingers are the most researched Footwear in history but as the popularity of the shoes have increased so have the common misconceptions and scrutiny surrounding them and the possible negative effects that these may have on the wearer. With international scientists, biomechanics experts, and running coaches all in the firm agreement that being as close to barefoot as possible is the healthiest way to be. This slide show links through to some of the independent studies.
http://www.vibram-birmingham.co.uk
Return to play in rectus femoris muscle injuries. Our experience with profess...MuscleTech Network
This document outlines a 4-step in-field return-to-play process for professional football players recovering from rectus femoris muscle injuries. The 4 steps progress from running circuits in dry sand, to circuits with a ball in dry sand, to uphill/downhill running, and finally specific football skills circuits. Each step aims to gradually increase difficulty, coordination, strength and sport-specific movements while monitoring pain and GPS data. The process is tailored to each player and aims to return them to full training and play in an optimal way according to their symptoms and injury severity.
Progression criteria during a muscle injury rehabilitation in footballFootball Medicine
This document outlines progression criteria for rehabilitation from a muscle injury in football (soccer). It discusses the biological healing process, defines muscle injuries and their risk factors and epidemiology. It then presents a 4-step, 3-week rehabilitation approach with specific progression criteria for each step, including achieving pain-free movement, increases in strength and range of motion, and return to functional training activities and team training. Imaging and clinical findings are also described for monitoring injury healing.
Comparions of Some Antropometric and Morphological Characteristics Between I...Sport
Çolak T., Gönener A, Bamaç B, Sertbaş K, Taşkıran Y, Özbek A, Bamaç Y, Atalı L. (2003). "Comparison of Some Antropometric and Morphological Characteristics Between Ice Hockey Players and a Control Group in Kocaeli" 8th Annual Congress of the Europen College of Sport Science, July 2003, Salzburg, Austria
1) The study examined how conformity between femoral and tibial knee replacement components influences anterior-posterior (AP) stability during stair descent. Specifically, it tested a dished cruciate-sacrificing (CS) design marketed as providing AP stability without the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
2) Knee kinematics were measured using a motion capture system during stair descent phases in intact and ACL-deficient cadaver knees, and after implanting cruciate-retaining (CR), CS, or posterior-stabilized (PS) tibial inserts.
3) Results showed the CS design without a functioning PCL allowed the greatest anterior femoral displacement, while the PS design allowed the least. AP
This study examined the static balance of 49 young adult participants while barefoot, wearing Vibram FiveFingers shoes (VFFs), and regular athletic shoes. Balance was tested using a Biodex Balance System, which measures sway in different directions. The results showed that participants had better overall and anterior-posterior balance when wearing athletic shoes compared to barefoot or VFFs. However, the differences between VFFs and barefoot were small, suggesting that VFFs can mimic barefoot conditions. The study concludes that VFFs may be an effective transition between shod and barefoot exercise for balance training.
Footwear Technology In Sport...Harder, Better, Faster, StrongerCarl Page
I produced a document, which identifies a gap in the research literature and provides a sound academic rationale for conducting a research study in a particular area. This includes a research question and hypothesis, detailed methodology, presented is how this hypothesis will be tested. Also I have provided a justification for the resources that may be used in the project. Finally, included is an overview of the ethical considerations for this project.
John Orchard
Adjunct Associate Professor, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney.
-
Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the late stance phase of sprinting
This document discusses return to sport criteria and rehabilitation protocols for acute hamstring strains, noting that criteria should include measures of strength, range of motion, neuromuscular control and readiness, and that eccentric strengthening can help prevent reinjury for chronic or recurrent strains. Guidelines are proposed focusing on a progressive agility program without stretching to regain strength and function before clearing for full sport activity.
1) The study examined the effects of different heel lift heights (0.64 cm, 1.27 cm, 2.54 cm, 3.18 cm) on back squat performance and biomechanics in one male participant.
2) Preliminary results found that trunk lean was lowest at heel heights above 0.64 cm, suggesting weightlifting shoes with heels over 0.64 cm may reduce risk of back injury during squats.
3) Increasing heel height reduced ankle range of motion but increased peak ankle flexion, indicating a more vertical shank position conducive to proper squat form. Knee displacement did not significantly change with heel height.
11.[6 12]assessing the relationship of kinematics with dribbling performance ...Alexander Decker
The document assessed the relationship between kinematics and dribbling performance in basketball at different phases. Twenty male basketball players aged 18-28 participated. Motion capture data of high dribbles were collected and correlations with performance scores were calculated. Results showed insignificant relationships between dribbling performance and angles of joints like the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist at both the preparation and execution phases of high dribbles. This suggests that joint angles may not be primary determinants of high dribble performance in basketball.
Bryan Heiderscheit
Professor, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Director, UW Runners' Clinic, Director, Badger Athletic Performance Research, Co-director, UW Neuromuscular Biomechanics Lab, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
-
Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the early stance phase of sprinting
(13th October, Barcelona)
6th MuscleTech Network Workshop
Downhill Running as an Eccentric Exercise and its effect of Muscle Strength a...3050999
This presentation summarizes research on downhill running as an eccentric exercise and its effects on muscle strength and damage. Downhill running places high eccentric loads on the muscles of the legs. Several studies were reviewed that showed downhill running decreases muscle power and strength, increases markers of muscle damage, and is associated with delayed onset muscle soreness. Practical applications for training and further research areas were also discussed.
Relationship between selected anthropometric parameters of the lower limbs wi...Ayobami Ayodele
An undergraduate dissertation to determine the relationship between selected anthropometric variables and vertical jump performances among recreational basketball players. A presentation.
Johannes Tol
Sports medicine physician, Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
-
PRP for acute hamstring injuries: a 3-arm RCT in Qatar
(6th MuscleTech Network workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
Effect of a_knee_ankle_foot_orthosis_on_knee.10huda alfatafta
The KAFO significantly reduced knee varus angle and the first peak of the external knee adduction moment during walking compared to no orthosis. It also reduced the knee adduction angular impulse during stair ascent compared to no orthosis. No significant differences were found between the custom and off-the-shelf knee valgus braces for any measures. The KAFO showed greater improvements in knee alignment and loading than the knee valgus braces for this individual with varus knee alignment.
Vibram FiveFingers are the most researched Footwear in history but as the popularity of the shoes have increased so have the common misconceptions and scrutiny surrounding them and the possible negative effects that these may have on the wearer. With international scientists, biomechanics experts, and running coaches all in the firm agreement that being as close to barefoot as possible is the healthiest way to be. This slide show links through to some of the independent studies.
http://www.vibram-birmingham.co.uk
Return to play in rectus femoris muscle injuries. Our experience with profess...MuscleTech Network
This document outlines a 4-step in-field return-to-play process for professional football players recovering from rectus femoris muscle injuries. The 4 steps progress from running circuits in dry sand, to circuits with a ball in dry sand, to uphill/downhill running, and finally specific football skills circuits. Each step aims to gradually increase difficulty, coordination, strength and sport-specific movements while monitoring pain and GPS data. The process is tailored to each player and aims to return them to full training and play in an optimal way according to their symptoms and injury severity.
Progression criteria during a muscle injury rehabilitation in footballFootball Medicine
This document outlines progression criteria for rehabilitation from a muscle injury in football (soccer). It discusses the biological healing process, defines muscle injuries and their risk factors and epidemiology. It then presents a 4-step, 3-week rehabilitation approach with specific progression criteria for each step, including achieving pain-free movement, increases in strength and range of motion, and return to functional training activities and team training. Imaging and clinical findings are also described for monitoring injury healing.
Comparions of Some Antropometric and Morphological Characteristics Between I...Sport
Çolak T., Gönener A, Bamaç B, Sertbaş K, Taşkıran Y, Özbek A, Bamaç Y, Atalı L. (2003). "Comparison of Some Antropometric and Morphological Characteristics Between Ice Hockey Players and a Control Group in Kocaeli" 8th Annual Congress of the Europen College of Sport Science, July 2003, Salzburg, Austria
1) The study examined how conformity between femoral and tibial knee replacement components influences anterior-posterior (AP) stability during stair descent. Specifically, it tested a dished cruciate-sacrificing (CS) design marketed as providing AP stability without the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL).
2) Knee kinematics were measured using a motion capture system during stair descent phases in intact and ACL-deficient cadaver knees, and after implanting cruciate-retaining (CR), CS, or posterior-stabilized (PS) tibial inserts.
3) Results showed the CS design without a functioning PCL allowed the greatest anterior femoral displacement, while the PS design allowed the least. AP
This study examined the static balance of 49 young adult participants while barefoot, wearing Vibram FiveFingers shoes (VFFs), and regular athletic shoes. Balance was tested using a Biodex Balance System, which measures sway in different directions. The results showed that participants had better overall and anterior-posterior balance when wearing athletic shoes compared to barefoot or VFFs. However, the differences between VFFs and barefoot were small, suggesting that VFFs can mimic barefoot conditions. The study concludes that VFFs may be an effective transition between shod and barefoot exercise for balance training.
Footwear Technology In Sport...Harder, Better, Faster, StrongerCarl Page
I produced a document, which identifies a gap in the research literature and provides a sound academic rationale for conducting a research study in a particular area. This includes a research question and hypothesis, detailed methodology, presented is how this hypothesis will be tested. Also I have provided a justification for the resources that may be used in the project. Finally, included is an overview of the ethical considerations for this project.
John Orchard
Adjunct Associate Professor, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney.
-
Hamstrings are most susceptible to injury during the late stance phase of sprinting
This document discusses return to sport criteria and rehabilitation protocols for acute hamstring strains, noting that criteria should include measures of strength, range of motion, neuromuscular control and readiness, and that eccentric strengthening can help prevent reinjury for chronic or recurrent strains. Guidelines are proposed focusing on a progressive agility program without stretching to regain strength and function before clearing for full sport activity.
1) The study examined the effects of different heel lift heights (0.64 cm, 1.27 cm, 2.54 cm, 3.18 cm) on back squat performance and biomechanics in one male participant.
2) Preliminary results found that trunk lean was lowest at heel heights above 0.64 cm, suggesting weightlifting shoes with heels over 0.64 cm may reduce risk of back injury during squats.
3) Increasing heel height reduced ankle range of motion but increased peak ankle flexion, indicating a more vertical shank position conducive to proper squat form. Knee displacement did not significantly change with heel height.
11.[6 12]assessing the relationship of kinematics with dribbling performance ...Alexander Decker
The document assessed the relationship between kinematics and dribbling performance in basketball at different phases. Twenty male basketball players aged 18-28 participated. Motion capture data of high dribbles were collected and correlations with performance scores were calculated. Results showed insignificant relationships between dribbling performance and angles of joints like the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist at both the preparation and execution phases of high dribbles. This suggests that joint angles may not be primary determinants of high dribble performance in basketball.
Lower limb alignment in young female athletes is associated with knee joint m...peertechzpublication
Background: Increased rotational forces and knee valgus forces puts strain on the anterior cruciate
ligament, frequently ruptured in female athletes. Increased internal hip rotation and increased knee valgus
alignment, possible risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament rupture, are more common in women than
men.
1) The document reviews literature on landing and jumping biomechanics as they relate to injury risk, particularly for the ACL. Improper mechanics can increase injury risk, and prevention programs have shown success in correcting mechanics.
2) Female adolescents are most at risk for ACL injury due to changes during puberty. A training program was shown to limit loss of knee control in female athletes. Prevention programs have had success reducing injuries by focusing on balance, flexibility, strength, and proper technique education.
3) The Landing Error Scoring System has been shown to accurately assess landing mechanics and identify errors related to injury risk. It can help evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at correcting landing techniques.
Differences in landing and balance deficits at the ankle joint on stable and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: A flexible ankle joint is suggested to be a contributing factor for sport performance, body
control. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences in proprioception in static and
dynamic movements between subjects with good ankle joint mobility (FL) and poor ankle joint mobility (IN) in
male adolescent handball players. The dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the ankle ROM was measured, at knee
extension angle of 120°, with a goniometer. 26 male handball players participated (21.1 ± 4 yrs, 80.8 ± 10 kg,
182 ± 7.38 cm). Furthermore, the players fulfilling previously recommended criteria were assigned to the
flexible (n = 6) and inflexible (n = 6) groups and executed two test of static and dynamic movement (BESS Test
and Star Excursion Balance Test). Results of the T TEST on IMB SPSS 26 revealed a significant (p < 0.05)
group effect as (FL) group had less errors than (IN) group on BESS test. In addition, the results of the total sum
on stable and unstable surface in star excursion test showed significant differences in the directions:
anterolateral (7.4), posterolateral (8.6), posteromedial (7.9), medial (10.8) and anterior medial (8.1). In
conclusion, there is a correlation between poor ankle joint mobility and poor proprioception, balance control and
athletic movements.
KEYWORDS: ankle stability, ankle joint mobility, BESS test, handball athletes, injury risk, star excursion
balance test
Bilateral and unilateral vertical ground reaction forcesFernando Farias
The purposes of this study were to assess unilateral and bilateral vertical jump performance
characteristics, and to compare the vertical ground reaction force characteristics of the impulse and landing
phase of a vertical jump between the dominant and non-dominant leg in soccer players.
1) The document discusses differences between barefoot running, running in fashion trainers (plimsolls), and running in cushioned running shoes (New Balance 1080).
2) A study was conducted with 6 male participants running under the three conditions on a force platform to measure ground reaction forces.
3) The results showed that the fashion trainers produced the largest forces, followed by barefoot running, with the cushioned running shoes producing the lowest forces due to their shock absorbing midsoles.
This document summarizes a study on the biomechanics of the instep kick in soccer. The study investigated factors that affect the efficiency of the instep kick, including last stride length, angle of thigh flexion/extension, and relationship of velocity between body joints. Three subjects performed instep kicks that were analyzed using APAS and Kinovea systems. The results showed that a longer last stride length, greater thigh extension angle, and smaller knee flexion angle contributed to higher ball velocity and kicking accuracy. Subject 3 generally demonstrated biomechanical parameters that were more favorable for an accurate instep kick.
1) The study examined jumping and landing symmetry in 15 female gymnasts between levels 4-6.
2) Significant asymmetry was found in the gymnasts' jumping and landing performance, with the "high" leg experiencing significantly higher forces than the "low" leg.
3) Most gymnasts showed over 10% asymmetry according to clinical standards, suggesting increased injury risk, with some over 20% asymmetry.
This study tested the hypothesis that orthotic intervention would significantly alter the coronal and transverse plane kinematics of the lower extremities during cycling, with larger wedge inclinations having a greater influence. The study found that orthotic devices with varus wedge inclinations of 1.5mm, 3.0mm, and 4.5mm did not significantly influence the three-dimensional kinematics of the hip, knee, or ankle at any of the three tested cadences of 70, 90, and 110 RPM. Subjective ratings showed a clear preference for no orthotic over the varus wedge inclinations. This suggests that foot orthoses do not provide protection from skeletal malalignment issues associated with chronic cycling injuries.
Adding stiffness to the foot through shoes and insoles during walking:
1. Decreased the amount of energy dissipated by the foot and increased the gear ratio of the foot-ankle complex.
2. Increased soleus muscle peak force production and decreased soleus fascicle shortening speed, altering the muscle's force-velocity behavior.
3. Despite changes to soleus muscle mechanics, increased whole-body metabolic cost, likely due to the added force demand placed on the plantar flexor muscles.
663229 - Reliability of Power Output in Single Leg Counter Movement Jump in E...Sergio Gaggioni
This document summarizes a study that assessed the reliability of using single leg countermovement jumps (CMJs) to measure power output in elite rugby players. Twenty professional rugby players performed 3 maximal single leg CMJs with each leg. Power output was measured using a force platform. Results showed excellent reliability for power output measurements between jumps, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.963-0.974 for left and right legs. Power output was similarly reliable when comparing forwards and backs, suggesting single leg CMJs could reliably measure limb asymmetries and be used to assess an athlete's readiness to return to play following injury. However, further research is needed to address limitations like jumping form.
Three dimensional biomechanical analysis of the drag in penalty corner drag f...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes the biomechanics of the penalty corner drag flick in field hockey through 3D motion analysis. It studied four specialized male drag flickers from two universities. Video analysis captured joint angles, velocities and accelerations during the drag flick. Statistical analysis found several kinematic variables differed significantly between the universities, including drag distance, shoulder and pelvis linear velocities, and angular velocities and accelerations of various joints. This suggests differences in drag flick technique influence accuracy. The study aimed to provide biomechanical information to help coaches and players enhance drag flick performance.
Effect of sand training on jumping abilities of junior volleyball playersAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined the effects of a 6-week sand training program on the jumping abilities of 15 junior male volleyball players, compared to a control group of 15 players who did technical and tactical volleyball training. The sand training group showed statistically significant improvements in block jump, spike jump, and standing broad jump heights, increasing explosive leg strength and vertical jump ability. The control group also improved but to a lesser extent. The study concluded that sand training can effectively develop vertical jumping performance for sports requiring this skill.
Evaluation of the effect of crocetin on antitumor activity of doxorubicin enc...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): The current study reports investigation of codelivery by PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with crocetin (Cro), a natural carotenoid dicarboxylicHYPERLINK “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxylic_acid” acid that is found in the crocus flower, and Doxorubicin (DOX).
Materials and Methods: Double emulsion/solvent evaporation method was used for preparation of PLGA nanoparticles containing Dox and Cro. Characterizations of prepared NPs were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and dynamic light scattering analysis. In vitro Cytotoxicity of DOX and Cro loaded PLGA NPs (PLGA-DOX-Cro) on MCF-7 cell line was evaluated using MTT test. Flow cytometry experiments were implemented to distinguish cells undergoing apoptosis from those undergoing necrosis. Furthermore the expression of caspase 3 was examined by western blot analysis.
Results: The prepared formulations had size of 150- 300 nm. Furthermore, PLGA-DOX-Cro nanoparticles inhibited MCF-7 tumor cells growth more efficiently than either DOX or Cro alone at the same concentrations, as quantified by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Studies on cellular uptake of DOX-Cro-NPs demonstrated that NPs were effectively taken up by MCF-7 tumor cells.
Conclusion: This study suggested that DOX-Cro-NPs may have promising applications in breast cancer therapy.
This study investigated codelivery of doxorubicin (DOX) and crocetin encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles to treat breast cancer. PLGA nanoparticles containing both DOX and crocetin (PLGA-DOX-Cro NPs) were prepared using a double emulsion/solvent evaporation method. Characterization of the nanoparticles found them to be 150-300 nm in size. In vitro studies on MCF-7 breast cancer cells showed that PLGA-DOX-Cro NPs inhibited cell growth more than DOX or crocetin alone, as measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry. Cellular uptake studies also demonstrated effective uptake of the DOX-Cro-loaded NPs by MCF
Effects of combination of magnesium and zinc oxide nanoparticles and heat on ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activities of combination of MgO and ZnO nanoparticles in the presence of heat against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Materials and Methods:Bacteria were grown on either agar or broth media followed by the addition of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles. Then the combined effect of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles was investigated. Furthermore, the media containing nanoparticles were treated with mild heat and their synergistic antibacterial activity was investigated against E. coli and S. aureus in milk.
Results: The data showed that the nanoparticles used in this study had no effect on the bacteria in the agar medium. However, the results showed that ZnO and MgO nanoparticles resulted in a significant decrease in the number of E. coli (P<0.000) and S. aureus (Pd”0.05) in the broth medium. The combination of nanoparticles and mild heat exhibited a significant decrease in the number of E. coli and S. aureus indicating the synergistic effects of nanoparticles and heat.
Conclusion: Using a combination of mild heat, ZnO and MgO nanoparticles, E. coli and S. aureus can be controlled successfully in the milk. Mild heating plus ZnO and MgO nanoparticles has a synergistic effect which would reduce the need for high temperature and also the concentrations of ZnO and MgO nanoparticles required for pathogen control in minimally processed milk during maintaining.
Preparation and evaluation of electrospun nanofibers containing pectin and ti...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s):The aim of this study was to prepare electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib using combination of time-dependent polymers with pectin to achieve a colon-specific drug delivery system for celecoxib.
Materials and Methods:Formulations were produced based on two multilevel 22 full factorial designs. The independent variables were the ratio of drug:time-dependent polymer (X1) and the amount of pectin in formulations (X2). Electrospinning process was used for preparation of nanofibers. The spinning solutions were loaded in 5 mL syringes. The feeding rate was fixed by a syringe pump at 2.0 mL/h and a high voltage supply at range 10-18 kV was applied for electrospinning. Electrospun nanofibers were collected and evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and drug release in the acid and buffer with pH 6.8 with and without pectinase.
Results:Electrospun nanofibers of celecoxib with appropriate morphological properties were produced via electrospinning process. Drug release from electrospun nanofibers was very low in the acidic media; while, drug release in the simulated colonic media was the highest from formulations containing pectin.
Conclusion: Formulation F2 (containing drug:ERS with the ratio of 1:2 and 10% pectin) exhibited acceptable morphological characteristics and protection of drug in the upper GI tract and could be a good candidate as a colonic drug delivery system for celecoxib.
The combined effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on wound heali...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): This study was aimed at investigating the synergy effects of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles on the healing rate of the cutting wounds.
Materials and Methods: In order to determine the concentration of silver nanoparticles in Aloe vera gel, the MBC methods were applied on the most common bacteria infecting wounds, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cutting wounds with Full-thickness skin were dorsally created on rats; then the rats were divided into 4 groups. The treatments groups included: mixture of Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles, Aloe vera gel alone and silver nanoparticles alone in addition to control groups. The treatment was carried out for 2 weeks and the size of the wound closures were measured by an image software analysis.
Results:There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in healing rate between the control and mixture group. However, there were significant differences between the silver nanoparticles and Aloe vera groups using Tukey’s analysis on the 6th, 8th and 10th days.
Conclusion:The Aloe vera gel increased the rate of wound healing whereas the silver nanoparticles had a delay effect; and when they were mixed, it was similar to the average effect of both Aloe vera gel and silver nanoparticles.
Simultaneous loading of 5-florouracil and SPIONs in HSA nanoparticles: Optimi...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Over the past two decades, considerable interest has been focused on utilizing biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for biomedical applications. In this study, production of human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles using desolvation technique that were simultaneous loaded with high amounts of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and 5-flourouracil (5-FU) was investigated.
Materials and Methods: 5-FU loading (%) and SPIONs entrapment efficiency (%) were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The design expert software used to analyse the interactive effects of pH, 5-FU and SPIONs concentrations.
Results:The optimum conditions found to be pH of 8.2, drug concentration of 1.5 mg/ml and SPIONs concentration of 2.79 mg/ml. Under the mentioned optimum conditions, particles with the size of 111.8 nm, zeta potential of -37.1 mV, 5-FU loading of 15.8% and SPIONs entrapment efficiency of 41.1% were obtained. In vitro cumulative release of 5-FU from the nanoparticles was evaluated in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Results indicated that 85% of the 5-FU released during 95 h, which revealed a sustained release profile. In addition, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) analyses confirmed the superparamagnetic properties of magnetic albumin nanoparticles manufactured under the optimum conditions.
Conclusion: According to the findings,SPIONs and 5-FU loaded HAS nanoparticles arepromising for use as novel targeted delivery system due to proper magnetic and drug release behaviours.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effect of silver nanoparticle synthesized by C...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): For the development of reliable, ecofriendly, less expensive process for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to evaluate the bactericidal, and cytotoxicity properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized from root extract of Croton bonplandianum, Baill.
Materials and Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant part of Croton bonplandianum was carried out. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. The biochemical properties were assayed by antibacterial study, cytotoxicity assay using cancer cell line.
Results: The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-VIS spectroscopic analysis which showed absorbance peak at 425 nm. X-ray diffraction photograph indicated the face centered cubic structure of the synthesized AgNPs. TEM has displayed the different dimensional images of biogenic silver nanoparticles with particle size distribution ranging from 15-40 nm with an average size of 32 nm. Silver particles are spherical in shape, clustered. The EDX analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of synthesized AgNPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs against three Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria strains like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa carried out showed significant zones of inhibition. The cytotoxicity study by AgNPS also showed cytotoxicity on ovarian cancer cell line PA-1 and lung epithelial cancer cell line A549.
Conclusion: The present study confirms that the AgNPs have great promise as antibacterial, and anticancer agent.
Investigation of the effect of different parameters on the phase inversion te...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Objective(s): Nanoemulsions are a kind of emulsions that can be transparent, translucent (size range 50-200 nm) or “milky” (up to 500 nm). Nanoemulsions are adequatly effective for transfer of active component through skin which facilitate the entrance of the active component . The transparent nature of the system and lack of the thickener and fluidity are among advantages of nanoemulsion.
Materials and Methods: In this study, a nanoemulsion of lemon oil in water was prepared by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) emulsification method in which the tween 40 was used as surfactant. The effect of concentration of NaCl in aqueous phase, pH and weight percent of surfactant and aqueous on the PIT and droplet size were investigated. Results: The results showed that with increasing of concentration of NaCl from 0.05 M to 1 M, PIT decrease from 72 to 50. The average droplet sizes, for 0.1, 0.5 and 1 M of NaCl in 25 ºC are 497.3, 308.1 and 189.9 nm, respectively and the polydispersity indexes are 0.348, 0.334 and 0.307, respectively.
Conclusion: Considering the characteristics of nanoemulsions such as being transparent, endurance of solution and droplet size can provide suitable reaction environment for polymerization process used in making hygienic and medical materials.
Mechanism of oxidative stress involved in the toxicity of ZnO nanoparticles a...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) has generated significant scientific interest as a novel antibacterial and anticancer agent. Since oxidative stress is a critical determinant of ZnO NPs-induced damage, it is necessary to characterize their underlying mode of action. Different structural and physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs such as particle surface, size, shape, crystal structure, chemical position, and presence of metals can lead to changes in biological activities including ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. However, there are some inconsistencies in the literature on the relation between the physicochemical features of ZnO NPs and their plausible oxidative stress mechanism. Herein, the possible oxidative stress mechanism of ZnO NPs was reviewed. This is worthy of further detailed evaluations in order to improve our understanding of vital NPs characteristics governing their toxicity. Therefore, this study focuses on the different reported oxidative stress paradigms induced by ZnO NPs including ROS generated by NPs, oxidative stress due to the NPs-cell interaction, and role of the particle dissolution in the oxidative damage. Also, this study tries to characterize and understand the multiple pathways involved in oxidative stress induced by ZnO NPs. Knowledge about different cellular signaling cascades stimulated by ZnO NPs lead to the better interpretation of the toxic influences induced by the cellular and acellular parameters. Regarding the potential benefits of toxic effects of ZnO NPs, in-depth evaluation of their toxicity mechanism and various effects of these nanoparticles would facilitate their implementation for biomedical applications.
Combined effects of PEGylation and particle size on uptake of PLGA particles ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective:
At the present study, relationship between phagocytosis of PLGA particles and combined effects of particle size and surface PEGylation was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Microspheres and nanospheres (3500 nm and 700 nm) were prepared from three types of PLGA polymers (non-PEGylated and PEGylation percents of 9% and 15%). These particles were prepared by solvent evaporation method. All particles were labeled with FITC-Albumin. Interaction of particles with J744.A.1 mouse macrophage cells, was evaluated in the absence or presence of 7% of the serum by flowcytometry method.
Results:
The study revealed more phagocytosis of nanospheres. In the presence of the serum, PEGylated particles were phagocytosed less than non-PEGylated particles. For nanospheres, this difference was significant (P<0/05) and their uptake was affected by PEGylation degree. In the case of microsphere formulation, PEGylation did not affect the cell uptake. In the serum-free medium, the bigger particles had more cell uptake rate than smaller ones but the cell uptake rate was not influenced by PEGylation.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that in nanosized particles both size and PEgylation degree could affect the phagocytosis, but in micron sized particles just size, and not the PEGylation degree, could affect this.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its synergistic effects in combination ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objectives:
Biofilms are communities of bacteria attached to surfaces through an external polymeric substances matrix. In the meantime, Acinetobacterbaumannii is the predominant species related to nosocomial infections. In the present study, the effect of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with biocides and imipenem against planktonic and biofilms of A. baumannii was assessed.
Materials and Methods:
Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 75 planktonic isolates of A. baumannii were determined by using the microdilution method as described via clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI). Among all strains, 10 isolates which formed strong biofilms were selected and exposed to silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem, bismuth ethandithiol (BisEDT) and bismuth propanedithiol (BisPDT) to determine minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBIC). Subsequently, minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) of silver nanoparticles alone and in combination with imipenem against mature biofilm of the isolates were evaluated.
Results:
Results showed that 29.3% of isolates were susceptible to silver nanoparticles and could inhibit the growth and eradicate biofilms produced by the isolates. For this reason, ∑FIC, ∑FBIC and ∑FBEC ≤ 0.05 were reported which shows synergism between silver nanoparticles and imipenem against not only planktonic cells but also inhibition and eradication of biofilms. The results of ∑FBIC >2 indicated to antagonistic impacts between silver nanoparticles and BisEDT/BisPDT against biofilms.
Conclusion:
It can be concluded that silver nanoparticles alone can inhibit biofilm formation but in combination with imipenem are more effective against A. baumannii in planktonic and biofilm forms.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
Synthesis of graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite as an adsorbent for the enrich...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
In our study, graphene oxide-TiO2 nanocomposite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and used for the enrichment of rutin from real samples for the first time.
Materials and Methods:
The synthesized GO/TiO2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FT-IR spectra. The enrichment process is fast and highly efficient. The factors including contact time, pH, and amount of GO/TiO2 affecting the adsorption process were studied.
Results:
The maximum adsorption capacity for ciprofloxacin was calculated to be 59.5 mg/g according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The method yielded a linear calibration curve in the concentration ranges from 15 to 200 μg/L for the rutin with regression coefficients (r2) of 0.9990. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N=3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N=10) were found to be 8 μg/Land 28 μg/L, respectively. Both the intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSDs) were < 10% .
Conclusion:
The developed approach offered wide linear range, and good reproducibility. Owing to the diverse structures and unique characteristic, GO/TiO2 possesses great potential in the enrichment and analysis of trace rutin in real aqueous samples.
Preparation and evaluation of vitamin A nanosuspension as a novel ocular drug...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
The aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin A.
Material and Methods:
Formulations were designed based on full factorial design. A high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. Fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfactants Tween 80, benzalkonium chloride and Pluronic and evaluated for pH, particle size, entrapment efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), stability and drug release. Also, Draize test was used to evaluate the irritation of rabbit eye by formulations.
Results:
All formulations showed a small mean size that is well suited for ocular application. Also it was observed that the particle size decreased with increase in the amount of surfactant. Drug entrapment increased with increasing amount of surfactant. It was shown that initial and final drug release can be controlled by the ratio and the total amount of surfactants, respectively.
Conclusion:
It was concluded that the use of Tween 80 and Pluronic in the formualtions with a proper ratio does not show eye irritation and could be useful to achieve a suitable nanosuspension of vitamin A as a novel ocular delivery system.
A comparative study about toxicity of CdSe quantum dots on reproductive syste...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
This study examined the toxicity of CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and CdSe:ZnS QDs on the reproductive system of mice. Mice were injected with doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg of CdSe QDs or CdSe:ZnS QDs. Histological analysis found that the 40 mg/kg dose of CdSe:ZnS QDs caused abnormal growth of seminiferous tubes, impaired spermatogenesis, and a decrease in testis weight, sperm count, and testosterone levels compared to controls. The CdSe:ZnS QDs at 40 mg/kg also decreased sperm density in the epididymis. This suggests that, contrary to previous reports, the
Functionalization of carbon nanotubes and its application in nanomedicine: A ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
This review focuses on the latest developments in applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in medicine. A brief history of CNTs and a general introduction to the field are presented.
Then, surface modification of CNTs that makes them ideal for use in medical applications is highlighted. Examples of common applications, including cell penetration, drug delivery, gene delivery and imaging, are given. At the same time, there are concerns about their possible adverse effects on human health, since there is evidence that exposure to CNTs induces toxic effects in experimental models. However, CNTs are not a single substance but a growing family of different materials possibly eliciting different biological responses. As a consequence, the hazards associated with the exposure of humans to the different forms of CNTs may be different. Understanding the structure–toxicity relationships would help towards the assessment of the risk related to these materials. Finally, toxicity of CNTs, are discussed. This review article overviews the most recent applications of CNTs in Nanomedicine, covering the period from 1991 to early 2015.
The role of surface charge of ISCOMATRIX nanoparticles on the type of immune ...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
ISCOMATRIX vaccines have now been shown to induce strong antigen-specific cellular or humoral immune responses to a broad range of antigens of viral, bacterial, parasite or tumor. In the present study, we investigated the role of ISCOMATRIX charge in induction of a Th1 type of immune response and protection against Leishmania major infection in BALB/c mice.
Materials and Methods:
Positively and negatively charged ISCOMATRIX were prepared. BALB/C mice were immunized subcutaneously, three times with 2-week intervals, with different ISCOMATRIX formulations. Soluble Leishmania antigens (SLA) were mixed with ISCOMATRIX right before injection. The extent of protection and type of immune response were studied in different groups of mice.
Results:
The group of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX showed smaller footpad swelling upon challenge with L. major and the highest IgG2a production compared with positively charged one. The mice immunized with positively charged ISCOMATRIX showed the lowest splenic parasite burden compared to the other groups. Cytokine assay results indicated that the highest level of IFN- γ and IL-4 secretion was observed in the splenocytes of mice immunized with negatively charged ISCOMATRIX as compared to other groups.
Conclusion:
The results indicated that ISCOMATRIX formulations generate an immune response with mixed Th1/Th2 response that was not protective against challenge against L. major.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment and photodynamic therapy (PDT). It first introduces quantum dots (QDs), which are spherical semiconductor nanoparticles that have attractive optical properties for biomedical applications. QDs can be functionalized for targeted cancer therapy and have also been explored as photosensitizers for PDT. The document then provides background on PDT, describing its mechanisms of action and how it uses photosensitizers activated by light to generate reactive oxygen species that damage tumor cells. The potential advantages of PDT over conventional cancer therapies are noted. Finally, the document discusses how QDs, due to their tunable light absorption, have potential as novel photosensitizers for PDT to improve
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment and photodynamic therapy. It focuses on the use of quantum dots, which are spherical nanoparticles that have attractive optical properties like high photoluminescence, narrow emission spectra, and photostability. These properties make quantum dots useful as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy of cancer tumors. The document reviews how quantum dots can be functionalized and targeted to cancer cells for photodynamic therapy applications. It also evaluates the design of nanoparticles and their potential safety for biomedical uses.
Preparation of protein-loaded PLGA-PVP blend nanoparticles by nanoprecipitati...Nanomedicine Journal (NMJ)
Abstract
Objective(s):
Despite of wide range applications of polymeric nanoparticles in protein delivery, there are some problems for the field of protein entrapment, initial burst and controlled release profile.
Materials and Methods:
In this study, we investigated the influence of some changes in PLGA nanoparticles formulation to improve the initial and controlled release profile. Selected parameters were: pluronic F127, polysorbate 80 as surfactant, pH of inner aqueous phase, L/G ratio of PLGA polymer, volume of inner aqueous phase and addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone as an excipient. FITC-HSA was used as a model hydrophilic drug. The nanoparticles were prepared by nanoprecipitation.
Results:
Initial release of FITC-HSA from PLGA-tween 80 nanoparticles (opt-4, 61%) was faster than control (PLGA-pluronic) after 2.30 h of incubation. Results showed that decrease in pH of inner aqueous phase to pI of protein can decrease IBR but the release profile of protein is the same as control. Release profile with three phases including a) initial burst b) plateau and c) final release phase was observed when we changed volume of inner aqueous phase and L/G ratio in formulation. Co-entrapment of HSA with PVP and pluronic reduced the IBR and controlled release profile in opt-19. Encapsulation efficiency was more than 97% and nanoparticles size and zeta potentials were mono-modal and -18.99 mV, respectively.
Conclusion:
In this research, we optimized a process for preparation of PLGA-PVP-pluronic nanoparticles of diameter less than 300 nm using nanoprecipitation method. This formulation showed a decreased initial burst and long lasting controlled release profile for FITC-HSA as a model drug for proteins.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Effect of shoes containing nanosilica particles on knee valgus in active females during landing
1. Please cite this paper as:
Bassiri Z, Eslami M, Hosseininejad M, Rabiei M Effect of shoes containing nanosilica particles on knee valgus
in active females during landing, Nanomed J, 2015; 2(1): 60-66.
Original Research (font 12)
Received: Jul. 3, 2014; Accepted: Sep. 20, 2014
Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015, page 60-66
Received: Apr. 22, 2014; Accepted: Jul. 12, 2014
Vol. 1, No. 5, Autumn 2014, page 298-301
Online ISSN 2322-5904
http://nmj.mums.ac.ir
Original Research
Effect of shoes containing nanosilica particles on knee valgus in active
females during landing
Zahra Bassiri1
, Mansour Eslami2
*, Motahareh Hosseininejad3
, Mohammad Rabiei4
1
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
2
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
3
Department General of Fars Province Education, Shiraz, Iran
4
Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran
Abstract
Objective(s): The effect of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) in sport shoes outsoles on the
parameters related to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) Injury has not been investigated. The
aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shoes outsole containing a composite of
thermoplastic elastomer based on styrene-butadiene and silica nanoparticles (TPEN shoe) on
Knee Valgus Angle (KVA) as a risk factor of ACL injuries during landing
Materials and Methods: Fourteen active healthy women without knee injuries and disorders
performed bilateral drop jump (DJ) and single leg drop landing (SLL) tasks in barefoot,
wearing shoes fabricated with polyvinyl chloride outsole (PVC shoe) and TPEN shoes
conditions , randomly. The knee valgus angle values of right and left legs were calculated in
the landing conditions. Two factors repeated measures ANOVA were used to investigate the
effect of landing and footwear conditions on KVA of right and left legs.
Results: For both left and right limbs, the KVA was at maximum and minimum values during
landing with barefoot and TPEN shoes, respectively. PVC shoe significantly reduced the
knee valgus by 3.84% in left and 4.18% in right knee (P<0.05) as compared to barefoot
landing. In a similar pattern, TPEN shoe significantly reduced the knee valgus compared to
barefoot by 7.82% and 9.71% in left and right limbs, respectively. Moreover, the knee valgus
during DJ was significantly increased as compared to SLL condition (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Shod landing and specially TPEN shoe decreases KVA compared to barefoot.
Our results suggested that using SNPs could produce some viscoelasticity property and a
better joint movement control in shoe outsoles which can reduce KVA and consequent
reduction of ACL Injury.
Keywords: Knee valgus angle, Landing, Nanoparticles, Shoe, Silica
*Corresponding Author: Mansour Eslami, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Mazandaran
University, Babolsar, Iran.
Tel: +981125342210, Email: mseslami@gmail.com
2. Effect of nanosilica particles on knee valgus
Nanomed J, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015 61
Original Research (font 12)Introduction
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is
a common and traumatic knee joint injury
in female athletes (1). Non-contact ACL
injuries account for more than two-thirds
of ACL injuries (2-5). The non-contact
mechanism usually involves a deceleration
before a change of direction, deceleration
phase of landing after a jump or in
preparation for a cutting maneuver that are
associated with high loads on the knee
joint (2, 5-8). It has been reported that
landing from a jump is one of the primary
non-contact mechanisms for ACL injury in
female basketball and volleyball and
soccer players (2, 9-13). Decreased knee
flexion and increased knee valgus angle
(KVA), tibial rotation, hip adduction and
hip internal rotation during landing and
cutting maneuvers, commonly seen during
ACL injury episodes (6, 7, 14-16), can
increase strain placed on the ACL (17, 18).
Knee valgus has been defined as abducted
position of the knee on landing or during
the stance phase of gait (19). Females have
been found to land in more KVA during a
single leg step landing (20) as well as a
double leg drop jump (19, 21) and it can
be a reason for higher incidence of ACL
injuries (22). In fact, increased valgus
angles during landing activities are
predictive of ACL injury in female athletes
(19). The majority of studies in KVA
focused on its gender and sport differences
(19, 21, 23-25).
The choice of footwear across these
studies ranges from the participant wearing
their own shoes (20, 26) to testing while
barefoot (27) and some studies do not
report footwear condition (21). However,
athletic activity usually involves wearing
appropriate sports shoes.
The athletic shoes are usually composed of
soft compressible support surface
interfaces designed to protect against
injuries occurring in sport activates (28).
Chiu and Shiang (2007) demonstrated that
athletic shoes can attenuate injury risk
during sports through their cushioning
system (29). Furthermore, Hootman et al.
(2007) reported that barefoot sports such
as gymnastics displayed a high incidence
rate of knee injuries, like anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) injuries, as compared to
shod sports including volleyball and
basketball (30).
Several materials such as carbon rubber,
styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), micro-
cellular rubber, ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA),
polyurethane (PU), polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) and Hytrel®
have been used in sport
shoe soles (31). However, these materials
have had two primary limitations. First, to
achieve appropriate cushioning with these
materials, sole thicknesses must be
increased (32); second, these materials
have low capabilities to return energy and
control joint movement (33). It is reported
that thicker-soled shoes can produce more
cushioning (32), but it can increase the
soles height possibly leading to ankle
instability and risk of foot and ankle strain
and sprain (28, 34, 35).
We hypothesized that silica nanoparticles
have properties that may improve
biomechanical factors related to shoe sole.
Tensile strength of silica nanoparticles can
increase viscoelasticity property and
reduce thickness of the shoe sole. Thus, it
can possibly close the ankle to the ground
and change the ground reaction force
moment arms.
Moreover, elasticity property of the shoe
sole can change energy return from shoe
sole leading to better joint movement
control, particularly on landing after a
vertical jump.
To our knowledge, the effect of using
silica nanoparticles in sport shoes outsoles
has not been investigated on knee joint
angle changes during landing. The aim of
this study was to investigate the effect of a
composite of TPEN shoe on KVA of
active women during landing.
Materials and Methods
Subjects
Fourteen healthy women having an
average age of 24.2±1.9 year, weight of
58.1±3.4 kg, height of 170.4±2.4 cm, foot
3. Bassiri Z, et al
62 Nanomed J, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015
size of 41-42 volunteered. They were free
of any lower extremity injuries and
disorders participate in volleyball activities
(4 h/week) for the past four years. The
dominant leg of the all subjects was right.
They were informed about the procedures
and signed an informed consent.
Experimental set-up
Two-dimensional frontal projection planes
were captured by a camera (JVC-9X00;
200 HZ) that was placed at a height of 50
cm, 3 m anterior to the subjects landing
target, and aligned perpendicular to the
frontal plane. Video data were collected
using the SIMI motion software.
Six markers were placed on the lower
extremity of each subject as employed by
Willson et al. (36).Markers were placed at
the midpoint of the ankle malleoli for the
center of the ankle joint, midpoint of the
femoral condyles to approximate the
center of the knee joint and on the
proximal thigh at the midpoint along a line
from the anterior superior iliac spine to the
knee marker. All markers were placed by
the same experimenter.
Two pairs of shoe were used in this study.
They were the same in shape and
properties (weight, size and outsole
design) but different in outsole materials.
One of them was a PVC shoe (polyvinyl
chloride) with hardness of 65 shore A and
another was a TPEN shoe (composite of
thermoplastic elastomer based on styrene-
butadiene and silica nanoparticles) with
hardness of 70 shore A.
Testing procedure
In order to simulate the landings
encountered during athletic participation,
subjects were asked to perform bilateral
drop jump (DJ) and single leg drop landing
(SLL) tasks. Each subject was given
enough time to warm up and was asked to
perform 3–5 practice trials of both tasks
with both shoes and barefoot to become
familiar with the specific conditions.
Three successful trials were performed for
each task in each condition. The sequence
of step landing (left or right leg first) or
drop jump task and condition (barefoot,
PVC shoe and TPEN shoe) was assigned
in block order.
Drop jump task (DJ)
Subjects stood on a 30-cm-high bench
with feet shoulder width apart and were
asked to drop as vertically as possible, in
an attempt to standardize landing height,
landing on both feet at a mark 30 cm from
the bench. They were required to perform
a maximal vertical jump immediately after
landing, finally landing back on the mark.
There were no set instructions regarding
arm movement, only for the subjects to
perform the jump naturally (Fig. 1a).
Single leg landing (SLL)
Subjects dropped from a 30-cm-high
bench dropping as vertically as possible.
They were asked to land with the opposite
leg onto a marked point 30 cm from the
bench with the test limb ensuring the
contralateral leg makes no contact with
any other surface and balance is held for a
minimum three seconds (Fig. 1b).
Analysis
All parameters were calculated using
Microsoft Excel 2010 from the two-
dimensional coordinates previously
filtered at 12 Hz with a low-pass fourth
order Butterworth filter (37).
The maximum values of angle subtended
between the lines formed through the
markers at the Anterior Superior Iliac
spine and middle of the knee joint and that
formed from the markers on the knee joint
to the middle of the ankle joint was
recorded as the valgus angle of the knee.
The average KVA value from three trials
was used for analysis from this group
means and standard deviations were
calculated for all KVA measures.
Statistical analysis
3 Footwear × 2 landing two factor repeated
measures ANOVA were used to
investigate the effect of landing and
4. Effect of nanosilica particles on knee valgus
Nanomed J, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015 63
Original Research (font 12)footwear conditions on KVA of right and
left legs. The Bonferroni multiple
comparison procedures were used to make
all post-hoc comparisons. SPSS-v20
software was used to perform all statistical
analyses. The level of significance was set
at p<0.05.
Figure 1. Example of knee valgus during drop
jump task (a) and single leg landing (b).
Results
The results of the present study show that
footwear condition (Table 1) and landing
pattern (Table 2) did affect the KVA.
These finding provide evidence that the
KVA differed across footwear conditions
over SLL and DJ landing patterns.
Specifically, statistical analysis showed
that the KVA was at its maximum during
landing barefoot and at its minimum
values when landing in TPEN shoe values
for both left and right limbs. PVC shoe
significantly decreased the KVA compared
to barefoot about 3.8% in left (P<0.001)
and 4.1% in right (P<0.001) limbs. Also,
landing in TPEN shoe caused a significant
reduction of the KVA compared to
barefoot by 7.8% in left (P<0.001) and
9.7% in right (P<0.001) limbs.
Furthermore, significant differences were
observed in KVA between DJ and SLL for
both limbs (P<0.001). The KVA during DJ
was significantly more than SLL.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the
first study aimed to investigate the effect
of a composite of TPEN shoe on KVA
compared to barefoot condition in active
women during SLL and DJ. Generally, the
results of the present study indicate that
landing in TPEN shoe decreased the KVA
during SLL and DJ. More detailed, our
finding suggest that a) shod landing reduce
KVA compared to barefoot b) landing in
TPEN shoe reduce KVA compared
barefoot and PVC and c) DJ landing cause
greater KVA than SLL. These finding
suggest that footwear change the
kinematics of knee during landing. These
results are consistence with Webster et al.
(2004) who reported that wearing sport
shoes increase peak knee flexion angles
and with Pollard et al. (2010) who
demonstrated wearing Brooks Maximus II
shoes increase knee flexion range of
motion (37, 38).
Prior studies on KVA reported that slight
alternations in KVA could change knee
valgus load, considerably. McLean et al.
(2004) reported that 2° alternation in KVA
leads to 40 N.m increase in knee valgus
moment (39).
Excessive KVA cause excessive knee
abduction moment that is associated with
medial knee pain and tears of ACL (40).
Moreover, Andriacchi et al. (1983) and Li
et al. (1998) reported that the addition of
valgus load to the knee increase electrical
activity of pes anserinus muscles (41, 42).
With respect to results reported in the
literature, our findings suggest that landing
in TPEN shoe could decrease the valgus
load to the knee thought increasing KVA.
This decreased tendency mainly facilitates
the work of gluteus medius and pes
anserinus muscles that limite knee valgus
motion (20). Our finding implied that
landing on TPEN shoe causes these
muscles work easier than landing on
barefoot and PVC shoe. It may be due to
the tensile strength and elasticity of TPEN
shoe that caused by SNPs.
5. Bassiri Z, et al
64 Nanomed J, Vol. 2, No. 1, Winter 2015
Table 1. Mean (standard deviation) of KVA for footwear conditions in left and right limbs.
Limb
Condition
Barefoot PVC TPEN
Mean (SD) Mean (SD)
P-value
barefoot
Mean (SD)
P-value
barefoot
P-value
PVC
Left
15.2°±2.8 14.6°±2.8 0.001 14.1°±2.7 0.001 0.007
Right 14.8°±2.8 14.1°±2.7 0.001 13.5°±2.7 0.001 0.012
Significant results are printed in bold (P<0.05)
Table 2. Mean and SD for landing patterns.
Limb
Pattern
Drop Jump Single Leg P-value
Left
15.0°±2.9
14.2°±2.6 0.001
Right 14.5°±2.8 13.8°±2.7 0.001
Significant results are printed in bold (P<0.05)
Furthertmore , it has been suggested that
harder outsoles provide more dynamic
balance during some movement such as
gait (43-47). As TPEN shoe is more
viscoelastic than PVC shoe, it could be
suggested that higher viscoelasticity of
TPEN shoe provides a more stable landing
compared to PVC shoe which exert less
KVA.
The greater KVA in barefoot could be a
compensatory strategy. Pollard et al.
proposed a theory that females who limit
motion in the sagittal plane employ a
strategy of reliance on passive restraints in
the frontal plane to control the deceleration
of the body center of mass (37).
Furthermore, prior studies on shod landing
reported that knee flexion in shod landing
was greater than that of barefoot and that
increasing in knee flexion caused KVA
reduction (37, 48). Thus, this great value
of valgus in barefoot landing could be as a
result of less knee flexion.
In our study, KVA increased in DJ
compared to SLL which was consistent
with those reported previously (23, 24).
The difference between DJ and SLL might
be related to the nature of the sport skills
of the subjects. There may be a familiarity
with single leg stance tasks for the subject
which may have resulted in better
performances in this task. We suggest that
the differences observed are due to the
demands of the sport.
Conclusion
Increased KVA increased the risk of ACL
injury during athletic tasks such as
landing. Our study showed that shod and
also TPEN decreases KVA. It seems that
using SNPs caused some viscoelasticity
property and joint movement control in
shoe outsoles that can affect KVA as a risk
factor of ACL Injury. But further studies
are required to investigate the effect of
other materials containing nanoparticles on
KVA and another kinematic and kinetics
variable related to ACL injury.
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by Faculty of
Physical Education & Sport Science -
University of Mazandaran, Iran.
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