Relationship between selected anthropometric parameters of the lower limbs with vertical jump performances among recreational basketball players in Lagos

06/08/2016 Ayodele Ayobami Emmanuel 1
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED ANTHROPOMETRIC
PARAMETERS OF THE LOWER LIMBS AND VERTICAL JUMP
PERFORMANCES AMONG RECREATIONAL BASKETBALL
PLAYERS IN LAGOS STATE
BY
AYODELE, AYOBAMI EMMANUEL
Presented at the Department of Physiotherapy
University of Abuja Teaching Hospital
Gwagwalada, Abuja
(August, 2016)

CONTENTS
• TERMS
• BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
• STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
• SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
• METHODOLOGY
• RESULTS
• DISCUSSION
• CONCLUSION

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELECTED
ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE LOWER
LIMBS AND VERTICAL JUMP PERFORMANCES
AMONG RECREATIONAL BASKETBALL PLAYERS

TERMS
• Anthropometry: human body measurement in terms of the
dimensions of bone, muscle & adipose (Sahu, 2015).
• Recreational athlete: participates in athletics three or more times
per week but does not follow a professionally designed training
regimen (Davis et al, 2006).
• Vertical jump: an index of leg/kick power. Jumping vertically to
achieve the highest point above ground (Abidin and Adam, 2011).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

VERTICAL JUMP
• Height achieved on the VJ has a direct correlation with the amount of
force produced by muscle fibres (Changela and Bhatt, 2012).
• VJD shown to be related to current & potential level of athletic
performance in several sports including BB (Davis et al, 2006)
• 1 of the indices for injury prevention and return from injury (DiStefano
et al, 2010).
• VJ tests are used in athletics & rehab to measure physical performance
in people of different age ranges & fitness (Mateos-Angulo et al, 2015).
• Common field test to evaluate anaerobic fitness; improvements test
(Changela and Bhatt, 2012).

BASKETBALL
• Worldwide popularity (450 million players) - FIBA.
• Aerobic-based anaerobic sport (Delextrat and Cohen, 2009)
• High intensity activities - jumping, turns, dribbles, sprints, screens.
• Low intensity activities - as walking, stopping and jogging.
• Study on physiological load in BB Abdelkrim et al (2007) reported
997±183 movements and 44±7 VJ acts during the game.
• Players are required not only to perform such a high number of
jumping acts, but also to do them in a competitive & demanding
environment (Ziv and Lidor, 2010).

VJ INFLUENCES
• Intrinsic factors: gender, age, body composition, growth and maturity
(Buchanan and Vardaxis, 2003)
• Extrinsic factors: - physical activity, environmental conditions, sport
selection and training (Aouichaoui et al, 2014);
• Indicated waist size, sitting height, BMI, leg length, body fat, SES, had no
significant r with VJ parameters in Tunisian athletic children.
• Playing status, level of play, and position in college athletes (Reeves et al,
2008).
• Intrinsic non-trainable variables of the arm (ulna, humerus, hand length)
not predictors of VJD in RAIs (Reeves et al, 2008).

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
• Non-trainable variables of the lower limbs i.e. length of individual body
length segments in predicting VJD in basketball have not been
established (Saiyed, 2015)
• No strong prediction model for VJD in BB (Verma et al, 2015).
• Previous studies revealed a preponderance of heterogeneous samples of
athletes (Davis et al, 2003; Reeves et al, 2008; Aouichaoui et al, 2014;
Saiyed et al 2015).
• Paucity of investigations assessing the influence of lower limb
anthropometric variables on VJD in BB players.

AIM
• To determine the relationship between selected lower limb
anthropometric parameters and VJ performances among recreational
basketball players.
• Selected anthropometric parameters:
• Femoral length
• Thigh girth
• Tibial length
• Calf girth
• Foot length.

SIGNIFICANCE
• Differentiating performance levels
• Supplement data for basketball players of this category.
• Provide relevant information on physical and physiological
characteristics of basketball players.
• Help coaches increase their control over the physical & physiological
workloads in which players are engaged, & in turn improve quality of
training.
• Useful for - coaches, athletic trainers, physiotherapists & sport
physicians- who work regularly with athletes throughout different
phases of training.
• Sports physio...contributing to the enhancement of sports
performance, in athletes of all ages and abilities (Bennet & Grant,
2004).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SUBJECT SELECTION
• A total number of 80 recreational basketball players participated in
this study.
• Sports Centre of the University of Lagos
• National Stadium, Surulere Lagos.
INCLUSION CRITERIA
• recreational BB players: 16 - 35 years of age.
• regular participation in basketball of at least 1 hr/day, 3 days/week
for at least a year.

Exclusion criteria
• Hx of recent surgery.
• Recent fracture.
• Musculotendinous injury.
• Ligament or tendon injury
• Joint pathologies
• Joint instability.
• Neurological deficit.
• Spinal pathology.
• Any type of acute or chronic pain which restricts movements of
upper limb, lower limb and trunk.

Method Cont’d
• Ethical approval sought appropriately and a written informed consent
was obtained before commencement.
• Study design - cross-sectional survey.
• Sampling technique: consecutive

INSTRUMENTS
• Weighing scale (Seca) > kg
• Height meter > cm
• Clinical tape measure > cm
• Smooth wall surface
• Chalk Powder

DATA COLLECTION
• Basic demographic data including age and sex.
• light clothing prior to measurement of the anthropometric variables.
• All measurements were conducted on the same day for each of the
participants; the same examiner measured all participants.
• Weight (kg) using a weighing scale; height (m) using a height meter.
• BMI calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by square of height in
metres (i.e., kg/m2).

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
• Femoral length: greater trochanter -lateral joint line of knee (Saiyed
et al, 2015).
• Tibial length: medial joint line of the knee - medial malleolus (Saiyed
et al, 2015).
• Foot length: posterior heel - longest toe (Saiyed et al, 2015).
• Thigh girth: largest visual point in the upper thigh.
• Calf girth: largest visual point in the upper calf.

VJ TEST
• 3-minute warm up exercise including jogging and stretching of the
lower limbs.
• The VJ test was performed using a wall mounted centimetre tape.
• Stand straight with dominant side next to the wall, both feet firmly
on the ground (with foot wear).
• Standing reach: The participants’ finger tips were marked with chalk
powder and were instructed to touch the wall as high as possible.

VJ TEST CONT’D
• Countermovement consisting of bending knees and hips while at the
same time flexing the trunk.
• Lowering to a most comfortable point at the same time moving their
arms back into hyperextension.
• Vertical leap as high as possible using both arms and legs, assisting
the body upwards.
• Three readings The difference in distance between the standing
reach height and the jump height is the vertical jump displacement.

ILLUSTRATION
A
B C
D E
A - vertical jump; B - femoral length; C - thigh girth; D - calf girth; E - Foot length.

RESULTS

AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICIPANTS
64 (80%)
10 (12%)
6 (8%)
≤20
21-30
31-40

GENDER DISTRIBUTION
MALE
77 (96%)
FEMALE
3 (4%)
MALE
FEMALE

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
MEASURE MEAN ± SD RANGE
Age (Years) 19.10 ± 4.46 16 - 34
Weight (kg) 76.16 ± 14.33 45 - 115
Height (m) 1.83 ± 0.08 1.66 – 1.99
BMI (Kg/m2) 22.64 ± 3.64 15 - 34

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS
MEASURES MEAN ± SD RANGE
Femoral length (m) 0.48 ± 0.04 0.39 – 0.61
Thigh girth (m) 0.56 ± 0.05 0.47 – 0.69
Tibial length (m) 0.46 ± 0.03 0.39 – 0.55
Calf girth (m) 0.37 ± 0.03 0.31 – 0.48
Foot length (m) 0.29 ± 0.01 0.24 – 0.33

VERTICAL JUMP DISPLACEMENT
VJD (m) Frequency (n) Percentage (%)
0.21 - 0.30 3 3.75
0.31 - 0.40 16 20.00
0.41 - 0.50 21 26.25
0.51 - 0.60 27 33.75
0.61 - 0.70 10 12.50
0.71 - 0.80 2 2.50
0.81 - 0.89 1 1.25
Total 80 100.00

Pearson product correlation (anthropometry
with VJD)
MEASURES r p - value
Age 0.022 0.85
Weight -0.35 0.001*
Height -0.34 0.002*
BMI -0.22 0.047*
Femoral length -0.13 0.26
Thigh girth -0.12 0.31
Tibial length -0.10 0.38
Calf girth -0.22 0.05
Foot length -0.15 0.20

DISCUSSION
• Disproportionately lower number (N = 3) of female participants
observed.
• Male dominance of recreational basketball within this region??
• VJD values consistent with other investigations involving recreational
individuals (Davis et al, 2003; Reeves et al 2008).
• Mean VJD of 0.50 m obtained.
• Reeves et al (2008) reported a mean VJD of 0.51 m for recreationally
active men & women while Davis et al (2006) reported an average
VJD of 0.59 m for male recreational athletes!!
• Mean VJD similar to those of other recreational athletes outside this
region.

DISCUSSION CONT’D
• Femoral length, thigh girth, tibial length, calf girth and foot length
were not significantly correlated with VJD in recreational bb players.
• Agree with results reported for LLA in that no lower body segment
measurement produced a clear indicator of VJD (Davies et al, 2006).
• Disagree with Saiyed et al (2015) who reported that femoral length,
thigh girth, tibial length, calf girth and foot length have significant
correlations with VJP in male sport players!
• Investigation by Saiyed et al (2015) was performed in a cohort of
basketball, football, and cricket players; may account for the disparity
in results.

DISCUSSION CONT’D
• Davis et al (2003) positively significant correlation between calf girth
and VJP & male recreational athletes.
• However, this report is not specific to recreational BB players.
• Increased calf girth is related to cross sectional area of the muscles
and also the degree of body fat present in the calf area.
• Fattahi et al (2012), reported that femoral length, thigh girth, tibial
length and calf girth correlated significantly with vertical jump
displacement in elite volleyball players.
• It was evident that level of play, playing position and training were
influential to VJP (Fattahi et al, 2012).

DISCUSSION CONT’D
• Racial differences may also be a factor to consider as there is a
dearth of studies on VJP among athletes within this region.
• Significant negative correlation exists between VJP & weight, height
and BMI.
• Supports the findings of Aouichaoui et al (2014) who reported that
height and weight had an influence on VJP in a Tunisian athletic
population.
• Fat tissue has positive correlation with body weight. More fat causes
more body weight that requires greater forces in order to overcome
gravity force (Zhang, 2010; Rupesh 2010).

DISCUSSION CONT’D
• However, Wyon et al (2006) and Abidin et al (2013) reported height
and body weight have no significant relationship with VJ among
dancers and martial athletes.
• Assessment based on weight and BMI alone may not accurately
predict body composition of an individual, because neither measures
differentiates the proportion of body fat mass, lean body mass, and
muscle mass out of the total of body mass (Frankenfield et al, 2001;
King et al, 2005).

CONCLUSION
• No significant relationship of femoral length, thigh girth, tibial length,
calf girth and foot length with VJP among recreational BB players.
• It can thus be said that athletes of this category with reduced or
increased values of these variables will not necessarily produce an
increased or reduced VJP.
• Future studies should examine the interaction of more physical and
anthropometric variables with VJP in BB players.
• It can be suggested that an optimum body composition of
recreational BB players will improve their jumping ability.

RECOMMENDATIONS
• Based on the literature, strength and conditioning specialists should
continue to focus efforts on improving anaerobic muscle power,
while optimizing body composition to maximize VJD.
• Success in basketball requires good anthropometrical status;
• appropriate training and techniques in biomechanical and physiological
aspects,
• strategies, and determination

IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
• Disproportionately fewer number of females (N = 3).
• Limits generalization of the results to females and elite basketball
players.
• Further studies should seek to eliminate this gender disproportion
and assess professional basketball players.
• More variables: muscular strength and power, flexibility, balance,
coordination, body weight and composition, jumping technique, and
position of play with VJD.

REFERENCES
• Abdelkrim N, Fazaa S, Ati J (2007). Time-motion analysis and physiological data of elite
under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine
41(2): 69-75.
• Abidin NZ, Adam MB (2013). Prediction of vertical jump height from anthropometric
factors in male and female martial arts athletes. Malaysian Journal of Medical sciences
20(1): 39.
• Aouichaoui C, Trabelsi Y, Tabka Z, Dogui M, Richalet J, Bouhlel E (2014). Effect of
anthropometric characteristics and socio-economic status on vertical jumping
performances in Tunisian athletic children. American Journal of Sports Science and
Medicine 2(1): 6-16.
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
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verticle jump and Wingate Cycle tests as a method to access anaerobic
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YOU
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YOU

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