This document summarizes a study on the effect of salinity stress from NaCl and CaCl2 on safflower seed germination. Safflower seeds were exposed to seven concentrations of NaCl or CaCl2 solutions, from 0 to 12 g/L. Salinity stress decreased all measured seed germination and seedling growth traits, including germination percentage and rate, radicle and plumule length and weight. Radicle was more sensitive to salinity than plumule. NaCl had a greater negative effect than CaCl2. The lowest salinity level of 2 g/L enhanced some traits, but higher concentrations increasingly inhibited germination and growth. Radicle dry weight may be a useful trait for screening safflower genotypes for
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-10-may-2014/
Objectives: The present study aisms to determine the effect of salt stress on the total lipid composition for two varieties of banana (Musa acuminata) viz., great dwarf and small dwarf variety. The presence of different concentrations viz.,. triglycerides and diglycerides did not influenced the increasing salt concentration in the medium. However, monoglycerides and free fatty acids were more affected by the effect of salinity.
Regarding the large dwarf variety, the absence of triglycerides noted, especially in the stressed plants and also in the control plants. In the light of our results we saw that the membrane lipids in the vast dwarf were less affected by salinity compared to the small dwarf
Regulation of Seed Germination and the Role of Aquaporins under Abiotic StressIJEAB
Aquaporins play a major role in governing the movement of water between neighboring cells during seed germination and are major players in response to abiotic stress conditions that affect water availability. Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Arkel) were used for studying cell growth, expression and function of aquaporins during seed imbibition, radicle emergence and growth.Water channel functioning checked by inhibitory test with mercuric chloride showed closed water channels prior to growth initiation. Addition of mercury scavenging agents dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol along with the HgCl2 overcame the observed inhibitory effects in terms of moisture content. The presence of aquaporin inhibitors (HgCl2 and ZnCl2) and NaCl reduced seedling growth. Here we studied expression of a plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PsPIP1;2) and a tonoplast intrinsic protein (PsTIP1;1) by using the semi quantitative RT-PCR in the germinated seedlings exposed to different abiotic stresses. Treatment with NaCl, HgCl2 and ZnCl2 differentially regulated gene expression in radicle, cotyledon and plumule. NaCl and Hg, upregulated expression of PsPIP1;2 and PsTIP1;1 in radicle and expression of PsTIP1;1 was significantly upregulated in radicle and suppressed in cotyledon by Zn. A possible role for aquaporins in germinating seeds and seedling response to abiotic stresses is discussed.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS-PAGE in 10 rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control. Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated through SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response in plants.
Article Citation:
John De Britto R, Mary Sujin R, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Dharmar K.
Toxic effect of arsenic on ten rice varieties.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2011) 1(1): 011-016.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0003.pdf
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops of developing countries and
the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The rice crops have been
greatly disturbed by the heavy metals. The present study deals with the toxic effect of
sodium arsenate on morphological and molecular variation through SDS
-
PAGE in 10
rice (
Oryza sativa
L.) varieties. Ten varieties of rice were grown under different
concentration (25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) of sodium arsenate against control.
Morphological parameters like shoot length, root length, leaf area and biomass
showed marked differences among ten rice varieties. The proteins were separated
through SDS
-
PAGE gel electrophoresis and calculated their molecular weight. The
morphological and molecular variations induced in rice varieties by arsenic stress
provide a new insight leading to a better understanding of the heavy metal response
in plants.
The effect of rhizosphere growth promoter bacteria on enzymes activities of H...Innspub Net
Soils and accumulated materials are resources of heavy metals, which are available for absorbance by plants. One
of the potential methods for eliminating heavy metals from polluted places includes usage of resistance creature
to metals which are able to accumulate and absorb high amount of material. Present study was carried out in a
greenhouse format in completely accidental plots with 4 times repetition and 2 plants of Hordeum vulgare and Brassica napus. This experiment was done in 2011 in Islamic Azad University, Karaj branch. Variance analysis results showed significant effect of pb levels, growth promoters bacteria and interaction effects of them on capabilities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) enzymes (P<0.01). Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-4-number-10-may-2014/
Objectives: The present study aisms to determine the effect of salt stress on the total lipid composition for two varieties of banana (Musa acuminata) viz., great dwarf and small dwarf variety. The presence of different concentrations viz.,. triglycerides and diglycerides did not influenced the increasing salt concentration in the medium. However, monoglycerides and free fatty acids were more affected by the effect of salinity.
Regarding the large dwarf variety, the absence of triglycerides noted, especially in the stressed plants and also in the control plants. In the light of our results we saw that the membrane lipids in the vast dwarf were less affected by salinity compared to the small dwarf
Regulation of Seed Germination and the Role of Aquaporins under Abiotic StressIJEAB
Aquaporins play a major role in governing the movement of water between neighboring cells during seed germination and are major players in response to abiotic stress conditions that affect water availability. Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Arkel) were used for studying cell growth, expression and function of aquaporins during seed imbibition, radicle emergence and growth.Water channel functioning checked by inhibitory test with mercuric chloride showed closed water channels prior to growth initiation. Addition of mercury scavenging agents dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol along with the HgCl2 overcame the observed inhibitory effects in terms of moisture content. The presence of aquaporin inhibitors (HgCl2 and ZnCl2) and NaCl reduced seedling growth. Here we studied expression of a plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PsPIP1;2) and a tonoplast intrinsic protein (PsTIP1;1) by using the semi quantitative RT-PCR in the germinated seedlings exposed to different abiotic stresses. Treatment with NaCl, HgCl2 and ZnCl2 differentially regulated gene expression in radicle, cotyledon and plumule. NaCl and Hg, upregulated expression of PsPIP1;2 and PsTIP1;1 in radicle and expression of PsTIP1;1 was significantly upregulated in radicle and suppressed in cotyledon by Zn. A possible role for aquaporins in germinating seeds and seedling response to abiotic stresses is discussed.
Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soilijtsrd
In-vivo experiment was conducted for toxicity evaluation of Imidacloprid on soil enzyme activities arylsulphatase, acid-phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities in the treated soil under control condition for 60 days at different application rate 3.97µg mL FR , 7.94µg mL 2FR and 39.7µg mL 10FR . Imidacloprid has significant toxic at 2FR and 10FR doses but not on the recommended field rate FR . Acid phosphatase activity was stimulated at FR rate, whereas at higher dose 10FR inhibited the activity. A significant drop of dehydrogenase activity was observed irrespective of doses at 30 days of application and after that the enzymatic activity slowly increased. Application of Imidacloprid at FR to agriculture soil of Tripura is not likely to show any detrimental effects on soil acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase activities but at higher elevated doses there appear some harmful effects which was also very much transient. Aloke Purkait | Dipak Kumar Hazra | Pabitra Kumar Biswas | Ashim Chowdhury "Studies the Effects of Imidacloprid on Enzymatic Activities in Clay Loam Soil" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21406.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/analytical-chemistry/21406/studies-the-effects-of-imidacloprid-on-enzymatic-activities-in-clay-loam-soil/aloke-purkait
Ultrastructural and physiological aspects of eucalyptus clones submitted to b...Innspub Net
This work aimed evaluate ultrastructural and physiological aspects of 35-days old eucalyptus, clones 13; 59 and 131, by submitting them to the following barium doses: null, 125; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm of barium solution, with four repetitions. Due to the exposition to barium, there was appearance of phytotoxicity on the leaves. Then, it was determined the following variables: Phloem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (PDL and PDR); Xylem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (XDL and XDR) and Thickness of Palisade Parenchyma (PP); Spad Index (SPADI); Inferior Face of Stomata Functionality of the Inferior Face (IFSF) and Stomach Density of the Inferior Face (SD). Barium negatively influenced the leaf ultrastructure of eucalyptus and its physiology. Eucalyptus clones 13; 59 and 131 are susceptible to barium solution. Barium caused root and ultrastructural leaves and root damages on eucalyptus clones. Xylem diameter of leaves of eucalyptus clones 13 and 59 were not harmed as exposed to Barium.
4 ijhaf feb-2018-2-effects of cd on microbial propertiesAI Publications
Plants have mechanisms for accumulation, tolerance or alleviation of high levels of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Some contaminants can be absorbed by the plants and are then broken down by plant enzymes. The objective of this particular study was measure the potential activities of three enzymes (dehydrogenase, protease and phosphatase) in the alfalfa rhizospheres under the stress at different concentrations of cadmium salts, and inoculated different biofertilizers strains of S. meliloti and coinoculated with Trichoderma strains. As well as pH, NaCl, CaCO3 tolerance and antibiotic resistance were investigated. The results show that the growth rate of sinorhizobial strains decreased with increasing of NaCl and CaCO3 concentration. Sinorhizobial strains grew in environments of pH ranged between5.5-7.5. There was variable response to antibiotic of all sinorhizobial strains. As well it was clearly showed that Cdso4 reduced the activity of phosphatase. Trichoderma harzianum stimulate the enzyme activity more than Trichoderma viride.
Copper is an essential metal for normal plant growth and development, although it is also potentially toxic. Copper participates in numerous physiological processes and is an essential cofactor for many metalloproteins, however, problems arise when excess copper is present in cells. Excess copper inhibits plant growth and impairs important cellular processes (i.e., photosynthetic electron transport).The mechanisms involved in the acquisition of this essential micronutrient have not been clearly defined although a number of genes have recently been identified which encode potential copper transporters. The present investigation is an attempt to understand of the copper toxicity and tolerance in rice cultivars, and to compare the ten rice cultivars of Karimganj district of Assam. Copper caused growth reduction in rice and among the screened cultivars Amu Sali seems to be a copper sensitive cultivar.
Article Citation:
Upadhyaya H, Bhattacharjee MK, Deboshree Roy, Soumitra Shome.
Toxic effect of copper on ten rice cultivars.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 038-044.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0011.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
DocumThe effect of Amaranthus hybridus on fluoride removal by iron (III) salt...Hezron Mwakabona
The use of iron (Fe) (III) salts as fluoride coagulants in water is challenged by the requirement of high
pH for maximum efficiency. At their natural pH, these salts have low fluoride removal efficiency. This
study examines the effect of amaranth plants on enhancement of the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III)
salts as coagulants. Amaranthus hybridus plants were suspended in fluoride water treated with varying
concentrations of Fe (III) with its roots immersed completely in fluoride water for varying time from 720
to 1440 min. The study shows that fluoride coagulation by Fe (III) in the absence of plants is limited to
10%, whereas when plants were introduced, it increased from 10 to 40%. These results suggest that
amaranth plants enhance the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III). This enhanced removal may be
attributed to increased coagulation effected by exudates released by plant root which contain organic
compounds and CO2 or charged root surfaces by the formation of Fe (III) oxide film. The exact factor
that has a major contribution to enhanced removal observed remains to be subject of further studies.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Chromium-induced growth inhibition and alteration of biochemical parameters i...ijtsrd
The hydroponically grown plants of Ocimum basilicum L. were exposed to varying levels of K2Cr2O7 (0, 5, 10, 25 -µM). The plants were tested for various morphological and biochemical parameters on 3rd and 5th day after treatment. Chromium (Cr) resulted in reduction of plant length and biomass. The deleterious effects of the hexavalent chromium on O. basilicum were further confirmed by the reductions in chlorophyll a and b contents, soluble protein and while as the free amino acid and proline contents were increased. The study concludes that chromium causes stress in the Ocimum basilicum plants and thus alters various morphological and biochemical parameters. Ruqaya Jabeen"Chromium-induced growth inhibition and alteration of biochemical parameters in Ocimum basilicum L." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8329.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/8329/chromium-induced-growth-inhibition-and-alteration-of--biochemical-parameters-in-ocimum-basilicum-l/ruqaya-jabeen
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Interactive Role of Brassinosteroids and Calcium Ameliorates in Response to t...ijtsrd
Aluminum toxicity is considered one of the major growth limiting factors for crop production on acid soils worldwide, and pose a major challenge to agriculture sustainability. At low pH, the most toxic form of Al 3 is released into the soil and causes extensive damage to plants, especially in the root. To develop high tolerance against Al toxicity is the prime concern of plant science. Research has reported that the Brassinosteroids play a diverse role in plant growth, development and stress response. Although the BRs have been exhaustively studied, a comprehensive overview of the manner in which BRs participate in calcium signaling pathways under Al toxicity and regulating plant Al tolerance has not yet been undertaken. In this article, we highlight the interactive role of BRs and Ca, regulating plant growth at the physiological, biological and molecular level, focusing mainly on the BRs induced Ca signaling participate in regulating reactive oxygen species suggesting an elevation in ROS generation confer plant Al resistance. Significantly, this review addresses the current, albeit partially understood, emerging aspects on i Al induced physiological, biochemical, and genotoxic mechanism and responses in plants and ii the role of BRs and Ca in the modulation of Al induced toxicity in plants. These finding might provide further potential for the relevance of BRs and Ca in phytoremediation and Al detoxification in crops. Sadia Ashraf | S. Dixit | Pramod W. Ramteke | Ahsan Z. Rizvi "Interactive Role of Brassinosteroids and Calcium Ameliorates in Response to the Aluminium Toxicity in Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25237.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/25237/interactive-role-of-brassinosteroids-and-calcium-ameliorates-in-response-to-the-aluminium-toxicity-in-plants/sadia-ashraf
Ultrastructural and physiological aspects of eucalyptus clones submitted to b...Innspub Net
This work aimed evaluate ultrastructural and physiological aspects of 35-days old eucalyptus, clones 13; 59 and 131, by submitting them to the following barium doses: null, 125; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm of barium solution, with four repetitions. Due to the exposition to barium, there was appearance of phytotoxicity on the leaves. Then, it was determined the following variables: Phloem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (PDL and PDR); Xylem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (XDL and XDR) and Thickness of Palisade Parenchyma (PP); Spad Index (SPADI); Inferior Face of Stomata Functionality of the Inferior Face (IFSF) and Stomach Density of the Inferior Face (SD). Barium negatively influenced the leaf ultrastructure of eucalyptus and its physiology. Eucalyptus clones 13; 59 and 131 are susceptible to barium solution. Barium caused root and ultrastructural leaves and root damages on eucalyptus clones. Xylem diameter of leaves of eucalyptus clones 13 and 59 were not harmed as exposed to Barium.
4 ijhaf feb-2018-2-effects of cd on microbial propertiesAI Publications
Plants have mechanisms for accumulation, tolerance or alleviation of high levels of heavy metals in contaminated soil. Some contaminants can be absorbed by the plants and are then broken down by plant enzymes. The objective of this particular study was measure the potential activities of three enzymes (dehydrogenase, protease and phosphatase) in the alfalfa rhizospheres under the stress at different concentrations of cadmium salts, and inoculated different biofertilizers strains of S. meliloti and coinoculated with Trichoderma strains. As well as pH, NaCl, CaCO3 tolerance and antibiotic resistance were investigated. The results show that the growth rate of sinorhizobial strains decreased with increasing of NaCl and CaCO3 concentration. Sinorhizobial strains grew in environments of pH ranged between5.5-7.5. There was variable response to antibiotic of all sinorhizobial strains. As well it was clearly showed that Cdso4 reduced the activity of phosphatase. Trichoderma harzianum stimulate the enzyme activity more than Trichoderma viride.
Copper is an essential metal for normal plant growth and development, although it is also potentially toxic. Copper participates in numerous physiological processes and is an essential cofactor for many metalloproteins, however, problems arise when excess copper is present in cells. Excess copper inhibits plant growth and impairs important cellular processes (i.e., photosynthetic electron transport).The mechanisms involved in the acquisition of this essential micronutrient have not been clearly defined although a number of genes have recently been identified which encode potential copper transporters. The present investigation is an attempt to understand of the copper toxicity and tolerance in rice cultivars, and to compare the ten rice cultivars of Karimganj district of Assam. Copper caused growth reduction in rice and among the screened cultivars Amu Sali seems to be a copper sensitive cultivar.
Article Citation:
Upadhyaya H, Bhattacharjee MK, Deboshree Roy, Soumitra Shome.
Toxic effect of copper on ten rice cultivars.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 038-044.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0011.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
The current investigation presents the role of gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) seeds as an effective biosorbent for remediating chromium (VI)), a toxic heavy metal pollutant commonly found in effluents from tanneries and relevant industries. Biosorption was affected by pH, temperature and initial metal concentration. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the holistic effect of all variables to ascertain the best possible conditions for adsorption, therefore, these factors were considered and a total of 17 trials were run according to the Box Behnken design. Quadratic model had maximum R2 value (0.9984) and larger F value (1109.92). From the Analysis Of Variance table and R2 value, quadratic model was predicted to be the significant model with the best fit to the generated experimental data. The optimal parameters obtained from the contour plot for the maximum removal of chromium(VI) were initial metal concentration of 60 mg/L, pH value of 2, and temperature of 27°C. Under these conditions, maximum removal of 92% was obtained. Thus this biosorbent substantially eliminates chromium(VI) under optimized conditions, enabling its use in larger scale.
DocumThe effect of Amaranthus hybridus on fluoride removal by iron (III) salt...Hezron Mwakabona
The use of iron (Fe) (III) salts as fluoride coagulants in water is challenged by the requirement of high
pH for maximum efficiency. At their natural pH, these salts have low fluoride removal efficiency. This
study examines the effect of amaranth plants on enhancement of the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III)
salts as coagulants. Amaranthus hybridus plants were suspended in fluoride water treated with varying
concentrations of Fe (III) with its roots immersed completely in fluoride water for varying time from 720
to 1440 min. The study shows that fluoride coagulation by Fe (III) in the absence of plants is limited to
10%, whereas when plants were introduced, it increased from 10 to 40%. These results suggest that
amaranth plants enhance the defluoridation efficiency of Fe (III). This enhanced removal may be
attributed to increased coagulation effected by exudates released by plant root which contain organic
compounds and CO2 or charged root surfaces by the formation of Fe (III) oxide film. The exact factor
that has a major contribution to enhanced removal observed remains to be subject of further studies.
The effects of cadmium and cow manure on nodulation and growth attributes of ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Different biotic and abiotic factors are involved in the availability of heavy metals in soil including organic matter. In order to study the effects of cow manure on cadmium availability and their interactions on common bean nodulation and growth parameters, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions. The treatments included five cadmium levels (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 mg cadmium per kg soil) and four cow manure levels (0, 15, 30, 60 t ha-1) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated that increased soil cadmium concentrations caused higher cadmium uptake by root tissues whereas, Root nodulation and total N content of shoot tissues decreased significantly at all cadmium concentration levels except for 2 mg Kg-1. In addition, the interaction of cow manure and high concentrations of cadmium caused a decrease in nodule number, nodule fresh weights and total N content of shoot in common bean.
Chromium-induced growth inhibition and alteration of biochemical parameters i...ijtsrd
The hydroponically grown plants of Ocimum basilicum L. were exposed to varying levels of K2Cr2O7 (0, 5, 10, 25 -µM). The plants were tested for various morphological and biochemical parameters on 3rd and 5th day after treatment. Chromium (Cr) resulted in reduction of plant length and biomass. The deleterious effects of the hexavalent chromium on O. basilicum were further confirmed by the reductions in chlorophyll a and b contents, soluble protein and while as the free amino acid and proline contents were increased. The study concludes that chromium causes stress in the Ocimum basilicum plants and thus alters various morphological and biochemical parameters. Ruqaya Jabeen"Chromium-induced growth inhibition and alteration of biochemical parameters in Ocimum basilicum L." Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8329.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/8329/chromium-induced-growth-inhibition-and-alteration-of--biochemical-parameters-in-ocimum-basilicum-l/ruqaya-jabeen
Enzymes activity and content of antioxidants in leaves of halophytes from sal...Innspub Net
The purpose of the given study was to investigate characteristics of antioxidant system and other biochemical indices of some salt resistans species growing on saline soils of Georgia. Activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase and catalase) and nitrate reductase, also low molecular antioxidants (proline, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, anthocyanins and carotenoids), and of content of total proteins, chlorophylls, and soluble carbohydrates has been investigated in leaves of salt resistnt plants-Salsola soda L.-opposite-leaved saltworth, Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.-salt cedar, Chenopodium album L.-goosefoot, Artemisia lerchiana (Web.)-sagebrush, Achillea biebersteinii (Afan.)-allheal and Adonis bienertii (Butkov ex Riedl.)-pheasant's eye-growing coastwise and in surroundings of Kumisi Lake (East Georgia, lower Kartli), in order to study the influence of salinization level on the studied parameters. Spectrophotometrical, gazometrical and titration methods has been used for investigations. Increase of salinity induced activation of peroxidase, rise of proline and total proteins content in leaves of eu-and crynohalophytes (saltworth, goosefoot, salt cedar). Activation of catalase and peroxidase, also increase of the content of anthocyanins, phenols, total proteins and soluble carbohydrates was mentioned in leaves of glyco halophytes (sagebrush, allheal, peasant's eye) under the same conditions. Activation of peroxidase and increase of the content of total proteins seemed to be the uniting mechanism for adaptation to high level salinization among the studied species..
Interactive Role of Brassinosteroids and Calcium Ameliorates in Response to t...ijtsrd
Aluminum toxicity is considered one of the major growth limiting factors for crop production on acid soils worldwide, and pose a major challenge to agriculture sustainability. At low pH, the most toxic form of Al 3 is released into the soil and causes extensive damage to plants, especially in the root. To develop high tolerance against Al toxicity is the prime concern of plant science. Research has reported that the Brassinosteroids play a diverse role in plant growth, development and stress response. Although the BRs have been exhaustively studied, a comprehensive overview of the manner in which BRs participate in calcium signaling pathways under Al toxicity and regulating plant Al tolerance has not yet been undertaken. In this article, we highlight the interactive role of BRs and Ca, regulating plant growth at the physiological, biological and molecular level, focusing mainly on the BRs induced Ca signaling participate in regulating reactive oxygen species suggesting an elevation in ROS generation confer plant Al resistance. Significantly, this review addresses the current, albeit partially understood, emerging aspects on i Al induced physiological, biochemical, and genotoxic mechanism and responses in plants and ii the role of BRs and Ca in the modulation of Al induced toxicity in plants. These finding might provide further potential for the relevance of BRs and Ca in phytoremediation and Al detoxification in crops. Sadia Ashraf | S. Dixit | Pramod W. Ramteke | Ahsan Z. Rizvi "Interactive Role of Brassinosteroids and Calcium Ameliorates in Response to the Aluminium Toxicity in Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25237.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/25237/interactive-role-of-brassinosteroids-and-calcium-ameliorates-in-response-to-the-aluminium-toxicity-in-plants/sadia-ashraf
Influence of Sodium Chloride on germination, and Zinc, Copper, Zinc-Copper mi...Premier Publishers
Seed germination and seedling performance of Dorke and Omankwa corn varieties were investigated under varying salinity, copper and zinc concentrations. Sample analyses were done using AAS. Germination of both seeds decreased with increasing Sodium chloride. When NaCl was increased from 3 to 6ppm, the range of germination of Dorke seeds reduced from 33 - 20% while that of Omankwa seeds reduced from 20% to 13.3%. 85.5% germination in 60mMNaCl was the highest in Dorke and 72.2% germination in 90mMNaCl was the lowest. 87.8% germination in 30mMNaCl was the highest for Omankwa hybrid, 30% in 90mM being its lowest. Cu2+ accumulated more in the roots than shoot of both hybrids, while Zn2+ accumulated more in their shoots than the roots. Highest mean fresh weight of Dorke was recorded in moderate Cu2+ and Zn2+. Also highest mean fresh weight of Omankwa hybrid occurred under low Cu2+ level and moderate Zn2+ levels, but was highest in higher levels of Zn2+ and Cu2+ mixture. From the study, farmers are advised against planting the two hybrids in alkaline soils and to apply Cu2+/Zn2+ based fertilizers to improve photosynthetic activity and biomass.
Effectiveness of various salinity on leaf growth of Gazania | IJAARInnspub Net
Salt stress is induced by Nacl and it minimizes the growth owing to variation in interior plant structure. The present work was designed in line to investigate the behavior of Gazania harlequin (L.) seedlings were raised with dissimilar salt combinations (25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm & 100 ppm of NaCl solution). The CRD experiment with 4 repetitions was done. The NaCl treatments were repeated in 4 times with 20 days interval totally for 80 days after transplanting in pots. Anatomical observations were recorded by the microscope of in NaCl affected growth leaf. The results illustrated that salinity levels had a negative effect on anatomical characters as (xylem region, phloem region, cortex region, epidermis region and density of leaf lamina). So, it is concluded from the study that control treatment (without salinity effect) showed improved outcome comparatively others treatments which were under the saline situation. As the salinity increases ultimately it affects leaf anatomy of the plant.
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
Productivity of some forage grasses under foliar sprinkler irrigation and fol...Innspub Net
Field experiment was conducted during 2013/2014 and 2015 seasons was aimed to evaluate productivity of Rhodes and Blue panic grasses as well as Alfalfa under sprinkler irrigation with foliar application of potassium nitrate that enable plants to cope with water stress. Each two forage grasses beside alfalfa were conducted in separate experiments. Irrigation every 10 days surpassed in total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed than those irrigated every 20 days. Highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude fiber and nitrogen free extract as well as yield/fed of crude protein, crude fiber, ether extract, ash and nitrogen free extract were produced from irrigation every 7 days. However, highest percentages of crude protein, ether extract and ash were produced from irrigation every 14 days. Forage species significantly differed on total chlorophyll, leaf area/plant, plant height, average of number of stem/cm 2 , forage green yield/fed and forage dry matter yield/fed. A significant effect due to forage species on percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein and fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. Sown Rhodes grass produced maximum forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed and its quality compared with other studied forage crops. Foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm significantly increased total chlorophyll, leaf area, plant height, number of stems/m 2 , forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. The results showed that highest percentages of water use efficiency, crude protein, crude fiber and ether extract, and nitrogen free extract and nitrogen free extract as well as crude fiber, extracting ether, ash and nitrogen free extract yield/fed. It could be stated that irrigation every 10 days and sown Rhodes grass and foliar spraying of potassium nitrate at 15 ppm maximized forage green and forage dry matter yield/fed. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/productivity-of-some-forage-grasses-under-foliar-sprinkler-irrigation-and-foliar-application-of-potassium-nitrate-under-salinity-stress/
SALT TOLERANCE IMPROVEMENT OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS THROUGH SEED PRIMINGSamar Biswas
Salinity is one the major abiotic stresses that affect crop production in arid and semiarid areas. Seed germination and seedling growth are the stages most sensitive to salinity. Salt stress causes adverse physiological and biochemical changes in germinating seeds. Various techniques can improve emergence and stand establishment under salt conditions. One of the most frequently utilized is seed priming. The process of seed priming involves prior exposure to an abiotic stress, making a seed more resistant to future exposure. Seed priming stimulates the pre-germination metabolic processes and makes the seed ready for radicle protrusion. It increases the antioxidant system activity and the repair of membranes. These changes promote seed vigor during germination and emergence under salinity stress. There are different type of priming techniques for seed treatment, i.e. hydropriming, halopriming, osmopriming and hormonal priming. Seed priming increases seedling vigour of several horticultural crops. Tomato, cucumber, French marigold, amaranth and hot peper etc. were tested for seed priming at seedling stage and show better result than nonprime seed against salt stress condition. The priming techniques improved seedling vigour, growth and yield of horticultural crops.
In this study, a salt-stress pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of AMF on growth of Zea mays L. plants, grown in sirt saline soil-Libya, which was reflected on fertilization of soil and reduction of both cost and environ mental pollution. Experimental units were supplied with chemical fertilizers as recommended to Zea mays L. plants, with the exception of phorphorus being added with three concentrations (0, 50 and 100 kg p/ha). Results showed the a significant increase of the strain Rhizophagus intraradices where the infection rate was 92%, followed by the strain which was 90.33% and the lowest infection rate was for the strain Scutellospora sp., which was 83%. Also showed that the fungi Scutellospora sp., Claroideoglomus etunicatum were significantly better strains tested on wet and dry weight of shoot. Also the interference between inoculation and levels of phosphate fertilization in the saline soils the studied characters significantly, (mean weight diameter, percentage of root infection, root length, dry weights of shoot and root growth. The interference between inoculation and Levels of phosphorus in the saline soils, increased the studied characters significantly, in particular, significant increase for most of treatments of the mycorrhizal strains. Where it was observed that effect differed in the studied trait and the difference of the strain with difference of strain each trait.
Effect of different levels of salinity on germination and early seedling grow...Premier Publishers
An incubation experiment was conducted at the Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University during Rabi season 2015 to investigate the salinity effect on germination and early seedling growth of sunflower. There were ten treatments consisting different concentrations of salinity viz. 0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, 240, 280 and 320 mM NaCl. The germination experiment was conducted in petri dish lined with a layer of cotton consisting ten ml of each test solution. Germination percentage gradually decreased with the increase of concentration of salt. Up to 80 mM NaCl was identified as safe for sunflower seed germination. Salinity cause delay in germination. Highest seedling height was found at 40 mM NaCl concentration (13.09 cm) and root length (14.1 cm) in 20 mM NaCl concentration. In 320 mM NaCl concentration roots were abnormal, deformed and twisted. The 0 to 80 mM NaCl concentration gave statistically similar shoot fresh weight. Compared to control treatment 20 and 40 mM NaCl concentration gave 0.57 and 4.65 % higher fresh weight, respectively which indicates that lower concentration of salt favor plant growth. The 80 mM NaCl concentration could be identified as safe for germination and early seedling growth of sunflower.
Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
Improving the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) by magnetized wat...Innspub Net
Magnetic water is considered one of several physical factors affects plant growth and development. A pot experiment was carried out in research farm of the Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran during summer 2012 to comparison between magnetic and non magnetic water on some traits of cowpea. Results showed that Irrigation with magnetized water increased leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weight as well as total biomass as compared to ordinary water. Magnetic water also raised stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE) (in term of total biomass produced to amount of water consumed), leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and root weight ratio (RWR) than that the control. However magnetized water decreased shoot root ratio (SRR) and also had not significant effect on leaf weight ratio (LWR) and stem weight ratio (SWR) as compared to non magnetized water. The stimulatory impact of magnetic water may be ascribed to the increasing of root growth and stomatal conductance which increase absorption and assimilation of nutrients. It appears that irrigation with magnetic water may be considered a promising technique to improving growth and WUE of cowpea. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-january-2013-2/
Alleviation of Salinity Effects by Poultry Manure and Gibberellin Application...IJEAB
Capsicum is one of the most widely consumed vegetables and is also used as a spice for its pungency. Many species of Capsicum are being cultivated worldwide. Capsicum is considered as a commercial crop for their economic value. However, the yield of the crop suffers severely due to salt stress, Soil salinity reduces water availability of plant roots via negative (low) osmosis potential, as well as decrease of germination dynamics of plant seeds by ionic toxicity of Na and Cl , Significant differences in fruit-set, yield, photo synthetic rates, stomata conductance, total chlorophyll content, proline, In general, salinity affects almost every aspect of the physiology and biochemistry of plants. The aim of this study was to determine the salt tolerance of pepper (Capsicum annuum L) under salinity stress by saline irrigation water, Poultry and gibberellins applications were used to alleviated the negative effects on growth parameters and yield of Pepper under salinity stress. The water salinity levels led to a significant elevation in the values of electrical conductivity of the soil with the peroxidase activity, and Sodium and proline contents in leaves, while resulting in decrease in growth parameters and leave contents of ( NPK),The poultry and gibberellins applications increased the growth parameters ( Dry weight of shoot and root &fruit weight) and (NPK) contents in leaves with slight dropping of peroxidase activity in leaves while a clear dropping of sodium and proline contents in leave. That possible to mitigation the negative affect of salt stress by some application like exogenous hormones and Decomposed organic matter to solve the disruption of endohormons and lack of available nutrients under salt stress, and elevation of osmotic stress in soil solution in roots area. The GA & poultry application improved the growth and it has increased the Pepper tolerance to the abiotic stress which was exerted by saline irrigation water.
Biochar impact on physiological and biochemical attributes of spinachGJESM Publication
Disastrous effect of nickel on spinach was discussed by number of authors but the effect of amendments like biochar with nickel on Spinacea oleraceaL. is not still discussed by any author of the world because biochar was used as soil amendments which play a vital role in reducing mobilization and uptake of nickel by spinach plants. As nickel contaminated plants are very harmful for the consumption by living organisms. Nickel can be gathered in agronomic soils by anthropogenic actions such as Ni-Cd batteries. In this study, the growth, physiological, photosynthetic and biochemical responses of Spinacia oleracea grown in Ni-spiked soil (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg Ni/Kg soil) at three levels of cotton-sticks-derived biochar “CSB” (0, 3 and 5 %) were evaluated. The results exposed significant decrease in growth, photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical traits of S. oleracea when grown in Ni-polluted soil. However, this decrease was less pronounced in CSB amended soil. A steady rise in the MDA (0.66 µg/g to 2.08 µg g-1), ascorbic acid (1.24 mg/g to 1.57 mg/g)and sugar concentrations (1.73 mg/g to 2.16 mg/g)was observed with increased concentration of Ni. The increasing percentages of CSB from 3 % to 5 % decreased Ni concentrations in root and shoot of experimental plant. Higher production of chlorophyll, amino acids and protein with CSB amendment looked like alleviation in Ni toxicity. Therefore, it is concluded that, Ni toxicity and availability to the plants can be reduced by CSB amendments.
2. Tech J Engin & App Sci., 3 (11): 934-937, 2013
935
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In order to study the effect of salinity on the germination of safflower seeds two experiments conducted
separately based on completely randomized design with three replications.
Treatments were seven levels of NaCl and CaCl2 as 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 g lit
-1
. Safflower seeds were surface
sterilized with 2.5% sodium hypo chlorite for 3 min and 25 seeds were placed on one layer of wattman paper
no. 1 in 9 cm Petridishes. Then, 15 ml of salt solutions were added to each Petri and kept in a germinator at
25±1°C. Germinated seeds counted daily and seeds considered as germinated when 2 mm of radicle were
emerged. Rate of germination calculated according to the formula proposed by Elis and Raberts. (1981) as
below:
Where GR is germination rate, Si, number of germinated seeds in each day, Di, counting day and N
number of counting. Data were subjected to analysis of variance after normality test using SPSS and SAS
packages and means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% probability level.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ANOVA tables (Tables 1 and 2) indicates the NaCl and CaCl2 levels had significant effect on the all studied
traits. Comparison of means showed that all measured traits decreased by increasing salinity. The highest
reduction in the quantity of traits observed at 12 g lit
-1
of both salt solutions (Tables 3 and 4). These results are
in consistence with the results of Dadkhah et al. (2006) who related it to the decrease in the water potential at
the high salt concentrations.
The longest plumule and radicle and the highest radicle dry weight observed with applying 2 g lit
-1
of NaCl
and CaCl2 (Tables 3 and 4) demonstrating an enhancement in the low stress conditions. The highest
germination percentage and rate of germination related to the control treatments, but there was not a significant
difference with 2 g lit
-1
of two applied salts (Table 3 and 4). It seems that aerial parts of plants are more
sensitive to the salt solutions and under salt stress conditions seeds should be planted in the lower depth. NaCl
had the greater decreasing effects on the traits than CaCl2. Mohammadzadeh et al. (2010) reported such
results. Nabavi Kallat et al. (2010) demonstrated that germination rate and plumule length affects from salt
types and stress severity has the greater effect on germination rate and percentage and radicle length. Among
salts, NaCl had the most negative effect on the measured characteristics.
Demir-Kaya and Ipek (2003) reported that soil salinity decreased length and dry weight of plumule and
radicle in safflower, significantly. Hajghani et al. (2008) showed that salt stress at the germination stage
decreases the plumule and radicle length and dry weight of plumule, and among applied salt solutions, KCl had
minimum negative effect on the length and weight of plumule and radicle in safflower.
Table 1. Analysis of variance for the effect of NaCl on the germination traits of safflower
Mean of squares
Dry weightFresh weightLength
GR
(Seed day-1)
GPDFS.O.V
RadiclePlumuleRadiclePlumuleRadiclePlumule
0.442**0.001*7.531**0.258**6.518**1.547**11.52**1775.75**6Nacl
0.0260.01.4780.0420.6910.2950.5399.0514Erorr
* and ** indicate the significant differences at 5 and 1 percent probability levels. DF: Degree of freedom; GP: Germination Percent; GR:
Germination Rate.
Table 2. Comparison of means for the effect of NaCl on the germination traits of safflower seeds
Mean of square
Dry weight (g)Fresh weight (g)Length (cm)GR
(Seed day-1
)
GP (%)NaCl
(g lit-1
)
RadiclePlumuleRadiclePlumuleRadiclePlumule
0.93a
0.032abc
3.88a
0.42b
3.41ab
1.27ab
5.86a
93.33a
0
3. Tech J Engin & App Sci., 3 (11): 934-937, 2013
936
0.87a
0.06a
3.75a
0.86a
3.72a
2.18a
5.90a
88.00a
2
0.77ab
0.03abc
1.80ab
0.54ab
1.96b
1.63ab
4.41b
87.70a
4
0.45b
0.04ab
1.59ab
0.39bc
1.24bc
0.84bc
4.05b
81.33a
6
0.52b
0.04ab
2.61a
0.58ab
2.22ab
1.16b
4.51b
88.00a
8
0.01c
0.02bc
0.02b
0.06bc
0.07c
0.33bc
1.74c
52.00b
10
0.0c
0.01c
0.0b
0.03c
0.0c
0.12c
0.76c
26.70c
12
GP: Germination Percent; GR: Germination Rate. In each column, means with the same letter are not different significantly at 5%
probability level
Table 3. Analysis of variance for the effect of CaCl2 on the germination traits of safflower
Mean of square
Dry weightFresh weightLength
GRGPDF
S.O.V
RadiclePlumuleRadiclePlumuleRadiclePlumule
25.55**6.47**9.19**0.27**7.24**1.91**7.16**867.03**6Cacl2
0.00.00.780.020.710.350.5066.2914Eror
* and ** indicating the significant differences at 5 and 1 percent probability levels. DF: Degree of freedom; GP: Germination Percent;
GR: Germination Rate
Table 4. Comparison of means for the effect of CaCl2 on the germination traits of safflower seeds
Mean of square
Dry weight (g)Fresh weight (g)Length (cm)
GR
(Seed day-1
)
GP (%)
CaCl2
(g lit-1
)
RadiclePlumuleRadiclePlumuleRadiclePlumule
0.81a
0.04bc
3.92a
0.87a
3.35a
2.20a
5.85a
93.33a
0
0.77a
0.05a
3.79a
0.82ab
3.43a
2.27a
5.33ab
93.33a
2
0.77a
0.04ab
3.60ab
0.62ab
3.26a
2.13a
4.73ab
90.66a
4
0.42b
0.04ab
2.08b
0.61ab
1.97ab
1.48ab
4.22b
78.66a
6
0.22bc
0.04ab
1.04bc
0.56b
0.91bc
1.29ab
4.26b
81.33a
8
0.0c
0.02c
0.0c
0.14c
0.0c
0.45c
2.07c
56.00b
10
0.0c
0.02c
0.0c
0.11c
0.0c
0.40c
1.82c
53.33b
12
GP: Germination Percent; GR: Germination Rate. In each column, means with the same letter are not different significantly at 5%
probability level
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Dadkhah AR. 2006. The effects of water potential on seed germination, rate of germination and seedling growth of four
sugar beets genotypes named Madison, Pajohesh & Sazandegie. 70:88-93 (In Persian with English abstract).
Demir-Kaya M, Ipek A. 2003. Effects of different soil salinity levels on germination and seedling growth of safflower
(Carthamus tinctorius L.). Turk J Agric For 27: 221-227.
Ekiz H, Yilmaz A. 2003. Determination of the salt tolerance of some barley genotypes and the characteristics affecting
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Etesami M, Galeshi S. 2008. An evaluation reaction of ten genotype of barley in salinity on germination and seedling growth
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Francois LE, Bernastein L. 1964. Salt tolerance of safflower. Agron J 59: 38-40.
Hajghani M, Saffari, M, Maghsoudi Moud A. 2008. The effect of diffrent levels salinity (NaCl) on germination seedling
growth of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars. J of Water & Soil Sci 12 (45): 449-458.
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