The document discusses the history of the photoelectric effect and the scientific discoveries and debates that led to its understanding. It describes early experiments by scientists like Hallwachs, Stoletov, Righi, and Lenard that observed phenomena related to the photoelectric effect but did not fully explain it. It then discusses how Einstein proposed quantizing light into discrete photon packets to explain the observations, which revolutionized understanding but was initially controversial. The document outlines debates between Einstein, Lenard, and Millikan over interpreting experimental results and establishing the validity of Einstein's photon hypothesis.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is like a history book of various discoveries that led to the development of quantum mechanics. The presentation also tries to address the debate between the radicals (supporters of quantum theory) and classical (supporters of Newtonian physics).
This article delves into the realms of quantum physics and quantum computing, designed with beginners in mind. If you're entirely new to the world of quantum physics and quantum computing, this resource offers an ideal opportunity to grasp the inner workings of these subjects.
While my intention was to provide comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics, I found it challenging to delve deeply into each one. As a result, I've only touched upon a few key subjects in this article. This marks my inaugural attempt at writing an article, so I acknowledge the possibility of errors. Nonetheless, the experience of embarking on this writing journey has been quite rewarding.
radiation physics is important to know for dental student to be able to utlize xray and to know the benefita and overcome the hazards of radiation. in this lecture history of discovery of xray and properties of xrays and properties of elecromagnetic waves. mechanism of xay production and parts of ddental xray machine morreover the factors affecting image quality is also discussed in details . diagrams and images are included for verification
The Entropy of the Entangled Hawking RadiationOlivier Denis
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation, itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information.
The entropy of the entangled Hawking radiationOlivierDenis15
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework
capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling
quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing
entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox
by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us
to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating
a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation,
itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the
Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since
the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula
for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with
the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox
of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum
gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation is like a history book of various discoveries that led to the development of quantum mechanics. The presentation also tries to address the debate between the radicals (supporters of quantum theory) and classical (supporters of Newtonian physics).
This article delves into the realms of quantum physics and quantum computing, designed with beginners in mind. If you're entirely new to the world of quantum physics and quantum computing, this resource offers an ideal opportunity to grasp the inner workings of these subjects.
While my intention was to provide comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics, I found it challenging to delve deeply into each one. As a result, I've only touched upon a few key subjects in this article. This marks my inaugural attempt at writing an article, so I acknowledge the possibility of errors. Nonetheless, the experience of embarking on this writing journey has been quite rewarding.
radiation physics is important to know for dental student to be able to utlize xray and to know the benefita and overcome the hazards of radiation. in this lecture history of discovery of xray and properties of xrays and properties of elecromagnetic waves. mechanism of xay production and parts of ddental xray machine morreover the factors affecting image quality is also discussed in details . diagrams and images are included for verification
The Entropy of the Entangled Hawking RadiationOlivier Denis
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation, itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information.
The entropy of the entangled Hawking radiationOlivierDenis15
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework
capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling
quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing
entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox
by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us
to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating
a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation,
itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the
Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since
the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula
for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with
the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox
of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum
gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information
Similar to Efeito fotoelétrico na perspectiva da teoria de Kuhn (20)
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Efeito fotoelétrico na perspectiva da teoria de Kuhn
1. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016
Carlos Alberto dos Santos
Professor Visitante
Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Naturais
Univ. Federal Rural do Semi-Árido
Mestrado Nacional Profissional de Ensino de Física
cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
2. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016
http://pt.slideshare.net/casifufrgs/
cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
10. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
Quebra de paradigma
Revoluções
Anomalias &
Crises
11. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016
Descoberta da
garrafa de Leyden
Anomalias
Descoberta dos
raios X
Ef. fotoelétrico
Radiação de
corpo negroDescoberta da
radioatividade
Descoberta do
oxigênio
20. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
Hallwachs Stoletov Righi
Corpos
metálicos
irradiados com
luz ultravioleta
adquirem carga
positiva.
Lei Stoletov: a
fotocorrente é
proporcional à
intensidade da
luz.
A fotocorrente é
composta de
moléculas do ar
dissociadas após
contato com a
superfície
irradiada.
1888 - 1890
26. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
1889: Lenard & Wolf. Pulverização de substâncias sob a
ação de luz ultravioleta. Annals der Physik, v. 37.
1899: Produção de raios catódicos pela luz ultravioleta.
Annals der Physik, v. 2.
1902: Sobre o efeito fotoelétrico. Annals der Physik, v. 8.
Bibliografia de Lenard sobre o EF
27. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/lenard-lecture.pdf
31. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016
1. A fotocorrente é proporcional à intensidade da luz
incidente, e sempre existe, por menor que seja a
intensidade da luz.
2. O potencial de corte independe da intensidade da luz.
3. Para um dado material do catodo, a velocidade
máxima, ou energia cinética máxima dos elétrons é
proporcional ao potencial de corte, e este depende do
tipo de luz.
4. A velocidade máxima dos elétrons independe da
intensidade da luz.
cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
40. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
A intensidade
da luz variava
em função da
posição da
fonte L
Fotocorrente= f(intensidade da luz)
Deixa de lado um procedimento
usual na ciência normal. Deveria
ter investigado a relação entre
frequência da luz e velocidade
dos elétrons
42. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
[The photoelectric effect is a] comforting sign that a
physicist need not restrict himself to subjects which by
contemporary standards are already known and
explained. (Wheaton, 1978)
56. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
It was in I9o5 that Einstein made the first coupling of
photo effects and with any form of quantum theory by
bringing forward the bold, not to say the reckless,
hypothesis of an electro-magnetic light corpuscle of
energy hn, which energy was transferred upon absorption
to an electron. This hypothesis may well be called reckless
first because an electromagnetic disturbance which
remains localized in space seems a violation of the very
conception of an electromagnetic disturbance, and second
because it flies in the face of the thoroughly established
facts of interference.
57. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
The hypothesis was apparently made because it furnished
a ready explanation of one of the most remarkable facts
brought to light by recent investigations, viz., that the
energy with which an electron is thrown out of a metal by
ultra-violet light or X-rays is independent of the intensity
of the light while it depends on its frequency.
58. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016
This fact alone seems to demand some modification of
classical theory or, at any rate, it has not yet been
interpreted satisfactorily in terms of classical theory.
A transição de um paradigma em crise
para um novo (...) está longe de ser um
processo cumulativo obtido através de
uma articulação do velho paradigma.
p. 116
59. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/millikan-lecture.pdf
60. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016cas.ufrgs@gmail.com
In view of all these methods and experiments the general
validity of Einstein’s equation is, I think, now universally
conceded, and to that extent the reality of Einstein’s light-
quanta may be considered as experimentally established.
But the conception of localized light-quanta out of which
Einstein got his equation must still be regarded as far from
being established.
61. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016Philosophical Magazine, t. XLVII, p.446-457, 1924
63. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016Holton, 1999
Two final ironies: In 1950, at age 82, Millikan published
his Autobiography. Chapter 9 is entitled simply ‘‘The
Experimental Proof of the Existence of the Photon –
Einstein’s Photoelectric Equation.’’ By then, Millikan had
of course come to terms with the photon. Moreover, he
had evidently changed his mind about what he had done
around 1916. For now he wrote (pp. 101–102) that as the
experimental data became clear in his lab, they . . .
64. Colóquio na UERN, 24/8/2016Holton, 1999
‘‘proved simply and irrefutably, I thought, that the
emitted electron that escapes with the energy hn gets
that energy by the direct transfer of hn units of energy
from the light to the electron and hence scarcely
permits of any other interpretation than that which
Einstein had originally suggested, namely that of the
semicorpuscular or photon theory of light itself.’’ In the
end, Millikan re-imagined the complex personal history
of his splendid experiment to fit the simple story told in
so many of our physics textbooks.