This document provides an overview of EE353: Introduction to Microprocessors taught by Dr. Ridha Jemal at King Saud University. The course covers microprocessor architecture, programming, and interfacing over 11 chapters. Students will be graded based on two midterms, tutorials, attendance/projects, and a final exam. The textbook is The 80X86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers by Muhammad al-Mazidi.
This document provides an introduction to computer components and concepts. It discusses that a computer consists of an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, memory, and input/output devices. It also describes the different types of memory (RAM, ROM, virtual memory), generations of computers, and basic computer organization. The document is intended as a study guide for the IBPS PO exam and contains definitions and explanations of core computer science terms.
A computer system consists of four main components: input devices, output devices, a processor, and storage devices. It requires hardware, software, and a user to fully function. The processor controls all activities within the system by processing input data. Processed data is then sent to output devices or stored in storage for future use. Computer storage helps users save programs and data to be accessed later.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the first generation in 1946-1959 based on vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation from 1980 onwards based on artificial intelligence. Each generation is defined by the underlying technology used in processors. The first generation used vacuum tubes, second used transistors, third used integrated circuits, fourth used microprocessors, and fifth uses ULSI microprocessors. Each generation provided improvements in size, speed, reliability and capabilities over previous generations. The document also provides examples of computers from each generation and discusses their characteristics.
This document provides definitions and scenarios to test understanding of computer hardware, software, and proper care concepts. Students are asked to match definitions to terms, identify whether items are for input, output or storage, classify types of software, and determine what concepts scenarios relate to regarding proper computer care. Over 60 terms, types, and concepts are defined and tested.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the major components of microcontrollers, including the microprocessor, memory, and input/output ports. It also covers microprocessor architecture, data formats, software, and example applications of microprocessor-based and microcontroller-based systems. The purpose is to introduce students in an digital systems engineering course to fundamental concepts of microprocessors and microcontrollers.
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The document discusses the basics of computer hardware and software components. It begins by defining a computer and its characteristics of receiving input, storing data, and providing output. It then describes the principal hardware components of a basic computer system, including the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It also discusses computer data representation and software components. The document provides an overview of key concepts in an introductory manner.
This document provides information about the course AIT 204 Computer Organization and Architecture. Some key details include:
- The course is worth 3 credits and is taught by Dr. Y R Ghodasara and Prof. K. C. Kamani at the College of Agricultural Information Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand.
- Unit I explains the booting process of a computer in 6 steps from powering on to loading the operating system.
- Other topics covered include digital vs analog, hardware vs software vs firmware, number systems, data representation, logic gates, Boolean algebra and circuit simplification.
This document provides an introduction to computer components and concepts. It discusses that a computer consists of an arithmetic logic unit, control unit, memory, and input/output devices. It also describes the different types of memory (RAM, ROM, virtual memory), generations of computers, and basic computer organization. The document is intended as a study guide for the IBPS PO exam and contains definitions and explanations of core computer science terms.
A computer system consists of four main components: input devices, output devices, a processor, and storage devices. It requires hardware, software, and a user to fully function. The processor controls all activities within the system by processing input data. Processed data is then sent to output devices or stored in storage for future use. Computer storage helps users save programs and data to be accessed later.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the first generation in 1946-1959 based on vacuum tubes to the current fifth generation from 1980 onwards based on artificial intelligence. Each generation is defined by the underlying technology used in processors. The first generation used vacuum tubes, second used transistors, third used integrated circuits, fourth used microprocessors, and fifth uses ULSI microprocessors. Each generation provided improvements in size, speed, reliability and capabilities over previous generations. The document also provides examples of computers from each generation and discusses their characteristics.
This document provides definitions and scenarios to test understanding of computer hardware, software, and proper care concepts. Students are asked to match definitions to terms, identify whether items are for input, output or storage, classify types of software, and determine what concepts scenarios relate to regarding proper computer care. Over 60 terms, types, and concepts are defined and tested.
This document provides an overview of microprocessors and microcontrollers. It discusses the major components of microcontrollers, including the microprocessor, memory, and input/output ports. It also covers microprocessor architecture, data formats, software, and example applications of microprocessor-based and microcontroller-based systems. The purpose is to introduce students in an digital systems engineering course to fundamental concepts of microprocessors and microcontrollers.
hinditutorialspoint.com
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">what is java in hindi</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">History of java in hindi</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">Java Features in Hindi</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">jvm in java in hindi, java virtual </a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">machine in hindi,</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">JRE in Java in Hindi</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">Introduction to HTML in Hindi</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">What is HTML in Hindi</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">html attributes in hindi</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">Elements in html in hindi</a>
<a href="https://hinditutorialspoint.com/">Formatting in html in hindi</a>
The document discusses the basics of computer hardware and software components. It begins by defining a computer and its characteristics of receiving input, storing data, and providing output. It then describes the principal hardware components of a basic computer system, including the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It also discusses computer data representation and software components. The document provides an overview of key concepts in an introductory manner.
This document provides information about the course AIT 204 Computer Organization and Architecture. Some key details include:
- The course is worth 3 credits and is taught by Dr. Y R Ghodasara and Prof. K. C. Kamani at the College of Agricultural Information Technology, Anand Agricultural University, Anand.
- Unit I explains the booting process of a computer in 6 steps from powering on to loading the operating system.
- Other topics covered include digital vs analog, hardware vs software vs firmware, number systems, data representation, logic gates, Boolean algebra and circuit simplification.
This document discusses microprocessors and provides an example of an assembly language program that checks if a number is even or odd. It begins with definitions of a microprocessor as an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit of a computer. It then discusses the basic operations of a microprocessor like arithmetic, logical operations. The inside of a microprocessor is described as having three main units - the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers. An example assembly language program is provided and explained with figures that show the steps of taking an input number, dividing it by 2, comparing the remainder to 0, and printing whether it is even or odd.
This document provides an agenda for a computer introduction class that covers various topics including:
- Class work such as quizzes and programming lessons
- Homework assignments involving discovery tasks and simple projects
- Topics like human cognition, binary numbering, keyboard technology, computer components like memory and processors
- Concepts like input/output, memory types, ASCII encoding, how computers work, and differences between 32-bit and 64-bit systems
The document discusses information coding schemes used in data processing. It explains three common coding schemes - ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode. ASCII uses 8 bits to represent 256 characters and is used on personal computers. EBCDIC also uses 8 bits but is used on IBM mainframes. Unicode uses 16 bits to represent over 65,000 characters and supports all global languages.
A computer system consists of four major hardware components: input devices, output devices, a processor, and storage devices. Input devices feed data into the processor, the processor processes the data, and storage devices hold both processed and unprocessed data. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and digital cameras. Output devices like monitors display processed data for the user. A computer requires hardware, software, and a user to fully function.
what is computer ?
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICE.
characteristics of computer.
Personal Computer Components
Devices that comprise a computer system
What does a Computer Do?
What are the Primary Components?
This document contains 3 worksheets on the topics of computer networks, internet applications, and the history of computers. The worksheets include multiple choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, and short answer questions assessing the key concepts around these topics for an 8th standard student.
A computer system consists of hardware components like input devices, an output processor, and storage devices. It also requires software and a user. The document then discusses each component in detail, explaining how a computer processes data through an information processing cycle of input, processing, storage, and output. It also covers how data is represented in binary using bits and bytes and different character coding schemes.
The clock speed of computers is usually measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). One megahertz (MHz) represents one million cycles per second, while one gigahertz (GHz) represents one billion cycles per second. A microprocessor that runs at 200 MHz would execute 200 million cycles per second. Faster clock speeds allow microprocessors to perform more instructions per second, making the computer run faster. However, other factors also influence a computer's overall speed.
This document provides an overview of a computer system architecture course. It outlines the chapters that will be covered in the class, including digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming the basic computer, microprogrammed control, central processing unit, pipeline and vector processing, computer arithmetic, input-output organization, memory organization, and multiprocessors. The class aims to teach students how a computer works by building a "Mano machine" and learning about its hardware and software architecture in detail. Students will complete homework problems and have the option to complete a design report. Their grade will be based on homework, exams, an optional report, and class participation.
- Bits are the smallest units of data in computing, represented as 0s and 1s. 8 bits form a byte.
- The motherboard contains the CPU, RAM, ROM, and connections for expansion cards and peripherals. RAM is used for active programs and files while ROM contains startup instructions.
- An operating system manages hardware, allows software to interface with the CPU, and provides a user interface like graphical desktops. Common functions include file management, multitasking, and coordinating input/output.
The document provides an overview and introduction to computer and network technology. It discusses the history of computers from the abacus to modern machines. It covers the basic hardware components of a computer including the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and how they work together. It also examines the basic software components including operating systems, programming languages, utilities, and applications. Finally, it outlines the different types of computers and their uses as well as how computers can be connected in various configurations.
The document discusses the five generations of computers based on the underlying technologies used. The first generation used vacuum tube technology, while the second generation introduced transistor technology. The third generation was based on integrated circuit (IC) technology, and the fourth generation used microchip technology. The fifth generation aims to develop computers with human-like thinking capabilities using technologies like ultra-large-scale integrated circuits and artificial intelligence. The document also covers other classification methods of computers like by purpose, size, and operating principles.
Here are the key features of tables, queries, forms and reports in Microsoft Access:
A. Table
B. Query
C. Form
D. Report
2
A __________ extracts and
summarises information from one or
more tables.
A. Table
B. Query
C. Form
D. Report
3
A __________ provides an easy way
to view and enter information into a
database.
A. Table
B. Query
C. Form
D. Report
4
A __________ summarises
information from the database.
A. Table
B. Query
C. Form
D. Report
5
Tables store data
The document discusses the basics of computer hardware and software components. It defines what a computer is and describes the principal hardware components including the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It also discusses computer data representation in binary form, computer codes like ASCII and Unicode. The document then covers the basics of computer software, the different types of software, and the software development life cycle.
The document discusses computer systems and microprocessors. It describes the primary components of a computer including input, output, storage, and processing units. It then focuses on central processing units and microprocessors. It provides details on early computer development, transistor evolution, integrated circuits, common microprocessor architectures, and how microprocessor systems function at a basic level using binary numbers and voltage levels.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the features of C including that it is simple, versatile, supports separate compilation of functions, and can be used for systems programming. It also covers C data types like integers, floating-point numbers, and how they are represented. Additional topics include variable names, comments, input/output functions like printf() and scanf(), and conventions for writing readable C code. The document serves as an introduction to key concepts in C programming.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses various features of C like it being a simple, versatile language that allows for separate compilation of functions. It also covers different data types in C like integer, floating-point, characters, and arrays. Examples are given to illustrate how integers of different sizes like char, short, int, long are represented. The document also discusses floating-point number representation according to the IEEE 754 standard. Finally, it briefly introduces common input/output functions in C like printf() and scanf() and covers coding conventions.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the features of C including that it is simple, versatile, supports separate compilation of functions, and can be used for systems programming. It also covers C data types like integers, floating-point numbers, and how they are represented. Additional topics include variable names, comments, input/output functions like printf() and scanf(), and conventions for writing readable C code. The document serves as an introduction to programming in C.
This document contains a past computer applications exam with three sections - Section A with short answer questions, Section B with longer answer questions, and Section C with essay questions. Section A contains 10 one-mark questions testing definitions and concepts. Section B has 4 out of 7 five-mark questions to choose from. Section C provides 2 out of 3 ten-mark essay questions. The exam covers topics such as computer hardware, software, operating systems, databases, networking and applications of computers in management.
This document discusses microprocessors and provides an example of an assembly language program that checks if a number is even or odd. It begins with definitions of a microprocessor as an electronic circuit that functions as the central processing unit of a computer. It then discusses the basic operations of a microprocessor like arithmetic, logical operations. The inside of a microprocessor is described as having three main units - the arithmetic logic unit, control unit, and registers. An example assembly language program is provided and explained with figures that show the steps of taking an input number, dividing it by 2, comparing the remainder to 0, and printing whether it is even or odd.
This document provides an agenda for a computer introduction class that covers various topics including:
- Class work such as quizzes and programming lessons
- Homework assignments involving discovery tasks and simple projects
- Topics like human cognition, binary numbering, keyboard technology, computer components like memory and processors
- Concepts like input/output, memory types, ASCII encoding, how computers work, and differences between 32-bit and 64-bit systems
The document discusses information coding schemes used in data processing. It explains three common coding schemes - ASCII, EBCDIC, and Unicode. ASCII uses 8 bits to represent 256 characters and is used on personal computers. EBCDIC also uses 8 bits but is used on IBM mainframes. Unicode uses 16 bits to represent over 65,000 characters and supports all global languages.
A computer system consists of four major hardware components: input devices, output devices, a processor, and storage devices. Input devices feed data into the processor, the processor processes the data, and storage devices hold both processed and unprocessed data. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, scanners, and digital cameras. Output devices like monitors display processed data for the user. A computer requires hardware, software, and a user to fully function.
what is computer ?
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICE.
characteristics of computer.
Personal Computer Components
Devices that comprise a computer system
What does a Computer Do?
What are the Primary Components?
This document contains 3 worksheets on the topics of computer networks, internet applications, and the history of computers. The worksheets include multiple choice questions, fill-in-the-blank questions, and short answer questions assessing the key concepts around these topics for an 8th standard student.
A computer system consists of hardware components like input devices, an output processor, and storage devices. It also requires software and a user. The document then discusses each component in detail, explaining how a computer processes data through an information processing cycle of input, processing, storage, and output. It also covers how data is represented in binary using bits and bytes and different character coding schemes.
The clock speed of computers is usually measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). One megahertz (MHz) represents one million cycles per second, while one gigahertz (GHz) represents one billion cycles per second. A microprocessor that runs at 200 MHz would execute 200 million cycles per second. Faster clock speeds allow microprocessors to perform more instructions per second, making the computer run faster. However, other factors also influence a computer's overall speed.
This document provides an overview of a computer system architecture course. It outlines the chapters that will be covered in the class, including digital logic circuits, digital components, data representation, register transfer and microoperations, basic computer organization and design, programming the basic computer, microprogrammed control, central processing unit, pipeline and vector processing, computer arithmetic, input-output organization, memory organization, and multiprocessors. The class aims to teach students how a computer works by building a "Mano machine" and learning about its hardware and software architecture in detail. Students will complete homework problems and have the option to complete a design report. Their grade will be based on homework, exams, an optional report, and class participation.
- Bits are the smallest units of data in computing, represented as 0s and 1s. 8 bits form a byte.
- The motherboard contains the CPU, RAM, ROM, and connections for expansion cards and peripherals. RAM is used for active programs and files while ROM contains startup instructions.
- An operating system manages hardware, allows software to interface with the CPU, and provides a user interface like graphical desktops. Common functions include file management, multitasking, and coordinating input/output.
The document provides an overview and introduction to computer and network technology. It discusses the history of computers from the abacus to modern machines. It covers the basic hardware components of a computer including the CPU, memory, input/output devices, and how they work together. It also examines the basic software components including operating systems, programming languages, utilities, and applications. Finally, it outlines the different types of computers and their uses as well as how computers can be connected in various configurations.
The document discusses the five generations of computers based on the underlying technologies used. The first generation used vacuum tube technology, while the second generation introduced transistor technology. The third generation was based on integrated circuit (IC) technology, and the fourth generation used microchip technology. The fifth generation aims to develop computers with human-like thinking capabilities using technologies like ultra-large-scale integrated circuits and artificial intelligence. The document also covers other classification methods of computers like by purpose, size, and operating principles.
Here are the key features of tables, queries, forms and reports in Microsoft Access:
A. Table
B. Query
C. Form
D. Report
2
A __________ extracts and
summarises information from one or
more tables.
A. Table
B. Query
C. Form
D. Report
3
A __________ provides an easy way
to view and enter information into a
database.
A. Table
B. Query
C. Form
D. Report
4
A __________ summarises
information from the database.
A. Table
B. Query
C. Form
D. Report
5
Tables store data
The document discusses the basics of computer hardware and software components. It defines what a computer is and describes the principal hardware components including the central processing unit, memory, input/output devices, and storage devices. It also discusses computer data representation in binary form, computer codes like ASCII and Unicode. The document then covers the basics of computer software, the different types of software, and the software development life cycle.
The document discusses computer systems and microprocessors. It describes the primary components of a computer including input, output, storage, and processing units. It then focuses on central processing units and microprocessors. It provides details on early computer development, transistor evolution, integrated circuits, common microprocessor architectures, and how microprocessor systems function at a basic level using binary numbers and voltage levels.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the features of C including that it is simple, versatile, supports separate compilation of functions, and can be used for systems programming. It also covers C data types like integers, floating-point numbers, and how they are represented. Additional topics include variable names, comments, input/output functions like printf() and scanf(), and conventions for writing readable C code. The document serves as an introduction to key concepts in C programming.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses various features of C like it being a simple, versatile language that allows for separate compilation of functions. It also covers different data types in C like integer, floating-point, characters, and arrays. Examples are given to illustrate how integers of different sizes like char, short, int, long are represented. The document also discusses floating-point number representation according to the IEEE 754 standard. Finally, it briefly introduces common input/output functions in C like printf() and scanf() and covers coding conventions.
This document provides an overview of the C programming language. It discusses the features of C including that it is simple, versatile, supports separate compilation of functions, and can be used for systems programming. It also covers C data types like integers, floating-point numbers, and how they are represented. Additional topics include variable names, comments, input/output functions like printf() and scanf(), and conventions for writing readable C code. The document serves as an introduction to programming in C.
This document contains a past computer applications exam with three sections - Section A with short answer questions, Section B with longer answer questions, and Section C with essay questions. Section A contains 10 one-mark questions testing definitions and concepts. Section B has 4 out of 7 five-mark questions to choose from. Section C provides 2 out of 3 ten-mark essay questions. The exam covers topics such as computer hardware, software, operating systems, databases, networking and applications of computers in management.
CSC1100 - Chapter02 - Components of the System UnitYhal Htet Aung
This document discusses the components of the system unit. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) which includes the control unit that directs operations and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs calculations. The CPU fetches instructions from memory and follows a machine cycle of fetch, decode, execute, and store. Caching and pipelining help improve processor speed. Memory temporarily stores instructions and data and comes in types like RAM, ROM, and flash memory. Expansion slots hold adapter cards to add functionality. Various ports allow connection to other devices.
The document provides information about a computer architecture course taught by Mohamed ELARBI including:
- Contact information for the instructor
- Recommended textbooks and other resources
- A list of topics to be covered each week throughout the course including parallel processing, CPU design, pipelining, and memory hierarchy
- Definitions of key terms related to computer architecture and organization such as the difference between architecture and organization
- An overview of the von Neumann model and system bus model of computer system organization
This document outlines the course content for EEE226 Microprocessor course taught by Dr. Zaini Abdul Halim. The course aims to help students understand microprocessor architecture, assembly language programming, and interfacing microprocessors to external devices. It will be evaluated based on hands-on tests, theoretical tests, lab reports, and a final project. Topics covered include the 8085 microprocessor architecture, programming, and applications. The syllabus lists weekly labs and activities covering concepts like I/O devices, ADCs, DACs, and interrupts.
This document provides information about computer systems and their components. It discusses that a computer accepts data as input, processes it according to rules, produces output, and stores results. It also describes the functions of input, output, storage, and processing devices. The central processing unit (CPU) controls and coordinates the computer's operations by fetching instructions, decoding them, executing them, and storing results. Data is represented digitally using bits, bytes, and character encoding schemes like ASCII. Units of data measurement like kilobytes and clockspeed measures like megahertz and gigahertz are also explained.
An introduction to digital signal processors 1Hossam Hassan
This document provides an introduction to digital signal processors (DSPs). It discusses the history and evolution of computers and microprocessors. DSPs were introduced in 1983 and were specifically designed for digital signal processing applications like telecommunications. The document outlines the system architecture of DSPs and discusses Von Neumann and Harvard architectures. It also covers criteria for choosing a microprocessor, including instruction set functionality, architecture, speed, and power consumption. Building blocks of embedded systems like the microprocessor, memory, peripherals, and bus system are described.
Basic concepts of microprocessors jahidSelf-employed
The document provides an overview of microprocessors, including:
1. It defines a microprocessor as a programmable device that takes in binary numbers, performs arithmetic or logical operations according to stored instructions, and produces results.
2. A microprocessor-based system includes input and output devices, memory to store instructions and data, and a microprocessor with an ALU and control unit to process information.
3. Memory maps how different memory chips are located in the microprocessor's address range and stores instructions, data, and information that does or does not change.
4. Microprocessors use machine language consisting of binary patterns to represent instructions, which are entered symbolically in assembly language or compiled automatically
This document provides information about embedded systems and the 8051 microcontroller. It discusses embedded systems concepts like architecture and applications. It then describes the 8051 microcontroller in detail, including its pin description and features. It also covers C programming techniques for the 8051 and how to interface with common devices like LEDs, seven segment displays, and keypads.
The document discusses the history of computers through four generations defined by their underlying technologies:
- First generation computers (1940-1956) used vacuum tubes and were very large, consumed significant power, and generated substantial heat. They were used for tasks like calculating artillery firing tables.
- Second generation computers (1956-1963) replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, making them smaller, more efficient, and reliable. They were still mainly used for scientific and data processing tasks.
- Third generation computers (1964-1971) introduced integrated circuits, reducing size and cost further while increasing speed and reliability. They supported higher-level programming languages and new input/output devices.
- Fourth generation computers (1971-present) began
The document provides an overview of key topics related to computer hardware and information technology infrastructure. It discusses the main components of a computer system including the central processing unit, primary storage, secondary storage, input/output devices, and communication devices. It also describes how computers represent and store data using binary digits and coding systems like ASCII. The document outlines different types of computer memory and storage technologies as well as components inside the system unit like the motherboard, processor, and memory.
1.Gives basic idea about what is arduino? and their funtionalites.
2. Applications of arduino
3. Adruino programming
4. what is Nodemcu ?
5. pindiagram of Nodemcu
This document provides a summary of key concepts related to IT hardware, including:
1) It discusses the electronic components of hardware like transistors, binary numbers, and character encoding that allow processing and storage of data.
2) It describes the major components of processing hardware like the CPU, memory, and how instructions are executed.
3) It outlines different types of input and output hardware devices that allow entering and displaying of data, as well as various storage options for large amounts of data.
This document provides an overview of computer hardware components and trends. It describes the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, input/output devices, and how hardware has evolved over time. New trends discussed include multimedia, streaming technology, and network computers that access software and data over a network rather than storing it locally.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society as a Graduate Student Member
Ee353 chap1 1.0
1. EE353: : Introduction to Microprocessors
Page : 1EE353: Introduction to MicroprocessorsDr. Ridha Jemal
By Dr. Ridha Jemal
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering King Saud University
Textbook: The 80X86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers: Assembly Language,
Design, and Interfacing Volumes I & II”, Muhammad al-Mazidi, Prentice Hall.
“Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386,
80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II Processors: Architecture,
Programming, and Interfacing”, Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall
Email: rdjemal@ksu.edu.sa
http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/djemal/default.aspx
Course Grading
Midterm#1 (20%)
Midterm#2 (20%)
Tutorial (10%)
Attendance & Project (10%)
Final Exam (40%)
2. EE353: : Introduction to Microprocessor
Page : 2EE351: Introduction to MicroprocessorsDr. Ridha Jemal
Course Outlines
Chapter 1: Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Chapter 2: Microcomputer Architecture and Programming Model
Chapter 3: Addressing Modes for the 8086 Microprocessors
Chapter 4: Data Transfer Instructions
Chapter 5: Arithmetic and Logical Instructions
Chapter 6: Program Control Instructions: Jump and Call Instructions
Chapter 7: Program Control Instructions: Software Interrupts
Chapter 8: Assembly Language Programming
Chapter 9: The 8086 Pins
Chapter 10: Hardware, software and interrupt instructions
Chapter 11: Memory interface, bus cycles, memory control signals,
and memory addressing hardware.
Chapter 11: The PIA (8259A) interrupt controller
3. Page: 3Dr. Ridha Jemal
Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors
and Computers
1.1. Introduction : Computer – Element of a Computer
1.2. Hardware and Software in Computer
1.3. Abstraction Level in the Computer
1.4. Instructions, Translation Programs and Program distribution
1.5. Number Representation in the Computer
1.6. Performing Arithmetic
1.7. Storage and Data Structure
By Dr. Ridha Jemal
Electrical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
King Saud University
1431-1432
EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
4. Page: 4Dr. Ridha Jemal
Element of Computers
A useful microprocessor-based computer system must have :
• Central Processing Unit (CPU) :
To manipulates data and control I/O devices
according to the program stored in memory.
• Memory:
To store programs and data
• Input/Output Devices:
Allow CPU to communicate with external hardware
• Bus System:
Connect everything together
Address, Data Control signals
EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
5. Page: 5Dr. Ridha Jemal
A Simple architecture of a Microprocessor-Based Computer :
I/O Devices
Keyboards
Monitors
Relays
I/O
Interface
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Element of Computers
6. Page: 6Dr. Ridha Jemal
Hardware:
• The parts of the computer you can touch :
• Electronic circuits (Processor, coprocessor, memories, wires)
• Keyboard, Display
Software:
• Programs :
• Consists of instructions telling the computer what to do
• Ability to run different programs makes the computer a
General Purpose Machine
• Abstract
Hardware and Software are logically equivalent
- Simulation Programs
- Emulation of other Computers
EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Hardware and Software in Computer
7. Page: 7Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
From Programmer’s Point-of-view:
• High-Level Programming Languages
• Assembly Language
• Machine code
• Logic Gates
• Transistor Level
Working at Higher Levels:
• Programming is easier
• Programs are more portable (hardware independent)
• Little or no knowledge if machine required
Working at Lower Levels:
• More control over the machine
• Possible to write very small, efficient programs
Abstraction Levels in Computer
8. Page: 8Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Abstraction Levels in Computer
From User’s Point-of-view:
• Applications Software
• Operating System Software (MsDos, Windows, Unix, Linux, VMS)
• Hardware (PC, Workstation, Mainframe)
• Applications are written for a given operating systems
• OS Shields the application from the hardware
• Different combinations of Hardware Platform, OS and Applications
are possible
Examples:
PC... MS-DOS... MS-Word
PC... UNIX... EMACS
Mac... System7... MS-Word
HP 9000/715... UNIX... EMACS
9. Page: 9Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Instructions – Translation Programs – Program
Distribution
Instructions:
• Each type of CPU has an instruction set : Move, ADD, SUB, Load Store, …
• Machine code programs use combinations of these instructions sorted as
files of binary information: Executable File = Instruction + Data
• Machine Code is different for each CPU
• Executable files won’t work on different CPU’s
• Some CPU families maintain back-compatibility
o PC: 8086, 80286, 386, 486, Pentium (586)
o Mac: 68000, 68020, 68030m 68040
Translation Programs :
• Compiler: translate High-level language (HLL) file to file of Machine
code instruction (HLL is independent of CPU) Ex: C, Fortran, Java.
• Assembler: Translates Assembly language file to Machine file
• Assembly language is specific to CPU.
10. Page: 10Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Instructions – Translation Programs – Program
Distribution
Translation Programs :
Interpreter: Translates HLL instructions to Lower Level instructions on-the-fly
Machine Code instructions (call sub-programs for each HLL instruction)
Alternatively: "Virtual Machine".
Generally much slower execution than machine code programs Examples:
LISP, Prolog, BASIC
Program Distribution :
Executable Files
Can't (easily) change: not human-readable
Users obtain Applications in this format
Source Code
HLL or Assembly Language: human-readable
Can change and re-compile/assemble
"portable" source code compiles/runs on different CPU's and OS's (GOOD)
11. Page: 11Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Number Representation in the Computer
Decimal System:
A decimal number 7251 represents a quantity equal to :
7 thousands + 2 hundreds + 5 tens + 1 unit
To be more exact this number should be written as:
7 x 103+ 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 1 x 100
• In general a number with decimal point is represented by a series of
coefficients as follows :
a4 a3 a2 a1 a0 • a-1 a-2 a-3
• The aj coefficients are any of the 10 digits (0, 1, 2, …, 9), and the subscript
value j gives the place value and, hence, the power of 10 by which the
coefficient must be multiplied. This can be expressed as:
a4x104 + a3x103+ a2x102 + a1x101+ a0x100 + a-1x10-1 + a-2x10-2+ a-3x10-3
• The General form can be expressed as:
anx10n + an-1x10n-1 + • • • + a0x100 + a-1x10-1 + • • • + a-mx10-m
n = (digit number before the point )-1
m = digit number after the point
12. Page: 12Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Number Representation in the Computer
Binary Numbers:
Binary numbers written as groups of Binary Digits ("Bits")
Value of bits:
Right-hand bit = 1 (20)
Next on left = 2 (21)
Next on left = 4 (22) etc…
Bit on right-hand side: "Least Significant Bit“ (LSB)
Bit on left-hand side: "Most Significant Bit" (MSB)
Using n bits can represent 2n different combinations
e.g. 2 bits ... 22 = 4 combinations
4 bits ... 24 = 16 combinations
8 bits ... 28 = 256 combinations
Computers deal with Bits, usually in groups of 4:
8 bits = 1 byte
4 bits = 1 nybble
13. Page: 13Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Number Representation in the Computer
Large binary numbers are cumbersome, easier to use Short-hand notations
OCTAL
Groups of 3 bits
3 bits: 8 combinations... use digits 0-7
Octal is Base 8
eg. 9, base 10 = 001001, base 2 = 11, base 8
HEXADECIMAL
Groups of 4 bits
4 bits: 16 combinations...
... use digits 0-9 and A, B, C, D, E, F
Hexadecimal is Base 16
eg. 30 base 10 = 00011110 base 2 = 1E base 16
Also written "$1E" or "1Eh"
Binary Numbers:
14. Page: 14Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Unsigned Numbers:
• Find the decimal value of the 8-bit unsigned number: 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Integers Real number Characters
Data
Unsigned integers
+ve nbrs:0,1,2 …
Signed integers
+ve and –ve nbrs:
.. -3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3…
Floating point numbers
5.61, -32, -2,6x10-6
a,b, ….,z, A, … Z, ?! …
• Everything in the Computer is represented as Binary Numbers
• Represent the number 23 using 8-bit unsigned form
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1
LSB (least Significant Bit)MSB (Most Significant Bit)
(0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0)2 = (116)10
Number Representation in the Computer
15. Page: 15Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Character Sets
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
a.k.a ISO 646-1973 (international)
BS 4730: 1974 (British Standard)
7-bit code (128 different characters)
Numerals, punctuation and letters
American alphabet...
... no symbols for ö, å, ñ etc.
Still VERY widely used
EBCDIC - Extended Binary-Coded-Decimal Interchange Code
Proprietary to IBM
8-bit code
Not compatible with ASCII
ISO Latin1 - 8-bit code
Extension to ASCII (ASCII is compatible)
Has characters for European languages
Future - include ALL characters from ALL languages (!)
Unicode (16 bits)
ISO 10646 (32 bits)
16. Page: 16Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Number with Different Representations
Decimal
(Base 10)
Binary
(Base 2)
Octal
(Base 8)
Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
00 0000 00 0
01 0001 01 1
02 0010 02 2
03 0011 03 3
04 0100 04 4
05 0101 05 5
06 0110 06 6
07 0111 07 7
08 1000 10 8
09 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
17. Page: 17Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Standard Multiplication Factors and Prefixes Unit of
Storage
1 kilobyte (1k) = 210 bytes = 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte (1Mb) = 220 bytes = 1024 kbytes
1 Gigabyte (1Gb) = 230 bytes = 1024 Mbytes
1 Terabyte (1Tb) = 240 bytes = 1024 Gbytes
Multiplier Prefix Symbol
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T
1 000 000 000 = 109 giga G
1 000 000 = 106 mega M
1 000 = 103 kilo k
0.001 = 10-3 milli m
0. 000 001 = 10-6 micro
0.000 000 001 = 10-9 nano n
0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12 pico p
18. Page: 18Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Negative Numbers
Number line extends in both directions:
Ways to represent numbers less than zero:
Signed Magnitude
Use MSB as a flag: 0=+ve, 1=-ve ("sign bit")
All other bits hold the magnitude
eg. using 4 bits
0110 = 6
1010 = -2
The sign is represented by a bit placed in the leftmost position of the number.
The convention is to make the sign bit 0 for positive 1 for negative.
0 1010010 as unsigned number is equal to :
1 1010010 as unsigned number is equal to :
1 1010010 as signed number is equal to :
19. Page: 19Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Negative Numbers
Two’s Complement
One’s Complement
• Given a number N in base 2 having n digits, the 1’s complement of N is
defined as (2n – 1) –N
o N=4 ; 24= 100002 and 24 – 1=1111. The 1’s complement is obtained by
subtracting each digit from 1. We have one of the following cases :1 -0 or 1-1.
The 1’s complement is obtained by changing 1’s to 0’s and 0’s to 1’s
To negate number: Invert all bits and add 1 ; eg. -2 using 8 bits
* 0000 0010 inverted is 1111 1101
* Add 1: 1111 1110 (-2)
Another way: Start writing down the number from left.
Write the number exactly as it appears until the first one.
Write down the first one and invert all digits to its left
eg. +8 = 00001000
1000 writ number to first one
1111 invert the remaining bits
-8 = 11111000
20. Page: 20Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Negative Numbers Arithmetic
A-B = A+(-B) using the 2’s complement
• Example : +35 -72 = ???
+ 35 00100011 00100011
- 72 11001000 10111000 2’s complement 0f 01001000
---------------------------------------
11011011 It’s a negative number,
we take its 2’s complement which is : 00100101 equal to - 37
21. Page: 21Dr. Ridha Jemal EE353: Chapter 1 : Introduction to Microprocessors and Computers
Fractional Representation
Fixed Point
Floating Point
Represent as: (s) a.m 2e
m = mantissa
e = exponent
s = sign (+ or -)
Store as:
"Normalise" so a is always 0 (or always 1)
Gives much wider range than fixed point
Many CPUs support floating-point arithmetic