This document summarizes and analyzes previous research on the relationship between education, health, and employment in Pakistan. It discusses six studies that examined the impact of factors like gender, education levels, health status, and health insurance on labor force participation and employment outcomes. The current study aims to further analyze the long-term and short-term effects of education, health expenditures, and other variables on employment in Pakistan using time series data from 1972 to 2010 and cointegration analysis methods like Johansen cointegration tests and vector error correction models. It highlights the importance of increasing education spending, enrollment rates, and health sector funding to promote employment in Pakistan.
Health and Education Development Level Disparities in Indian Statesinventionjournals
The level of development of different states of Indiawas obtained with help of composite index based on optimum combinations of five educationas well as health development indicators. The study utilizes very recent time point for measurement of development for seventeen non-specific states of India.It is found thatGujaratscores first rank in the health development whereas Odishastands on the last position. In case of educational development, Maharashtra occupies first position while Andhra Pradesh performs very poor in the indicator. Wide disparities have been observed in the level of development between different states of India. Also, Health facilities of the people were found to be positively associated with educationdevelopment.
The Impacts of Health and Education Components of Human Resources Development...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Critical Appraisal of National Education Policy 2020 with Special Reference t...YogeshIJTSRD
Education was regarded as one of the basic sectors of the economy and due importance was given to it in all five year plans. Research, with the virtue of its broad perspective, is it essentially imperative in every field of life. The education is no exception to it. The various commission and policies initiated by the Government of India have emphasized to enhance quality education focusing on the different aspects of education. The National Education Policy 2020 is another effort in this direction, which contemplates transmuting nation into a vibrant knowledge society through high quality education for all. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze National Education Policy 2020. The main focus is research and development, with several recommendations highlighting the importance of research activities, also recommends for the establishment of the National Research Foundation. National Research Foundation recommends in NEP 2020 to enhance the quality and quantity of research. Although much has been focused still remain some areas which need more attention. This paper establishes the relation between the recommendations and present status of research it also brings the future perspective for the same. Farheen Rafat | Sayedil Islam "Critical Appraisal of National Education Policy 2020 with Special Reference to Research and Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38711.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38711/critical-appraisal-of-national-education-policy-2020-with-special-reference-to-research-and-development/farheen-rafat
For the last 10 years or more, the industry has been crying out loud for a major reform of the way medical education and supply side constraints of talent in India has been governed. The major constraints in
the implementation of government’s health programmes and schemes have been in the realm of physical infrastructure, manpower and other support facilities for an effective healthcare delivery system.
How Organizational Climate Influences Job Satisfaction in Educational Sector ...inventionjournals
The study aims in determining the organizational climate that would result in job satisfaction among academic staff in educational settings. Adequate literature on organizational climate and job satisfaction was reviewed. Findings results into the factors that contribute to shape culture, and its results into a framework, to encompass manifestations of organizational culture in relation to academic excellence. Further researchers can use this conceptual model to include few more pre cursors to outcomes to it, also this model can be tested empirically
This study provides a gender analysis of public sector budgets in education sector of Pakistan. An indepth analysis of pre-primary to secondary level education budgetary allocations and spending at federal and provincial (Punjab and Sindh) levels for the period of 2016-18 has been conducted through a gender lens. The research methodology is based on four key instruments, which help in systematically approaching our research questions. These instruments include review of existing secondary information and data, key informant interviews, stakeholder consultations, and a detailed review of budgetary processes. The study reveals gender disparity in out-of-school children at primary level. According to the study, 47 per cent boys as opposed to 58 per cent girls in Sindh whereas 39 per cent boys as opposed to 41 per cent girls were out-of-school in the Punjab. The study also finds noticeable gender disparities in budgetary allocations. The study concludes that in order to ensure sufficient allocations to promote girls’ education, the budget making process needs to be reconfigured. The gender lens should be introduced at a very early stage where budget call circulars are being sent to the departments concerned.
Health and Education Development Level Disparities in Indian Statesinventionjournals
The level of development of different states of Indiawas obtained with help of composite index based on optimum combinations of five educationas well as health development indicators. The study utilizes very recent time point for measurement of development for seventeen non-specific states of India.It is found thatGujaratscores first rank in the health development whereas Odishastands on the last position. In case of educational development, Maharashtra occupies first position while Andhra Pradesh performs very poor in the indicator. Wide disparities have been observed in the level of development between different states of India. Also, Health facilities of the people were found to be positively associated with educationdevelopment.
The Impacts of Health and Education Components of Human Resources Development...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Critical Appraisal of National Education Policy 2020 with Special Reference t...YogeshIJTSRD
Education was regarded as one of the basic sectors of the economy and due importance was given to it in all five year plans. Research, with the virtue of its broad perspective, is it essentially imperative in every field of life. The education is no exception to it. The various commission and policies initiated by the Government of India have emphasized to enhance quality education focusing on the different aspects of education. The National Education Policy 2020 is another effort in this direction, which contemplates transmuting nation into a vibrant knowledge society through high quality education for all. The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze National Education Policy 2020. The main focus is research and development, with several recommendations highlighting the importance of research activities, also recommends for the establishment of the National Research Foundation. National Research Foundation recommends in NEP 2020 to enhance the quality and quantity of research. Although much has been focused still remain some areas which need more attention. This paper establishes the relation between the recommendations and present status of research it also brings the future perspective for the same. Farheen Rafat | Sayedil Islam "Critical Appraisal of National Education Policy 2020 with Special Reference to Research and Development" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38711.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/38711/critical-appraisal-of-national-education-policy-2020-with-special-reference-to-research-and-development/farheen-rafat
For the last 10 years or more, the industry has been crying out loud for a major reform of the way medical education and supply side constraints of talent in India has been governed. The major constraints in
the implementation of government’s health programmes and schemes have been in the realm of physical infrastructure, manpower and other support facilities for an effective healthcare delivery system.
How Organizational Climate Influences Job Satisfaction in Educational Sector ...inventionjournals
The study aims in determining the organizational climate that would result in job satisfaction among academic staff in educational settings. Adequate literature on organizational climate and job satisfaction was reviewed. Findings results into the factors that contribute to shape culture, and its results into a framework, to encompass manifestations of organizational culture in relation to academic excellence. Further researchers can use this conceptual model to include few more pre cursors to outcomes to it, also this model can be tested empirically
This study provides a gender analysis of public sector budgets in education sector of Pakistan. An indepth analysis of pre-primary to secondary level education budgetary allocations and spending at federal and provincial (Punjab and Sindh) levels for the period of 2016-18 has been conducted through a gender lens. The research methodology is based on four key instruments, which help in systematically approaching our research questions. These instruments include review of existing secondary information and data, key informant interviews, stakeholder consultations, and a detailed review of budgetary processes. The study reveals gender disparity in out-of-school children at primary level. According to the study, 47 per cent boys as opposed to 58 per cent girls in Sindh whereas 39 per cent boys as opposed to 41 per cent girls were out-of-school in the Punjab. The study also finds noticeable gender disparities in budgetary allocations. The study concludes that in order to ensure sufficient allocations to promote girls’ education, the budget making process needs to be reconfigured. The gender lens should be introduced at a very early stage where budget call circulars are being sent to the departments concerned.
Factors Affecting Work Productivity among the Female Faculty of Allied Medica...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Improving maternal nutrition: A review of evidence on the one-full meal programPOSHAN
Presentation made at a virtual event on “Improving maternal nutrition: A review of evidence on the One-Full Meal program” which was co-hosted by the ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, Institute of Economic Growth (IEG), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and UNICEF, on 31 March 2020.
Analysis of institutional capacity of national social protection policy frame...Narith Por
Abstract- Cambodians are still vulnerable. To reverse those conditions, National Social Protection Strategy (N.S.P.S) was developed for the poor and vulnerable people to promote their livelihoods. Royal Government of Cambodia (R.G.C) has paid attention on social assistance. In strategic plans, it highlights on strengthening, and developing social security in collective way, consistent and effectively. With these issues, the government establish national social protection policy framework in order to help all people in particular poor and vulnerable people (M.o.E.F, 2017, p.1). The research aims at reviewing an institutional capacity of government institutions in charge of National Social Protection Framework (N.S.P.P.F) toward its goal achievement” The Department for International Development (D.E.F.I.D) capacity approach is proposed to framework for this institution of government toward its goal achievement. The D.E.F.I.D (2003) cited in Kay & Franks (2003) identifies thee approach for assessing capacities in three level.
The strengths and the weakness of the seven points were identified. Those included Overview of N.S.P.P.F, financial resources, relationship with others, policies and systems, strategies, structures and technical skills and competencies. It was concluded that limitation of budget, lack of data and guideline for implementing the frameworks. Recommendations were identification of People with Disability (P.W.D) data, people close to the poverty line, inclusion of P.W.D, increase in budget and budget decentralization.
A Study on Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Academic Achieveme...ijtsrd
The aim of this longitudinal study was to Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Academic Achievement in English among High School Students. A sample of 300 students participated in the study. Results of structural equation modeling showed that mastery goals approach and avoidance were indirect predictors of both behavioral and cognitive engagement through seeking help from teachers. Performance goals avoidance, but not approach orientation were associated with cognitive engagement through help seeking behaviors. Overall, these results suggest that achievement goals are key drivers of changes in academic engagement in early high school and that their contribution is explained by seeking help from teachers. Practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. Mr. CP. Senthil Kumar | Dr. T. Sangeetha ""A Study on Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Academic Achievement in English among High School Students"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25141.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25141/a-study-on-relationship-between-achievement-motivation-and-academic-achievement-in-english-among-high-school-students/mr-cp-senthil-kumar
A STUDY OF GENDER EQUITY POLICY (2004) GUJARAT IJARIIE JOURNAL
Gender equity is one of the millennium development goals (MDGs) by United Nation. The Government of Gujarat
has formulated the Nari gaurav Niti in the year 2002 is also known as gender equity policy . The main aim of the
policy is to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and provide the equal right to women, which is one
of the most important objectives covered in MDGs. The main role of the policy is to promote conceptual clarity and
awareness on gender issues. The policy has also included the technical inputs for gender planning; gender
budgeting, gender analysis and Audit of policies. In this paper I would like to study the theoretical background of
Gender equity and the reason behind the introduction of the policy. Secondly, i would like to study the philosophy,
goal, requirement of Gender Equity Policy 2004.
A STUDY ON STUDENTS SATISFACTION TOWARDS EDUCATIONAL LOAN FROM CANARA BANK WI...RAVICHANDIRANG
Education is important to people of all ages and it has no limit. Children require education in order for them to learn how to speak and to write. Both on personal and national levels, education has been shown to increase economic growth and stability. One of the most important benefits of education is how it improves personal lives and helps societies run smoothly. The study has attempts to find out the satisfaction level of the students in Gurusamipalayam, Rasipuram (Tk) who have intention to avail the educational loan offered by Canara bank. This study found that to understanding the satisfaction level of students in availing the educational loan from Canara bank. Valuable suggestions and recommendations offered by the researcher. If it is strongly implemented by the Canara bank as well as government, the educational status of the higher education students will improve without fail and also increases educational status of the students in the study area.
Intergenerational benefits of India’s national school feeding programPOSHAN
Suman Chakrabarti, Samuel P. Scott, Harold Alderman, Purnima Menon, Daniel O. Gilligan
Poverty Health and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute
The descriptive study on need for transformational change in Higher Education...inventionjournals
dia is hastening toward economic success and modernization, counting on high-tech industries such as information technology, bio-technology and Robotics to drive the nation to prosperity. The economic and cultural environmental factors have heavily impacted higher education system; the rapid changing economical, cultural, demographical and other factors have led to the faster pace of change in the higher education system. It is very important to update our education system and style as per the social and industrial norms. The higher education institutions are more important for cross border relationships and continuous global flows of public, information, technologies, and financial capital. Higher education focuses more on research based teaching rather than traditional way of classroom teaching. This paper focuses on history, development, challenges and need for changes in higher education for global scenario and emphasizes on teaching, research and consultancy requirement in higher education.
Antenatal care utilization among particularly vulnerable tribal groupsAnindita Sinha
Even though maternal health care has occupied the centre stage in the global discourse on development, especially in developing countries since the Cairo International Conference on Population and Development 1994, India has a long way to go. Unsurprisingly, considerably wide variations exist between social groups, with the Scheduled tribes lagging behind the farthest. Research on the determinants of maternal health care among tribes, especially the particularly vulnerable tribal groups, points towards the need for qualitative studies in order to shed light on the context and nuances involved in the adoption or non-adoption of maternal health care services by tribes. In this context the present study investigates the determinants of antenatal care and institutional delivery among Reang women, a particularly vulnerable group residing in the North-eastern state of Tripura. We adopt a mixed method approach for the study and collect both quantitative and qualitative information from 50 Reang women and 50 Reang men (the husbands). Quantitative data is collected using a pre-coded schedule structured along the lines of the Demographic and Health Surveys. The qualitative aspect focuses on the role of the geographical terrain, importance of male involvement in antenatal care, role of the local Accredited Social Health Activists and overall health seeking behaviour of the Reang tribe. Results reveal that Reangs lag behind in required number of ANC visits (42%) and required number of tetanus toxoid injections (61.2%) vis-à-vis the average for all rural tribes of Tripura, the figures being 47% and 82%respectively for the latter. Economic factors are overwhelmingly important in the adoption of full ANC and institutional delivery compared to knowledge, education and autonomy variables. In-depth interviews highlight the importance of male involvement especially in the context where the monetary resources are largely held by them as also in navigating through the formal health system. Our study also brings out the critical importance of local ASHAs among tribes, with nearly every Reang woman depending on them as access point to the formal health care delivery system.
Factors Affecting Work Productivity among the Female Faculty of Allied Medica...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Improving maternal nutrition: A review of evidence on the one-full meal programPOSHAN
Presentation made at a virtual event on “Improving maternal nutrition: A review of evidence on the One-Full Meal program” which was co-hosted by the ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad, Institute of Economic Growth (IEG), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), and UNICEF, on 31 March 2020.
Analysis of institutional capacity of national social protection policy frame...Narith Por
Abstract- Cambodians are still vulnerable. To reverse those conditions, National Social Protection Strategy (N.S.P.S) was developed for the poor and vulnerable people to promote their livelihoods. Royal Government of Cambodia (R.G.C) has paid attention on social assistance. In strategic plans, it highlights on strengthening, and developing social security in collective way, consistent and effectively. With these issues, the government establish national social protection policy framework in order to help all people in particular poor and vulnerable people (M.o.E.F, 2017, p.1). The research aims at reviewing an institutional capacity of government institutions in charge of National Social Protection Framework (N.S.P.P.F) toward its goal achievement” The Department for International Development (D.E.F.I.D) capacity approach is proposed to framework for this institution of government toward its goal achievement. The D.E.F.I.D (2003) cited in Kay & Franks (2003) identifies thee approach for assessing capacities in three level.
The strengths and the weakness of the seven points were identified. Those included Overview of N.S.P.P.F, financial resources, relationship with others, policies and systems, strategies, structures and technical skills and competencies. It was concluded that limitation of budget, lack of data and guideline for implementing the frameworks. Recommendations were identification of People with Disability (P.W.D) data, people close to the poverty line, inclusion of P.W.D, increase in budget and budget decentralization.
A Study on Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Academic Achieveme...ijtsrd
The aim of this longitudinal study was to Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Academic Achievement in English among High School Students. A sample of 300 students participated in the study. Results of structural equation modeling showed that mastery goals approach and avoidance were indirect predictors of both behavioral and cognitive engagement through seeking help from teachers. Performance goals avoidance, but not approach orientation were associated with cognitive engagement through help seeking behaviors. Overall, these results suggest that achievement goals are key drivers of changes in academic engagement in early high school and that their contribution is explained by seeking help from teachers. Practical implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. Mr. CP. Senthil Kumar | Dr. T. Sangeetha ""A Study on Relationship between Achievement Motivation and Academic Achievement in English among High School Students"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25141.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25141/a-study-on-relationship-between-achievement-motivation-and-academic-achievement-in-english-among-high-school-students/mr-cp-senthil-kumar
A STUDY OF GENDER EQUITY POLICY (2004) GUJARAT IJARIIE JOURNAL
Gender equity is one of the millennium development goals (MDGs) by United Nation. The Government of Gujarat
has formulated the Nari gaurav Niti in the year 2002 is also known as gender equity policy . The main aim of the
policy is to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and provide the equal right to women, which is one
of the most important objectives covered in MDGs. The main role of the policy is to promote conceptual clarity and
awareness on gender issues. The policy has also included the technical inputs for gender planning; gender
budgeting, gender analysis and Audit of policies. In this paper I would like to study the theoretical background of
Gender equity and the reason behind the introduction of the policy. Secondly, i would like to study the philosophy,
goal, requirement of Gender Equity Policy 2004.
A STUDY ON STUDENTS SATISFACTION TOWARDS EDUCATIONAL LOAN FROM CANARA BANK WI...RAVICHANDIRANG
Education is important to people of all ages and it has no limit. Children require education in order for them to learn how to speak and to write. Both on personal and national levels, education has been shown to increase economic growth and stability. One of the most important benefits of education is how it improves personal lives and helps societies run smoothly. The study has attempts to find out the satisfaction level of the students in Gurusamipalayam, Rasipuram (Tk) who have intention to avail the educational loan offered by Canara bank. This study found that to understanding the satisfaction level of students in availing the educational loan from Canara bank. Valuable suggestions and recommendations offered by the researcher. If it is strongly implemented by the Canara bank as well as government, the educational status of the higher education students will improve without fail and also increases educational status of the students in the study area.
Intergenerational benefits of India’s national school feeding programPOSHAN
Suman Chakrabarti, Samuel P. Scott, Harold Alderman, Purnima Menon, Daniel O. Gilligan
Poverty Health and Nutrition Division, International Food Policy Research Institute
The descriptive study on need for transformational change in Higher Education...inventionjournals
dia is hastening toward economic success and modernization, counting on high-tech industries such as information technology, bio-technology and Robotics to drive the nation to prosperity. The economic and cultural environmental factors have heavily impacted higher education system; the rapid changing economical, cultural, demographical and other factors have led to the faster pace of change in the higher education system. It is very important to update our education system and style as per the social and industrial norms. The higher education institutions are more important for cross border relationships and continuous global flows of public, information, technologies, and financial capital. Higher education focuses more on research based teaching rather than traditional way of classroom teaching. This paper focuses on history, development, challenges and need for changes in higher education for global scenario and emphasizes on teaching, research and consultancy requirement in higher education.
Antenatal care utilization among particularly vulnerable tribal groupsAnindita Sinha
Even though maternal health care has occupied the centre stage in the global discourse on development, especially in developing countries since the Cairo International Conference on Population and Development 1994, India has a long way to go. Unsurprisingly, considerably wide variations exist between social groups, with the Scheduled tribes lagging behind the farthest. Research on the determinants of maternal health care among tribes, especially the particularly vulnerable tribal groups, points towards the need for qualitative studies in order to shed light on the context and nuances involved in the adoption or non-adoption of maternal health care services by tribes. In this context the present study investigates the determinants of antenatal care and institutional delivery among Reang women, a particularly vulnerable group residing in the North-eastern state of Tripura. We adopt a mixed method approach for the study and collect both quantitative and qualitative information from 50 Reang women and 50 Reang men (the husbands). Quantitative data is collected using a pre-coded schedule structured along the lines of the Demographic and Health Surveys. The qualitative aspect focuses on the role of the geographical terrain, importance of male involvement in antenatal care, role of the local Accredited Social Health Activists and overall health seeking behaviour of the Reang tribe. Results reveal that Reangs lag behind in required number of ANC visits (42%) and required number of tetanus toxoid injections (61.2%) vis-à-vis the average for all rural tribes of Tripura, the figures being 47% and 82%respectively for the latter. Economic factors are overwhelmingly important in the adoption of full ANC and institutional delivery compared to knowledge, education and autonomy variables. In-depth interviews highlight the importance of male involvement especially in the context where the monetary resources are largely held by them as also in navigating through the formal health system. Our study also brings out the critical importance of local ASHAs among tribes, with nearly every Reang woman depending on them as access point to the formal health care delivery system.
An Analysis of Impact of Human Capital Investment on Demographic Characterist...inventionjournals
The demographic features of the 2011census of India have revealed that India is the second largest country next to China in terms of working age population (25 - 50 years) in the world. It has been known that the country’s economic growth is based on both natural and human resources available in the country. Still, there are more avenues for effective and efficient use of labour-productivity in this age group. It is well conceived by the theory that the human resources are the biggest contributor of economic growth which is augmented by a process of human capital formation. Of late, health and education have been viewed as the two dimensions of human capital which are treated as an indicator of social welfare. The variations in health status of different age groups in market and non-market labour productivities are still prevalent in many developing countries. The low health status persons contribute less to human capital formation than of others (Behrman and Deolalikar, 1988). According to them, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Therefore, it cannot be purchased by the consumers in the market as we do for other goods and services in the market. On the other hand, it can be produced by spending time upon health improving activities, as well as, purchasing medical inputs (Grossman M., 1972). Behrman has pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between low health status and human capital formation. Therefore, the economists have focused their attention to study the determinants and impact of health status on economic growth. The present study attempts to analyse the human capital investment and its impact of socio- economic status on human resources (HR) in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu. To aid our research effort, an extensive literature has also been reviewed in an attempt to answer various queries raised. On the basis of the statement of problems, the research questionnaires have been canvassed among the respondents to obtain the information. This study is based on databases obtained both from primary and secondary sources. The information through primary sources has been collected with the help of interview schedule. The secondary data on Human Capital Investment and the Impact of Socio- Economic Status on Human Resources have been collected from various sources in Chennai City. In the health sector, this study focuses its attention to reporting illness, amount spent, days lost. Some of the opted econometric techniques have been used to examine the objectives of the study. Our empirical strategy has applied the following tools of analysis. The statistical tools like OLS, PROBIT and LOGIT techniques are used to analyze the indicator ‘selfreported illnesses. And, ‘Health expenditure’ and ‘number of days lost’ are estimated by OLS and TOBIT techniques, besides by applying correlation, regression analysis.
Socio economic differential dimensions on health and educationA comparative s...inventionjournals
Abstract : The aim of this paper was to find out the association between socio economic status and health of
the individuals residing in Delhi. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in the month of May 2014 in
five areas namely Trilokpuri, Sultanpuri, Seelampur, Seemapuri and Mangolpuri of Delhi. A total sample of 85
participants was conveniently selected from Medical mobile unit (MMU) of HelpAge India A semi structured
questionnaire was developed and pilot study was conducted to validate the tool. A written consent from the
respondents was taken. Kuppuswamy scale was used to calculate the socio economic status. Then the data was
analyzed using SPSS and MS excel. Results are represented as frequency, percentage and Chi-square test. The
study concluded that socio economic status and health as well as socio economic status and education has a
statistically significant association (p<0.05).
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Public health issues in pakistan:
Human Resource Development,Management and Leadership in Health Sector
Emerging Communicable Diseases,Emerging non-communicable diseases,Environmental Threat,Regulatory Frame Work,Overwhelming population burden and socio-economic growth
Gross National Happiness Index of GCBS Students of Bhutanijcnes
The present study attempts to quantify GNH and create GNH Index of students of Gaeddu College of Business studies,Gedu. The study focuses on developing the GNH index and also understanding of demographic pattern of GNH level of students of the college. Data was collected from a total of 679 students of the college taken randomly. Results revealed that students are most happy on cultural domain and least happy on time use domain of the GNH. Analysis of demographic pattern showed that the female is happier than male counterpart, students of final year leads in happiness and Haa and Zhemgang Dzonghaks students are the happiest. Thus, the study gives a perspective of the college climate in relation to happiness level of the students in the campus.
Early Childhood Care Education ECCE of Govt and Non Govt with Reference to Qu...ijtsrd
Early childhood Care Education ECCE is the focus in recent years because National Education Policy 2020 has made a major breakthrough by integrating it with class 1 and 2 to foundational stage. This stage has immense importance in terms of cognitive development of child.It is established that 75 per cent of human brain development occurs during early childhood period. The foundational stage is five years duration out of which 3 years for Pre school Anganwadi and 2 years for Primary classes.. The ECCE has direct impact on the all round development of children for which an equitable quality education at this stage can be provided by the existing ECCE program. Dr. Saroja Kanta Choudhury "Early Childhood Care Education (ECCE) of Govt and Non Govt with Reference to Quality and Effective Models" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45210.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/45210/early-childhood-care-education-ecce-of-govt-and-non-govt-with-reference-to-quality-and-effective-models/dr-saroja-kanta-choudhury
India, a country known for its rich cultural diversity and economic growth, continues to grapple with stark disparities in access to essential services such as healthcare and education, particularly among its underprivileged populations. This research paper seeks to shed light on the multifaceted challenges faced by underprivileged individuals and communities in India concerning healthcare and education. The paper aims to investigate the interplay of various factors, including socioeconomic status, geographic location, and governmental policies, that impact the well-being and educational opportunities of these marginalized groups.
Drawing upon a comprehensive literature review and a rigorous research methodology, this study assesses the scope and depth of the issues at hand. It examines the barriers to accessing healthcare and education, offering insights into the profound consequences of limited access for the underprivileged, especially in rural and urban areas. Furthermore, it critically evaluates the effectiveness of government policies and initiatives designed to address these disparities.
Socioeconomic factors, such as income and parental education, are analyzed to determine their influence on the health and education outcomes of underprivileged children. The study also explores the crucial role played by community involvement and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in bridging the gaps in healthcare and education accessibility.
In this paper, we synthesize the existing knowledge in the field, identify gaps in the literature, and propose a research framework for understanding and addressing the challenges that underprivileged populations face in India. The findings of this research are not only academically significant but also have profound implications for policy development, advocacy, and future research. As India continues to strive for comprehensive and inclusive development, this study contributes to the ongoing dialogue on enhancing healthcare and educational opportunities for the underprivileged, paving the way for a more equitable and promising future.
Nature of Development Caused by Remittances in the Education sector of Bangla...iosrjce
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Education, health and employment in pakistan
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2012
Education, Health and Employment in Pakistan:
A Co-integration Analysis
Mr. Furrukh Bashir1*, Mr. Shahid Farooq2, Mr. Shahbaz Nawaz3, Ms. Munwar Bagum4,
Mr. Muhammad Asif Sandila5, Muhammad Ramzan Arshad6
1. Ph. D Scholar of Economics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
2. Masters in Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
3. M.Phil Scholar of Statistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
4. M.Phil Scholar of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
5. M.S/ M.Phil Scholar of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
6. M.Phil Scholar of Statistics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
* Email of the Corresponding Author: furrukh_bashir@yahoo.com
Abstract
Education and health both are essentials for development strategy of any economy. They also play vital role in
enhancing productivity, economic growth and employment level. By providing equal opportunities of education and
health to all citizens of any nation, all types of disparities can be eliminated. Considering the importance, the present
study highlights some of the significant features of education and health in advancing employment level in the long run
as well as in the short run. The analysis also incorporates the causality investigations based on VAR and VECM.
Keeping in mind, the research uses time series data for the period from 1972 to 2010. With the aim of long run and
short run estimates, we have taken Johansen Co-integration test and Vector Error Correction model respectively.
The long run results exhibit that educational expenditure, total enrollment, number of hospitals, health expenditure
and gross fixed capital formation are momentous features in magnifying employment level in Pakistan. Speed of
adjustment term suggests that short run variables are converging towards long run equilibrium by taking 7 percent
annually adjustments. At the end, it is suggested that there should be more expenditure on education to promote
enrollment at primary and professional levels by offering scholarships to students. For better health and education,
Govt. should augment health expenditure as well.
Keywords: Educational Expenditure, Total Enrollment, Number of Hospital, Health Expenditure, Employment,
Co-integration analysis, VAR & VECM based Causality.
1. Introduction
Education is central to the development strategy of an economy. It plays a vital role in human resource development.
Educated human capital has been found to have strong and consistent positive effects on economic growth and
employment of a country. It reflects substantial impact on the degree of social cohesion in a country. Equalization of
education levels reduces the regional disparities. Like many other developing countries, the situation of education
sector in Pakistan has not been very encouraging due to poverty and dismal economic situation in the country. Hence,
it is necessary that the proportion of development spending on education must be increased. An extremely high
portion of the education budget is spent on recurrent heads, mainly comprising of salaries in contrast to the meager
amount spent on quality improvements, such as teacher’s training, curriculum development, supervision, monitoring
etc; therefore, additional funds must be allocated for the purpose. Good health is identified as a vital component of a
good quality of life, and access to good health is recognized as a basic human need and a fundamental human right. A
healthy population is more productive and efficient component of the society.
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ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2012
An increase of 4.0 percent in Pre-Primary enrolment (8.743 million) in 2009-10 over 2008-09 (8.434 million) has
been observed during 2009-10, it is estimated to increase by 2.0 percent in 2010-11. A number of 157,360 Primary
Schools with 466,451 Teachers are functional. An increase in middle enrolment (5.501 million) in 2009-10 over
2008- 09 (5.414 million) has been observed during 2009-10, it is estimated to increase by 0.4 percent in 2010-11. An
increase in secondary enrolment (2.581 million) in 2009-10 over 2008-09 (2.556 million) has been observed during
2009-10. An enrolment of 1.257 million is estimated in 2010-11 against 1.165 million in 2009-10 and 1.07 million in
2008-09 whereas, 3,323 Higher Secondary Schools and Inter Colleges with 77,118 Teachers are functional. An
enrolment of 1,105,307 is estimated in 2010- 11 in Higher Education over 935,596 in 2009-10. In order to boost-up
higher education. Three new universities have been established during the year 2009-10 making the total number to
132 universities with 57,780 Teachers in both Private and Public Sectors.
Access to good health can contribute positively to the economic and social development of a country. Thus, key
issues that impact the health status of people ought to be addressed through a diverse set of policy tools comprising
short and long term measures to secure better health outcomes. The people of Pakistan have grown healthier over the
past three decades. The vision for the health sector comprises a healthy population with sound health, enjoying good
quality of life through the practice of a healthy life style. In order to achieve this vision, significant measures have
been taken toward disease prevention, health promotion, greater coverage of immunization, family planning, and
provision of female health worker services.
To maintain the expansion of health facilities, the financial allocation for the health sector has been increasing
steadily. However, the massive floods of 2010 caused a significant downwards rationalization of health and nutrition
expenditures which had to be diverted to the relief and rehabilitation effort. Total health expenditures (federal and
provincial) declined from Rs. 79 billion in 2009-10 to Rs 42 billion in 2010-11.
The present study is having a prime importance due to few major reasons of low employment levels in Pakistan in
which education and health are necessary to discuss in detail. For that purpose we have organized a study involving
different aspects of education and health to trace out the effectiveness of health and education on employment in
Pakistan. Apart from the introduction in section I, section II summarizes some empirical studies, section III describes
some data and methodological issues, empirical findings of the study are interpreted in section IV. Lastly, some
concluding remarks are given in section V.
2. Literature Review
The study of examining effectiveness of education and health on employment has been instituted at Primary and
Secondary levels, in different times and in various countries. In the study, we have summarized few of them in this
section.
Boadu (----) has seemed to make gender analysis that is to review the activities and responsibilities of men and women
in Ghana. He also considers the socio-economic and demographic variables underlying gender disparities in education,
health and labour force participation in Ghana. Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys (GDHS) are utilized for the
years 1988 and 1993. Employing stepwise logistic regression, the study concludes that male household head and rural
respondents are actively participating in labor force. Labor force participation is reduced by more age of household
head and having schools at far distance.
Denny and Harmon (2000) have added to the small but growing body of micro-econometric evidence on the impact of
education and training on the labour market outcomes of young adults. Annual survey of Irish school leavers is
collected by the Economic and Social Research Institute for the Departments of Education, Science and Enterprise;
Trade and Employment. They have estimated the results using Multinomial Logit model. Results exhibit that father
professionalism; father employment and father intermediate education are the factors for increasing employment.
Characteristics of Fathers like Farmer Occupation, Semi Skilled or Unskilled are reducing employment.
Mete and Schultz (2002) have assessed among elderly men and women that how their health status affects their labor
force participation and whether the national expansion in health insurance in 1995 has encouraged earlier retirement?
By employing survey of health and living status (SHLS) of middle aged and elderly in Taiwan for the years 1989, 1993
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ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2012
and 1996, they have determined that literate, married and educated persons are more participating in labor force
participation. Aged persons are seen very few working as a labor force in Taiwan.
Pelkowsk and Berger (2004) have examined the effect of health problems on employment, annual hours worked and
hourly wages. The study uses the Health and Retirement Study data. They conclude the health illness as a negative
factor for employment.
Kalwij and Vermeulen (2005) have introduced the new SHARE data and shed some light on systematic differences in
participation rates. They have also analyzed that how labour force participation of the elderly is affected by
demographic and health related characteristics. They have gathered the sample of 12,237 of men and women aged 50
to 64. Results of Probit model suggest that labor force participation is increased by more education, couple households
and due to having children. While severe health conditions are reducing labor force participation in Europe.
O’Higgins and Ivanov (2006) have looked at traditional skills as a source of employment opportunities for the Roma
and they also have dealt with the role of different actors (individuals, businesses, the state) in increasing employment
opportunities and thus reducing poverty. Survey 2002 has been used for data collection. Employing descriptive
analysis technique, they find that education is reducing unemployment problems in the Roma.
Laplagne et al. (2007) have explored alternative methodologies to obtain estimates of the labour force participation
effects of the health and education variables targeted by NRA. Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia
Survey has been used for the years 2001–04. Results of Multinomial Logit model exhibit that labor force participation
is increased by the people aged (15 – 24), married households, degree education, having diploma/ certificate and more
experience. Diabetes, unemployment history, cancer and age above 50 are the factors that are reducing labor force
participation.
Villa (2010) develops and illustrates the conceptual and empirical knowledge on growth, employment and investment
in Moldova. He gives emphasis on the empirical relationships between these variables and discusses some policy
implications with regard to employment growth. This study gives the availability of data, focuses on the GDP,
investment, consumption, exports, imports and FDI which can affect employment. Time period of 1994 – 2005 has
been chosen and estimation is made possible using VAR model and Variance Decomposition function. He reports that
investment growth, higher education growth, FDI growth, exports and GDP are significant factors for employment
growth. On the other side, imports growth and consumption growth are reducing employment growth in the study area.
Faridi et al. (2010) have attempted to find out the effect of education and experience on the earnings of the students
studying in the universities. They have collected data from two universities of Pakistan namely; University of the
Punjab Lahore and Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. The sample consists on 200 students. Taking students’
earning as dependent variable, results of ordinary least square method advocates that education and experience both are
significantly in favor of higher earnings
Faridi et al. (2010) have explored the impact of education and health on employment. They have collected cross
sectional data through field survey in the year (2008-2009). The estimation of regression model is done using Logistic
model. The study explains experience, household size, urban location, education, married marital status, no. of
dependents and male gender as having positive relationship with employment while poor health, assets and joint family
system exhibit negative influence on employment.
Nanfosso and Akono (2010) have determined the impact of fertility and health on labour force participation in a
simultaneous equations framework. Cross sectional data is collected through survey in Yaoundé and Douala for 2096
women aged 18 to 64 years. Female labor force participation is enhanced due to age, education and good health. While
females having marital status single are less participation in labor force.
García-Gomez et al. (2011) have circumvented the health reporting problem and exploited health variation that is
arguably exogenous to trends in Labour market outcomes by virtue of being unexpected. They have identified from
unscheduled and urgent hospital admissions of individuals aged between 18 and 64 who had not been admitted in the
previous year. By using registered admissions and conditioning on employment at the time of admission, they have
avoided problems of reverse causality. They have utilized the tax records (RIO), the hospital discharge register (LMR),
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ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2012
the Cause-of-Death register (DO), and the Municipality Register (GBA) for the years 1998-2005. The results suggest
the hospitalization, health shock and disability as negatively affecting employment.
Bradley et al. (2011) studied how men’s dependence on their own employer for health insurance affects labor supply
responses. They have made use of Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1996 to 2008. Using linear probability
model, they have explored the health shock as negatively influencing employment.
Chen and Chang (2011) have contributed to the literature by empirically examining whether and how people consider
stochastic health condition when making labor supply and saving decisions. Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD)
has been used for the years 2003–2005 in the study. Labor force participation is directly affected by gender Male,
Married marital status, college education, high school education and no of children. On the other side, bad health,
sickness and age are negatively contributing to labor force participation.
Hafeez et al. (2011) have explored some socio economic and demographic factors forcing students to have job. Cross
sectional data is collected in 2009 from two universities of the Punjab province. In their study, respondents are male
students of University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan and Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Sample
of 346 respondents are gathered through Multistage Simple random sampling technique. Logistic regression method is
used for the estimation of model. Education, Joint family system, family size and married marital status of students
enforce them to participate in economic activity. Students’ participation in economic activity is decreased by more
fathers’ income, pocket money and rural areas.
3. Model Specification, Data Sources and Methodology
3.1 Model Specification
The present study is aimed at investigating the affect of education and health on employment in Pakistan. For that
purpose, our employment model is specified with log – log transformation as follows;
LEMP = γ + λ1 LEDX + λ2 LHLX + λ3 LGCF + λ 4 LHOS + λ5 LTEN + µ i
Where,
LEMP = Log of Employed Labor force
LEDX = Log of government expenditure on Education
HLX = Log of government expenditure on Health
LGCF = Log of Gross Fixed Capital Formation
LHOS = Log of number of hospitals
LTEN = Log of total enrollment in Education.
γ is intercept term, λ' s are slope coefficients and µi is error term of regression model.
3.2 Nature, Hypothesis and Sources of Data
The variables may be described as; employed labor force is the number of employed persons out of total civilian labor
force in millions, government expenditure on health and education is taken in million rupees, gross fixed capital
formation is also taken in million rupees as a proxy of investment. For health facility, we have taken number of
hospitals in Pakistan and for educational achievement, total enrollment is utilized. All the explanatory variables are
expected to be positively related to employment in Pakistan.
There are various sources available for data collection in Pakistan. Many authors have used different sources for data
collection. Data on the above mentioned variables have been collected through sources like Pakistan Economic Survey
2010 – 2011, Handbook of statistics on Pakistan Economy 2010, World Bank Data (Website), and International
Financial Statistics 2009.
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5. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences www.iiste.org
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Vol.2, No.5, 2012
3.2 Methodological Discussion
For estimating the values of coefficients for policy making, the study employs Ordinary least square method and the
results are given in the table A1. In the results we have found that R2 is greater than Durbin-Watson Statistics (D-W).
This is the indication of spurious results and it also gives misleading results of the regression. Spurious results mean
there is problem of stationary in our time series variables that should be examined using any of the unit root tests.
Table A1: Dependent Variable (LEMP)
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
Constant 7.16 1.98 3.61 0.00
LEDX -0.16 0.04 -3.53 0.00
LHLX 0.03 0.04 0.77 0.44
LHOS -1.50 0.45 -3.32 0.00
LGCF 0.57 0.08 6.53 0.00
LTEN 0.03 0.18 0.18 0.85
R-squared 0.94 F-statistic 104.15
Adjusted R-squared 0.93 Prob (F-statistic) 0.00
S.E. of regression 0.10 Durbin-Watson stat 0.83
3.2.1 Johansen’s Cointegration test
E-Views statistical package gives us facility to apply unit root test for examining stationary of variables. If all the
variables are integrated of order 1 or I (1), we may be able to apply Johansen Co-integration test for reliable long run
estimates and Vector Error Correction model for short run analysis.
Johansen Co-integration technique requires initially few steps to proceed further for values of coefficients.
• First step of Johansen Co-integration technique is to confirm that all the variables (Dependent and Explanatory)
are stationary at first difference.
• At second step, we need to examine appropriate lag length using Schwarz Information Criterion.
• Third step involves the application of Trace Statistics and Maximum Eigen Statistics for long run co-integrating
relationship among variables.
• Values of long run coefficients may be examined at fourth step.
• For short run dynamics, Vector error correction model may be applied after confirmation of long run relationships
and also we check sign of error correction term (Preferable significant as well) at fifth step.
3.2.2 Granger Causality test
Multivariate Causality analysis may be conducted using VAR and VECM based Granger Causality tests. For both the
granger causality tests, there is preliminary condition that long run co-integrating relationships among variables must
hold. Then on the basis of probability values of Chi-Square tests, we can determine the direction of causality among
variables. It is necessary that probability value of sum of Chi-Square test must be less than 0.10 for significant results
of granger causality.
4. Discussion on Empirical Findings
4.1 Johansen’s Cointegration test
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Vol.2, No.5, 2012
This section discusses the empirical findings of the study regarding health, education and employment. According to
the nature of variables, the study follows Johansen Co-integration technique for estimation. The preliminary step of
Johansen requires the examination of order of integration for all the variables. Taking that intension, the study employs
DF-GLS unit root test and confirms that order of integration for all the variables is 1 or all the variables are stationary
at 1st difference (Tables 1 & 2). This intimates us to proceed further for the estimation of long run results.
Table 1: DF – GLS Unit Root Test at Level
VARIABLES INCLUDING TEST STATISTICS CONCLUSION
Intercept 0.69 ----
LEMP
Intercept and Trend -1.85 ----
Intercept 0.64 ----
LEDX
Intercept and Trend -1.84 ----
Intercept 0.23 ----
LHLX`
Intercept and Trend -2.81 ----
Intercept 0.25 ----
LGCF
Intercept and Trend -2.20 ----
Intercept -0.75 ----
LHOS
Intercept and Trend -2.75 ----
Intercept 0.39 ----
LTEN
Intercept and Trend -2.02 ----
Critical Values
Level of Significance 1% level 5% level 10% level
Intercept -2.63 -1.95 -1.61
Intercept and Trend -3.77 -3.19 -2.89
Table 2: DF – GLS Unit Root Test at 1st Difference
VARIABLES INCLUDING TEST STATISTICS CONCLUSION
Intercept -4.26 I(1)
LEMP
Intercept and Trend -4.36 I(1)
Intercept -0.78 ----
LEDX
Intercept and Trend -7.10 I(1)
Intercept -9.13 I(1)
LHLX`
Intercept and Trend -9.41 I(1)
Intercept -3.89 I(1)
LGCF
Intercept and Trend -4.20 I(1)
Intercept -1.74 ----
LHOS
Intercept and Trend -6.83 I(1)
LTEN Intercept -9.48 I(1)
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ISSN 2224-5766(Paper) ISSN 2225-0484(Online)
Vol.2, No.5, 2012
Intercept and Trend -9.55 I(1)
Critical Values
Level of Significance 1% level 5% level 10% level
Intercept -2.63 -1.95 -1.61
Intercept and Trend -3.77 -3.19 -2.89
Table 3 reports us about the selection of lag length. We have followed Schwarz Information Criterion for lag length
selection and have selected ‘1’ as an appropriate lag.
Table 3: Lag Length Selection
Lag Lengths Schwarz Information Criterion
0 -2.76
1 -10.24*
2 -9.15
3 -10.09
Note: * indicates lag order selected by the criterion
Long run relationship may be observed using trace statistic and maximum eigen statistic. Table 4 gives an idea about
co-integration relationships. The probability values illustrate that we are able to reject the Null Hypothesis that there
are at most 5 co-integrating relationships and confirm that there are 6 co-integrating relationships.
Table 4: Unrestricted Co-integration Rank Test (Trace)
Hypothesized No. of Co-integrating Eigen Critical
Trace Statistic Probabilities
Equations value Value
None * 0.82 173.92 103.84 0.00
At most 1 * 0.57 110.20 76.97 0.00
At most 2 * 0.46 78.22 54.07 0.00
At most 3 * 0.45 55.14 35.19 0.00
At most 4 * 0.38 32.80 20.26 0.00
At most 5 * 0.33 14.84 9.16 0.00
Unrestricted Co-integration Rank Test (Maximum Eigen value)
Hypothesized No. of Co-integrating Eigen Max-Eigen Critical
Probabilities
Equations value Statistic Value
None * 0.82 63.71 40.95 0.00
At most 1 0.57 31.98 34.80 0.10
At most 2 0.46 23.07 28.58 0.21
At most 3 * 0.45 22.34 22.29 0.04
At most 4 * 0.38 17.95 15.89 0.02
At most 5 * 0.33 14.84 9.16 0.00
Note: * denotes rejection of the Null hypothesis at the 0.05 level
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4.2 Long run Dynamics
Table 5 declares the Johansen Co-integration results where 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th columns are respectively denoting
names of variables, values of coefficients, standard errors and t-statistics. These results indicate the relationship among
health, education and employment in Pakistan for the period from 1972 to 2010 in the long run. The study has found
the positive relationship among govt. expenditure on health and employment. This variable is statistically significant as
well at 5 percent level. The results indicate that when government will allocate more expenditure for the improvement
of health, the better health conditions of people will definitely lead to more employment in Pakistan. Economically, we
can say that 1 percent increase in health expenditure by the government will lead to 0.15 percent increase in
employment in the long run on the average.
Coming to the other variable that is government expenditure on education, it suggests that the relationship is
statistically significant and also increasing employment level in Pakistan. On the average, effect of educational
expenditure are visible and we can say that if government increases its expenditure to improve education by 10 percent,
so impact on employment will be of 2 percent in the long run. The reason of positive is very simple and economically
justifiable; it proposes that education is the major sector of an economy, if it is improved so any country may have good
results. It is the source of Human Resource Development and ultimately of higher employment.
With regards to number of hospitals in Pakistan, the study demonstrates that having more hospitals in the society show
better health facilities. If health facilities are provided to everyone, it will lead to healthy nation. Healthy nation can
actively participate in every economic activity and of course it is the reason of higher employment rates. The variable
number of hospitals is having positive sign with statistically significant coefficient value at 1 percent level. If 1 percent
number of hospitals will increase, employment will lead to 3.19 percent. We have found more elastic effect on
employment in terms of number of hospitals.
Investment (Gross Fixed Capital Formation) has always been a source of higher employment levels in Pakistan.
Investment in new projects physically creates new employment opportunities among people. Gross Fixed Capital
Formation is having positive and significant coefficient value indicating that employment will be enhanced by 38
percent due to 100 percent more gross fixed capital formation on the average in the long run.
Total enrollment in Education is highly significant with employment in Pakistan at 1 percent level of significance. The
coefficient is positive as well with more elastic value 2.60. It explains that due to 1 percent rise in total enrollment in
education, the employment of Pakistan will be enhanced by 2.60 percent in the long run on the average. Enrollment of
more students in schools, colleges, professional institutions, and universities will be possibility of higher literacy rate
and ultimately more citizens will be employed in different fields of life.
Table 5: Johansen Co integration Results (Employment)
Variables Coefficients Standard Errors T - Stats
Govt. Expenditures on Health 0.15 0.07 2.12**
Govt. Expenditure on Education 0.20 0.08 2.54*
Number of Hospitals 3.19 0.70 4.51*
Gross Fixed Capital Formation 0.38 0.14 2.72*
Total Enrollment in Education 2.60 0.34 7.43*
Constant -0.39 2.77 -0.14
Note: All the variables are statistically significant at 5 percent level except constant. *, ** show significant at 1 and 5
percent respectively.
3.3 Short run Dynamics
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The study also employs vector error correction model for short run dynamics. T-statistic greater than 1.80 indicates the
significance of variables in table 6. We have found negative significant error correction term which is known as speed
of adjustment term for employment model. It suggests that due to disturbance in the short run, our equilibrium will be
restored by taking 7 percent annual adjustments. Speed of adjustment term is negative for other models such as health
expenditure, number of hospitals, investment, enrollment and educational expenditure. These models are explaining
long run convergence due to any fluctuations in the short run.
Table 6: Vector Error Correction Model
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
D(LEMP) D(LHLX) D(LHOS) D(LGCF) D(LTEN) D(LEDX)
Error Correction -0.07 -0.29 -0.02 -0.07 -0.28 -0.49
Term [-1.99] [ -0.84] [-1.32] [-1.11] [-4.06] [- 4.87]
0.42 0.79 -0.02 0.28 0.25 1.08
D(LEMP(-1))
[ 2.71] [ 0.51] [-0.30] [ 0.96] [ 0.81] [ 2.39]
-0.01 -0.39 -0.01 0.03 -0.03 0.07
D(LHLX(-1))
[-0.47] [-2.39] [-0.82] [ 0.94] [-0.79] [ 1.54]
-0.04 7.45 0.05 1.48 -1.65 2.46
D(LHOS(-1))
[-0.10] [ 1.78] [ 0.31] [ 1.88] [-1.99] [ 2.02]
0.04 0.09 0.06 0.53 0.41 1.23
D(LGCF(-1))
[ 0.61] [ 0.13] [ 1.97] [ 4.04] [ 2.95] [ 6.06]
0.08 -0.32 0.03 -0.10 -0.12 -0.78
D(LTEN(-1))
[ 1.06] [-0.43] [ 1.02] [-0.71] [-0.85] [-3.64]
0.05 -0.01 0.02 0.10 0.05 -0.48
D(LEDX(-1))
[ 1.03] [-0.00] [ 1.12] [ 1.21] [ 0.56] [-3.72]
Note: Values without brackets show coefficients and values in square brackets show t – statistics for respective
variables.
3.4 Granger Causality Tests
Table 7 shows the results of multivariate VAR based Granger Causality. The results indicate that granger causality
runs from educational expenditure and gross fixed capital formation to employment and from number of hospitals to
total enrollment in education. Granger causality is also found from employment and number of hospitals to gross fixed
capital formation.
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Table 7: VAR Based Granger Causality
Independent Variables
Dependent Variables All
LEMP LHLX LHOS LTEN LEDX LGCF
LEMP --- 0.59 0.71 0.26 0.00 0.06 0.10
LHLX 0.21 --- 0.24 0.85 0.48 0.81 0.00
LHOS 0.26 0.44 --- 0.25 0.42 0.51 0.27
LTEN 0.94 0.66 0.02 --- 0.69 0.15 0.00
LEDX 0.47 0.74 0.35 0.91 --- 0.14 0.00
LGCF 0.00 0.50 0.02 0.77 0.56 --- 0.03
Note: Values written in above table shows probability values of Chi-square tests. “All” shows probability values of
sum of Chi-square tests.
Short run Granger causality is examined using VECM based causality test given in table 8. In which we have come to
the conclusion that gross fixed capital formation granger cause number of hospitals. Number of hospitals and gross
fixed capital formation do granger cause total enrollment in education. Employment, number of hospitals, total
enrollment in education and gross fixed capital formation do granger cause government expenditure on education in
Pakistan in the short run. Lastly, short run causality is found from number of hospitals to gross fixed capital formation.
Table 8: VECM Based Causality
Dependent Independent Variables
All
Variables D(LEMP) D(LHLX) D(LHOS) D(LTEN) D(LEDX) D(LGCF)
D(LEMP) --- 0.63 0.91 0.28 0.30 0.54 0.44
D(LHLX) 0.60 --- 0.07 0.66 0.99 0.89 0.32
D(LHOS) 0.75 0.41 --- 0.30 0.26 0.04 0.03
D(LTEN) 0.41 0.42 0.04 --- 0.57 0.00 0.00
D(LEDX) 0.01 0.12 0.04 0.00 --- 0.00 0.00
D(LGCF) 0.33 0.34 0.05 0.47 0.22 --- 0.06
Note: Values written in above table shows probability values of Chi-square tests. “All” shows probability values of
sum of Chi-square tests.
5. Concluding Remarks
The results of the study exhibit that education and health both are important variables for higher employment rates in
Pakistan. Unit root test shows that all the explanatory and dependent variable is stationary at 1st different that is
preliminary condition for applying Johansen Co-integration test. After that a number of steps are followed that are to
select lag length using Schwarz information criterion, to find long run co-integrating relationships using Trace and
Maximum Eigen Statistics and to examine values of coefficients.
Long run results suggest that government expenditure on education and health; investment, total enrollment in
education and number of hospitals are the significant factors those are inducing employment in Pakistan. Whenever
there will be more allocation in expenditure on education and health, it will prepare healthy and educated nation in the
economy that would be cause of incremental employment rates in Pakistan. In the short run, we have found that speed
of adjustment term is negative that is indication of convergence towards long run equilibrium. Due to any short run
disturbance, there would be 7 percent annual adjustment towards long run equilibrium on the average.
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Causality results are very interesting in our analysis. VAR based Granger Causality results show that causality runs
from investment and educational expenditure towards employment. Direction of causality is from number of hospitals
to total enrollment; from number of hospitals and employment to investment. According to VECM based Granger
causality, it moves from investment to number of hospitals; from investment, total enrollment, number of hospitals and
employment to educational expenditure by government in the short run. Short run causality also runs from number of
hospitals to investment.
On the basis of results, it is suggested that government should increase the proportion of expenditure on health and
education because these two factors are most favorable for the economy in terms of growth rates and employment
level. Higher investment will directly lead to higher employment rates while number of hospitals and higher
enrollment rates in education both play vital role in enhancing employment. Government should simultaneously
concentrate on all these variables to attain its macroeconomic objectives.
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