This document discusses various film editing techniques including cuts, dissolves, fades, shot/reverse shot, cross-cutting, parallel editing, match cuts, 180 degree rule, and 30 degree rule. It provides examples of how these techniques can be used to manipulate time, join shots, create continuity, vary point of view, build suspense, connect simultaneous actions, and emphasize meaning for the spectator. Students are asked to analyze editing techniques used in video clips and consider how the techniques impact the audience.

1. Editing termsFilm studies

2. Starter Create a 3 shot sequence using the following to communicate character statusDepth of fieldRule of thirds/composition Focus pulls (where the focus changes to another character or object drawing in the audiences attention)

3. Editing L.O-To understanding editing techniquesTo consider the impact of editing on the spectatorTo consider how editing can impact meaning See editing terms sheet

4. Why editing?The function of editing is that of:Joining shotsContinuity and orderManipulation of time and space

5. Basic editingCut- the scenes cut from one scene to another. Can make the scene as close to realism as possible, continuity of events Dissolve- a gradual transition between two clipsFade out and fade in- to a black screen and then the next scene. Can be used to suggest time has passed.

6. Cut Sudden change of shot from one viewpoint or location to another. Cutting may:change the scenecompress timevary the point of view or build up an image or idea

7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0xGy8FnmHgHow and why are cuts used in the opening of this scene?

8. Cutting rate. Frequent cuts may be used as deliberate interruptions to shock, surprise or emphasise a point.Cutting rhythm. A cutting rhythm may be progressively shortened to increase tension. Cutting rhythm may create an exciting effect in the viewer.

9. Jump cut Abrupt switch from one scene to another which may be used deliberately to make a dramatic point.A few frames will have often been cut out and can give a jerky feeling, more edgy Sometimes boldly used to begin or end action.

10. Continuity Continuity definition-The state/quality of being continuous-An interrupted succession or flow, a coherent whole.-A detailed script or scenario consulted to avoid discrepancies/disruption from shot to shot in a film, allowing the various scenes to be shot in order.

11. Continuity editngAims to create flow and sequencing from shot to shot for the audience memebers

12. Cross cuttingA cut to a piece of action that is happening at the same time or a different timeIt may be a series of flashbacks that are happening in the characters head at the same time as the action (show doctor who clip)Cross-cutting is used to build suspense, or to show the relationship between the different sets of action.The aim of cross cutting is to connect action that is happening at the same time and build suspense.

13. Parallel editing This is where we will have two or more sequences occurring at the same time and the clip will cross cut between the twoIt may be to connect, or compare action and character in two locations but the aim is not to build suspense.

14. Cutaway A cut from the main piece of action to a piece of action somewhere just outside the frame- a group of people approaching.

15. Shot/reverse shot An editing pattern that cuts to the view in the opposite direction. It is most commonly used in dialogue, cutting from one speaker to the other, following a master shot that has shown us where the speakers are standing.

16. The 180* rule http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdyyuqmCW14&feature=related

17. Breaking the 180 degree rulehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vulNlhUI6m0

18. 30 degree ruleThe camera should move at least 30° between each shot of the same subjectFor example a shot reverse shot scene would fulfill this.

19. Action match/match on action Match on action is any cut that emphasises continuity, it appears to makes it seem like 2 shots are one- continuing. Same action/movements connected, begins with one shot, ends in a second. An example of this Continuity editing: A shot of a character making an action is followed by a cut to a shot of the next (or a subsequent) logical action. For example, we see a character reach for a door handle and open the door by 30 cm. We then cut to the other side to see the door swing open and the same character walk through. Here, after the cut, the door must be open by at least 30 cm for the continuity to look right.

20. Eye line match The first shot shows a character looking at something off-screen, the second shot shows what is being looked at. How might eye line match add to our involvement with the character?

21. Graphic match This is when we cut or transition to an object of a very similar shape.

22. Breaking any of these would mean that continuity editing would be broken. This may be a stylistic choice by others

23. Watch the following clip- what editing technqiues do you see? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sospa6-x6Lo

24. For the task Watch the following clipWhat editing techniques are used and how do they add meaning to the spectator? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VP5jEAP3K4