This is a suggested answer to a 16 mark question for the EdExcel Unit 3 Micro paper - “Assess ways in which government intervention might promote competition within markets” (16 marks)
Edexcel Unit 4 essays mark schemes 2010-2013tutor2u
This document contains sample exam questions and mark schemes from Edexcel economics exams from 2010-2013. It provides sample 20 and 30 mark questions on various economics topics, along with possible answers and evaluation points that could be addressed. The questions cover issues like fiscal policy, taxation, inequality, international competitiveness, economic growth and more. Suggested answers provide analysis of key factors and concepts, along with evaluations of the issues.
This document discusses various types of labour market failures including skills gaps, geographical immobility, economic inactivity, inequality, discrimination, and monopsony power. It provides examples and analysis of each failure using diagrams. Potential policy remedies are outlined for each failure, such as increasing apprenticeships, improving housing affordability, raising the minimum wage, and enhancing workers' rights. The impact of minimum wages on monopsony employers is analyzed using a diagram showing how a minimum wage can increase employment levels and wages by counteracting monopsony power.
Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation, and borrowing to influence aggregate demand, output, and employment. It can also be used to alter income distribution and address market failures. Changes to fiscal policy impact both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Key tools of fiscal policy include public spending on areas like infrastructure and welfare, as well as taxes which can be direct or indirect, progressive, proportional, or regressive. Fiscal policy aims to stabilize the economic cycle and promote competitiveness, and the appropriate use of budget deficits can support aggregate demand. However, high public debt levels may increase borrowing costs and future taxes.
EdExcel Economics Unit 3 Micro - 16 Mark Data Questiontutor2u
This presentation looks at a sample unit 3 question
KAA 8 marks
Evaluation 8 marks
3 KAA points – define, apply, explain (use diagram)
3 Evaluation points – apply, explain to support
Question normally says ”assess” – but it will always require you to use evaluation + a suitable analysis diagram
Some questions will require specific use of game theory as part of the answer
AS Macro Revision: Macro Objectives and Conflictstutor2u
This document discusses possible conflicts that can arise between different macroeconomic objectives:
1. It is rare for a country to achieve full employment, price stability, economic growth, and a balanced external account simultaneously, as pursuing one objective can undermine others.
2. For example, policies to reduce unemployment can cause inflationary pressures if they stimulate demand too much when the economy is near capacity.
3. Rapid economic growth risks inflation and worsening the trade balance if domestic demand grows faster than supply.
4. The document examines these trade-offs and provides UK economic data to illustrate instances of conflicting macroeconomic objectives.
This document discusses various topics related to unemployment, including:
- Defining and measuring unemployment using methods like the claimant count and labor force survey.
- Different types of unemployment like frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment.
- Consequences of unemployment for individuals, businesses, and the economy as a whole like lower incomes and GDP.
- Policies to reduce unemployment through demand-side measures like tax cuts and supply-side policies like education and training.
- Recent trends showing falling unemployment in the UK due to sustained growth, investment, labor market flexibility and education spending.
This document discusses various methods of measuring living standards and economic well-being beyond GDP per capita. It notes inaccuracies in population estimates that impact GDP calculations and differences in regional disposable incomes within countries. While GDP per capita is traditionally used, economic well-being is multi-dimensional and alternative indicators like the Happy Planet Index or Genuine Progress Indicator may better capture quality of life. Non-market activities, environmental factors, and income inequality also influence well-being but are not reflected in GDP.
This document discusses oligopolies and game theory. It explains that when there are few dominant firms in a market, they can engage in practices like price fixing to restrict output and fix higher prices. This allows them to recognize their interdependence and act together to maximize joint profits. However, cartel agreements are often unstable as firms have an incentive to cheat and exceed their output quotas for higher individual profits. This prisoners' dilemma framework illustrates why cooperation is difficult even when it benefits all parties. Game theory models are useful for understanding interdependent pricing and other strategic decisions in oligopolistic markets.
Edexcel Unit 4 essays mark schemes 2010-2013tutor2u
This document contains sample exam questions and mark schemes from Edexcel economics exams from 2010-2013. It provides sample 20 and 30 mark questions on various economics topics, along with possible answers and evaluation points that could be addressed. The questions cover issues like fiscal policy, taxation, inequality, international competitiveness, economic growth and more. Suggested answers provide analysis of key factors and concepts, along with evaluations of the issues.
This document discusses various types of labour market failures including skills gaps, geographical immobility, economic inactivity, inequality, discrimination, and monopsony power. It provides examples and analysis of each failure using diagrams. Potential policy remedies are outlined for each failure, such as increasing apprenticeships, improving housing affordability, raising the minimum wage, and enhancing workers' rights. The impact of minimum wages on monopsony employers is analyzed using a diagram showing how a minimum wage can increase employment levels and wages by counteracting monopsony power.
Fiscal policy involves the use of government spending, taxation, and borrowing to influence aggregate demand, output, and employment. It can also be used to alter income distribution and address market failures. Changes to fiscal policy impact both aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Key tools of fiscal policy include public spending on areas like infrastructure and welfare, as well as taxes which can be direct or indirect, progressive, proportional, or regressive. Fiscal policy aims to stabilize the economic cycle and promote competitiveness, and the appropriate use of budget deficits can support aggregate demand. However, high public debt levels may increase borrowing costs and future taxes.
EdExcel Economics Unit 3 Micro - 16 Mark Data Questiontutor2u
This presentation looks at a sample unit 3 question
KAA 8 marks
Evaluation 8 marks
3 KAA points – define, apply, explain (use diagram)
3 Evaluation points – apply, explain to support
Question normally says ”assess” – but it will always require you to use evaluation + a suitable analysis diagram
Some questions will require specific use of game theory as part of the answer
AS Macro Revision: Macro Objectives and Conflictstutor2u
This document discusses possible conflicts that can arise between different macroeconomic objectives:
1. It is rare for a country to achieve full employment, price stability, economic growth, and a balanced external account simultaneously, as pursuing one objective can undermine others.
2. For example, policies to reduce unemployment can cause inflationary pressures if they stimulate demand too much when the economy is near capacity.
3. Rapid economic growth risks inflation and worsening the trade balance if domestic demand grows faster than supply.
4. The document examines these trade-offs and provides UK economic data to illustrate instances of conflicting macroeconomic objectives.
This document discusses various topics related to unemployment, including:
- Defining and measuring unemployment using methods like the claimant count and labor force survey.
- Different types of unemployment like frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment.
- Consequences of unemployment for individuals, businesses, and the economy as a whole like lower incomes and GDP.
- Policies to reduce unemployment through demand-side measures like tax cuts and supply-side policies like education and training.
- Recent trends showing falling unemployment in the UK due to sustained growth, investment, labor market flexibility and education spending.
This document discusses various methods of measuring living standards and economic well-being beyond GDP per capita. It notes inaccuracies in population estimates that impact GDP calculations and differences in regional disposable incomes within countries. While GDP per capita is traditionally used, economic well-being is multi-dimensional and alternative indicators like the Happy Planet Index or Genuine Progress Indicator may better capture quality of life. Non-market activities, environmental factors, and income inequality also influence well-being but are not reflected in GDP.
This document discusses oligopolies and game theory. It explains that when there are few dominant firms in a market, they can engage in practices like price fixing to restrict output and fix higher prices. This allows them to recognize their interdependence and act together to maximize joint profits. However, cartel agreements are often unstable as firms have an incentive to cheat and exceed their output quotas for higher individual profits. This prisoners' dilemma framework illustrates why cooperation is difficult even when it benefits all parties. Game theory models are useful for understanding interdependent pricing and other strategic decisions in oligopolistic markets.
1. Aggregate demand is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. It is made up of consumption, investment, government spending, exports minus imports.
2. Changes in aggregate demand are key to understanding economic fluctuations like recessions and recoveries. A rise in aggregate demand leads to economic expansion while a fall causes contraction.
3. Shifts in aggregate demand are caused by changes in factors like fiscal policy, monetary policy, business and consumer confidence, and external economic conditions.
The document discusses economic growth and its key drivers. It defines economic growth as a long-term expansion of a country's productive potential. The main drivers of growth include increasing capital stock, labor supply, productivity, and innovation. However, growth also faces limitations such as infrastructure gaps, export dependency, human capital problems, and rising inequality within countries. Rapid growth can increase a nation's income but also widen inequality, posing challenges for maintaining balanced and sustainable development.
Supply-side policies aim to improve the long-term productive capacity of an economy by focusing on factors like incentives, skills, competition and infrastructure. Recent UK supply-side policies include welfare reforms, tax incentives for R&D and shale gas, and investments in infrastructure and apprenticeships. Higher productivity is key to improving competitiveness and living standards, but the UK has lagged peers in productivity growth in recent years due to underinvestment and other factors.
This document discusses aggregate demand, which is the total planned spending on goods and services in an economy. It has four main components: consumer spending, investment spending, government spending, and net exports. Changes in aggregate demand are caused by factors like monetary policy, fiscal policy, business and consumer confidence, and external economic conditions. A rise in aggregate demand leads to increased output and employment as the economy expands along the aggregate demand curve, while a fall in aggregate demand causes contraction. The document examines how each of the components and various demand-side factors can influence aggregate demand in the UK economy.
1. The economic cycle refers to short-run fluctuations in national output (real GDP) around its long-term trend. It includes periods of boom, slowdown, recession, and recovery.
2. A recession is defined as at least six months of falling output across the economy. It can cause rising unemployment, falling business profits, and declining tax revenues.
3. Estimating the output gap, which is the difference between actual GDP and potential GDP, is difficult but important for understanding inflationary pressures and spare capacity in the economy. A negative output gap indicates unused resources while a positive gap risks inflation.
Unemployment occurs when able and willing workers cannot find jobs despite actively searching. It means scarce resources are not being used to produce goods and services. Persistently high unemployment has damaging economic and social costs. It is measured using terms like the claimant count and labor force survey. Types of unemployment include seasonal, structural, frictional, and cyclical. Policies aim to stimulate labor demand through macroeconomic stimulus and reducing business costs, as well as labor supply through training, mobility, and work incentives. Youth unemployment and long-term unemployment present ongoing challenges.
A2 Macroeconomics - Revision on the Balance of Paymentstutor2u
The balance of payments (BOP) records all financial transactions made between consumers, businesses and the government in one country with other nations.
The current account measures the difference between money and credit going in and out of an economy (through exports, imports and income paid on assets both home and abroad)
AS Macro Revision - The Balance of Paymentstutor2u
This document discusses the balance of payments (BoP) and current account. It provides examples of countries that typically run trade surpluses and deficits. Causes of deficits include weak competitiveness and exchange rate issues. Policies to reduce deficits include demand management, exchange rate adjustments, and supply-side reforms. A currency depreciation can initially worsen the trade deficit due to lags but may eventually improve it if certain conditions are met. The UK often runs a trade deficit due to factors like import dependence and weaknesses exporting to growing markets.
AS Macro Revision Macroeconomic Equilibriumtutor2u
This document discusses macroeconomic equilibrium using aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) analysis. It provides diagrams showing:
1) How macroeconomic equilibrium is established at the point where AD intersects short-run aggregate supply (SRAS).
2) How an increase in AD leads to expansion of output and a higher equilibrium price level, while an increase in AS expands both AD and output.
3) It also shows how a decrease in either AD or AS results in a contraction of output and a lower equilibrium price level.
This document discusses how economic growth is measured and the factors that influence it. It begins by explaining that a country's economic growth is measured by its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total value of goods and services produced in one year. It then outlines the four main factors that determine a country's GDP: natural resources, human capital, capital goods, and entrepreneurship. Each of these factors is then defined and their role in influencing a country's economic growth and standard of living is described.
1. The document discusses the marginal revenue product (MRP) theory of labour demand, which states that firms will demand labour up to the point where the marginal cost of an additional worker equals the marginal revenue product of that worker.
2. It provides examples to illustrate how marginal revenue product is calculated based on marginal physical product and output price. It also discusses how imperfect competition can impact marginal revenue product.
3. The document then discusses factors that can cause shifts in the demand for labour like changes in product demand, productivity, costs of employing workers, and technology. It also discusses the elasticity of labour demand.
EdExcel Economics Unit 3 Micro - 16 Mark Data Questiontutor2u
This is a suggested answer plan to a 16-mark EdExcel Unit 3 data response question on: "To what extent does the threat of competition affect a firm’s behaviour. Use an industry of your choice."
1) Short run aggregate supply (SRAS) shows the relationship between the planned national output and the general price level in the short-term.
2) The SRAS curve slopes upward, meaning higher prices stimulate more production in the short run as output becomes more profitable.
3) Shifts in SRAS are caused by changes in resource costs like wages, materials prices, taxes and supply shocks that affect producers' costs.
Long run aggregate supply is determined by factors that affect an economy's potential output over the long run, including: labor supply and quality, capital investment, productivity advances, and technology improvements. An outward shift in long run aggregate supply represents an increase in potential output and real economic growth. Productivity, especially output per hour worked, is a major driver of potential growth for economies like the UK in the long run.
The document discusses technological progress in economic growth models. It introduces an endogenous growth model where the rate of technological progress is determined within the model rather than assumed constant. It also discusses policies that can promote economic growth, such as increasing the savings rate, allocating investment efficiently among different types of capital, and encouraging innovation. Empirical evidence generally confirms predictions of the Solow growth model.
The document discusses trade policies in developing countries, including import substitution industrialization (ISI). ISI aims to reduce dependence on developed nations by protecting and developing domestic industries to compete with imports. While ISI initially saw some success, problems emerged such as inefficient production scales and governments slow to remove protections. Most developing countries rejected ISI in the 1980s-1990s due to unsustainability and pressure from IMF/World Bank for more open trade policies.
This document discusses contestable markets and provides examples of industries with varying degrees of contestability. It defines a contestable market as one where entry and exit decisions can be made without cost. Key factors that determine contestability include the absence of sunk costs, access to technology, consumer loyalty, and size of entry barriers. Various industries like movies on demand, retail coffee stores, and budget hotels are assessed as having high contestability, while industries like household mail services currently have low contestability but this may be rising. The document also examines pricing strategies in highly contestable markets and discusses concepts like hit-and-run entry and barriers to exit.
Government intervention aims to address market failures, but can lead to government failure through unintended consequences. Government failure occurs when a policy intervention deepens an existing market failure or creates a new one. Some causes of government failure include decisions made due to political self-interest, low value for money from public sector spending, short-term policymaking, regulatory capture, disincentives from specific policies, information failures, and the law of unintended consequences producing unanticipated outcomes. While well-intentioned, government policies do not always achieve their goals and may have damaging effects.
A monopoly is characterized by a single seller that produces a unique product with few substitutes and operates in a market with high barriers to entry. Monopolies may earn long-run profits by producing less output than would exist under perfect competition and charging higher prices. While this leads to deadweight loss, monopolies can persist due to barriers like control of resources, economies of scale, or patents. Governments address monopolies through policies like breaking up firms, reducing trade barriers, price regulation, or natural monopoly regulation.
1. Aggregate demand is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. It is made up of consumption, investment, government spending, exports minus imports.
2. Changes in aggregate demand are key to understanding economic fluctuations like recessions and recoveries. A rise in aggregate demand leads to economic expansion while a fall causes contraction.
3. Shifts in aggregate demand are caused by changes in factors like fiscal policy, monetary policy, business and consumer confidence, and external economic conditions.
The document discusses economic growth and its key drivers. It defines economic growth as a long-term expansion of a country's productive potential. The main drivers of growth include increasing capital stock, labor supply, productivity, and innovation. However, growth also faces limitations such as infrastructure gaps, export dependency, human capital problems, and rising inequality within countries. Rapid growth can increase a nation's income but also widen inequality, posing challenges for maintaining balanced and sustainable development.
Supply-side policies aim to improve the long-term productive capacity of an economy by focusing on factors like incentives, skills, competition and infrastructure. Recent UK supply-side policies include welfare reforms, tax incentives for R&D and shale gas, and investments in infrastructure and apprenticeships. Higher productivity is key to improving competitiveness and living standards, but the UK has lagged peers in productivity growth in recent years due to underinvestment and other factors.
This document discusses aggregate demand, which is the total planned spending on goods and services in an economy. It has four main components: consumer spending, investment spending, government spending, and net exports. Changes in aggregate demand are caused by factors like monetary policy, fiscal policy, business and consumer confidence, and external economic conditions. A rise in aggregate demand leads to increased output and employment as the economy expands along the aggregate demand curve, while a fall in aggregate demand causes contraction. The document examines how each of the components and various demand-side factors can influence aggregate demand in the UK economy.
1. The economic cycle refers to short-run fluctuations in national output (real GDP) around its long-term trend. It includes periods of boom, slowdown, recession, and recovery.
2. A recession is defined as at least six months of falling output across the economy. It can cause rising unemployment, falling business profits, and declining tax revenues.
3. Estimating the output gap, which is the difference between actual GDP and potential GDP, is difficult but important for understanding inflationary pressures and spare capacity in the economy. A negative output gap indicates unused resources while a positive gap risks inflation.
Unemployment occurs when able and willing workers cannot find jobs despite actively searching. It means scarce resources are not being used to produce goods and services. Persistently high unemployment has damaging economic and social costs. It is measured using terms like the claimant count and labor force survey. Types of unemployment include seasonal, structural, frictional, and cyclical. Policies aim to stimulate labor demand through macroeconomic stimulus and reducing business costs, as well as labor supply through training, mobility, and work incentives. Youth unemployment and long-term unemployment present ongoing challenges.
A2 Macroeconomics - Revision on the Balance of Paymentstutor2u
The balance of payments (BOP) records all financial transactions made between consumers, businesses and the government in one country with other nations.
The current account measures the difference between money and credit going in and out of an economy (through exports, imports and income paid on assets both home and abroad)
AS Macro Revision - The Balance of Paymentstutor2u
This document discusses the balance of payments (BoP) and current account. It provides examples of countries that typically run trade surpluses and deficits. Causes of deficits include weak competitiveness and exchange rate issues. Policies to reduce deficits include demand management, exchange rate adjustments, and supply-side reforms. A currency depreciation can initially worsen the trade deficit due to lags but may eventually improve it if certain conditions are met. The UK often runs a trade deficit due to factors like import dependence and weaknesses exporting to growing markets.
AS Macro Revision Macroeconomic Equilibriumtutor2u
This document discusses macroeconomic equilibrium using aggregate demand (AD) and aggregate supply (AS) analysis. It provides diagrams showing:
1) How macroeconomic equilibrium is established at the point where AD intersects short-run aggregate supply (SRAS).
2) How an increase in AD leads to expansion of output and a higher equilibrium price level, while an increase in AS expands both AD and output.
3) It also shows how a decrease in either AD or AS results in a contraction of output and a lower equilibrium price level.
This document discusses how economic growth is measured and the factors that influence it. It begins by explaining that a country's economic growth is measured by its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total value of goods and services produced in one year. It then outlines the four main factors that determine a country's GDP: natural resources, human capital, capital goods, and entrepreneurship. Each of these factors is then defined and their role in influencing a country's economic growth and standard of living is described.
1. The document discusses the marginal revenue product (MRP) theory of labour demand, which states that firms will demand labour up to the point where the marginal cost of an additional worker equals the marginal revenue product of that worker.
2. It provides examples to illustrate how marginal revenue product is calculated based on marginal physical product and output price. It also discusses how imperfect competition can impact marginal revenue product.
3. The document then discusses factors that can cause shifts in the demand for labour like changes in product demand, productivity, costs of employing workers, and technology. It also discusses the elasticity of labour demand.
EdExcel Economics Unit 3 Micro - 16 Mark Data Questiontutor2u
This is a suggested answer plan to a 16-mark EdExcel Unit 3 data response question on: "To what extent does the threat of competition affect a firm’s behaviour. Use an industry of your choice."
1) Short run aggregate supply (SRAS) shows the relationship between the planned national output and the general price level in the short-term.
2) The SRAS curve slopes upward, meaning higher prices stimulate more production in the short run as output becomes more profitable.
3) Shifts in SRAS are caused by changes in resource costs like wages, materials prices, taxes and supply shocks that affect producers' costs.
Long run aggregate supply is determined by factors that affect an economy's potential output over the long run, including: labor supply and quality, capital investment, productivity advances, and technology improvements. An outward shift in long run aggregate supply represents an increase in potential output and real economic growth. Productivity, especially output per hour worked, is a major driver of potential growth for economies like the UK in the long run.
The document discusses technological progress in economic growth models. It introduces an endogenous growth model where the rate of technological progress is determined within the model rather than assumed constant. It also discusses policies that can promote economic growth, such as increasing the savings rate, allocating investment efficiently among different types of capital, and encouraging innovation. Empirical evidence generally confirms predictions of the Solow growth model.
The document discusses trade policies in developing countries, including import substitution industrialization (ISI). ISI aims to reduce dependence on developed nations by protecting and developing domestic industries to compete with imports. While ISI initially saw some success, problems emerged such as inefficient production scales and governments slow to remove protections. Most developing countries rejected ISI in the 1980s-1990s due to unsustainability and pressure from IMF/World Bank for more open trade policies.
This document discusses contestable markets and provides examples of industries with varying degrees of contestability. It defines a contestable market as one where entry and exit decisions can be made without cost. Key factors that determine contestability include the absence of sunk costs, access to technology, consumer loyalty, and size of entry barriers. Various industries like movies on demand, retail coffee stores, and budget hotels are assessed as having high contestability, while industries like household mail services currently have low contestability but this may be rising. The document also examines pricing strategies in highly contestable markets and discusses concepts like hit-and-run entry and barriers to exit.
Government intervention aims to address market failures, but can lead to government failure through unintended consequences. Government failure occurs when a policy intervention deepens an existing market failure or creates a new one. Some causes of government failure include decisions made due to political self-interest, low value for money from public sector spending, short-term policymaking, regulatory capture, disincentives from specific policies, information failures, and the law of unintended consequences producing unanticipated outcomes. While well-intentioned, government policies do not always achieve their goals and may have damaging effects.
A monopoly is characterized by a single seller that produces a unique product with few substitutes and operates in a market with high barriers to entry. Monopolies may earn long-run profits by producing less output than would exist under perfect competition and charging higher prices. While this leads to deadweight loss, monopolies can persist due to barriers like control of resources, economies of scale, or patents. Governments address monopolies through policies like breaking up firms, reducing trade barriers, price regulation, or natural monopoly regulation.
This document discusses market power and factors that lead to monopoly power. It provides examples of competitive markets and benefits of competition, such as lower prices and innovation. However, some markets fail to be competitive. The document then examines costs of monopoly power, such as higher prices and inefficiency. It also analyzes how firms with market power can extract consumer surplus. Finally, it discusses potential benefits of monopoly power and ways governments regulate monopolies.
This presentation by Jonathan Baker, Research Professor of Law, American University, Washington College of Law, was made during the discussion “Market Concentration” held at the 129th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 7 June 2018. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/2gw.
This document provides an overview of dominant position and abuse of dominance under EU competition law. It defines dominance as substantial market power over a period of time. Market shares above 30-50% are generally considered dominant but entry conditions also factor in. Abuses can be exclusionary, aimed at foreclosing rivals, or exploitative of customers. Specific abuses discussed include excessive pricing, loyalty rebates, tying and bundling, margin squeezes, and predatory pricing. The legal tests for these abuses generally examine whether conduct would exclude an equally efficient competitor or harm competition.
These slides by the OECD Competition Division introduce the OECD background note presented during the discussion on "Price discrimination" held during the 126th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 30 November 2016. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at www.oecd.org/daf/competition/price-discrimination.htm
Presentation why is monopoly not popular in the current business environment(1)Make My Assignments
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The document discusses how the internet influences industry structure and competitive advantage according to Michael Porter's theories. It outlines three "waves" of information technology from the 1960s to present. Porter argues that strategy is still important in the digital age. The document then summarizes Porter's five forces model and how each force (threat of new entrants, substitute products, bargaining powers of buyers and suppliers, competitive rivalry) can be positively or negatively impacted by the internet. Specifically, the internet can intensify competition but also create new opportunities to gain advantage through lower costs or differentiated products.
The document discusses competition law and policy in India. It defines competition and outlines the benefits of competition for companies, consumers, and the government. However, it notes that these benefits are lost without fair competition or if a monopoly exists. It then discusses key aspects of competition law and policy in India such as the objectives to promote economic efficiency and protect consumers, types of anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominance, the role and powers of the Competition Commission of India, and penalties for anti-competitive behavior.
Competition Policy content slideshow. Designed for the Economic A level qualification. Can be used in revision and in class.
Subtopics
Intro to Competition Policy
The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA)
Evaluation of Competition Policy
The document discusses competition law and policy in India, noting that competition law aims to promote economic efficiency and consumer welfare by preventing anti-competitive practices like cartels and abuse of dominance, and regulating mergers and acquisitions. It also explains how various government policies around sectors like trade, industry and economic regulation should be reformed to promote more competition. The Competition Commission of India is established as the primary regulator to enforce competition law and investigate anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance, and mergers and acquisitions.
The document discusses different types of government regulations including social regulation, economic regulation, and antitrust regulations. It then provides examples of how governments regulate natural monopolies and industries through setting prices, limiting entry of new firms, and establishing regulatory agencies like the Federal Trade Commission. The document also covers the origins and key components of antitrust policy in the United States including the Sherman Act, Clayton Act, and landmark antitrust cases.
The Economics of Regulation - Mergers and Vertical Restraints (2023).pptxLuke Wainscoat
The document discusses how economics can be used to assess the competitive effects of mergers. It outlines several theories of harm for both horizontal and vertical mergers, including coordinated effects if a merger makes collusion easier, and unilateral effects if a merger allows firms to profitably raise prices by reducing competition. It discusses how market concentration, barriers to entry, diversion ratios between firms, and upward pricing pressure (UPP) tests using measures like the gross upward pricing pressure index (GUPPI) can help evaluate whether a merger would have anticompetitive effects. The document provides a hypothetical example merger calculation using GUPPI and discusses how UPP tests were applied to analyze a proposed supermarket merger in the UK between Asda and Sainsbur
Market Abusive Practices in the Electricity SectorBert Willems
Presentation by Bert Willems on 24 January 2020 @ the Florence School of Regulation: (1) When are bids excessive (2) Can excessive bids be fair (3) Are excessive bids harmful (4) Should we enforce
The economics of regualtion: mergers and vertical restraintsLuke Wainscoat
This document discusses how economics can help assess the competitive effects of mergers. It outlines how economists examine whether a merger could substantially lessen competition in a market. Key factors discussed include market definition, theories of harm such as coordinated or unilateral effects, barriers to entry, diversion ratios between firms, and tools like the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and upward pricing pressure tests. It provides an example analysis of a proposed supermarket merger in the UK that was blocked.
1a kno how on mkt structure conduct & performancepjvicary
This document provides an introduction to market structure and the different types of market structures. It discusses how the number and size of firms in a market can affect competition and pricing decisions. The main types of market structures discussed are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly, ranging from high competition to high market power. The document also examines how market structure can influence the conduct and performance of firms in terms of pricing, output, innovation, and efficiency.
These slides by the OECD Competition Division summarise the OECD discussion on "Big Data: Bringing competition policy to the digital era" held during the 126th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 29 November 2016. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at www.oecd.org/daf/competition/big-data-bringing-competition-policy-to-the-digital-era.htm
Competition is an economic process of interaction, interconnection and struggle between the enterprises acting on the market in order to provide better sales opportunities for their products, meet the needs of customers and obtain the greatest profit.
Market structure identifies how a market is composed in terms of the number of firms, nature of products, degree of monopoly power, and barriers to entry. Markets range from perfect competition to pure monopoly based on imperfections. The level of competition affects consumer benefits and firm behavior. While models simplify reality, they provide benchmarks to analyze real world situations, where regulation may influence firm actions.
Similar to EdExcel Economics Unit 3 Micro - 16 Mark Question (20)
The document outlines ways to challenge and enrich ambitious economics students. It recommends encouraging students to think counter-intuitively, write in more depth, and explore the work of interesting economists. Suggested activities include student reading groups, an online magazine, investor challenges, economics societies, entrepreneurship competitions, external essay competitions, and external enrichment lectures and summer schools. The goal is for students to be ambitious, questioning, develop context awareness, and build a portfolio of economics and finance experiences.
In this revision presentation we look at recent trends in UK trade union membership, consider how trade unions can affect both pay and employment and challenge the textbook view that union-negotiated pay increases inevitably have negative consequences for employment.
In this revision presentation we cover key examples of pure and quasi public goods and consider the arguments for and against an increase in government spending on public goods.
Poverty Reduction Policies in Low Income Countriestutor2u
This revision presentation covers some of the main causes of continued high levels of extreme poverty in low and middle income countries and considers a range of pro-poor government interventions designed to increase productivity and regular employment and waged income in formal labour markets.
You don’t need to produce a lot of evidence in your macroeconomics exams but knowing some basic and key facts and figures can make your answers stand out from the crowd! Here is a quickfire journey through twenty important economic numbers that won’t change before the exam – use them to support your answer and impress the examiner!
Quantitative easing (QE) involves central banks creating new money to buy financial assets, lowering interest rates and increasing the money supply. The Bank of England has purchased £445 billion in assets through QE as of 2019.
Advantages of QE include giving central banks an additional monetary policy tool beyond interest rates, helping to prevent deflation, boosting business confidence and exports. Disadvantages include potentially worsening wealth inequality, risking inflation, distorting capital allocation, and reducing pension incomes. The impact of QE on the real economy has uncertain time lags and effectiveness.
This document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of countries joining the eurozone and adopting the euro as their single currency. The key advantages include eliminating currency conversion costs to boost trade, attracting more investment, increasing price transparency for consumers, and providing a more stable currency. However, joining also means losing independent monetary policy tools and interest rates being set by the ECB for the entire bloc rather than individual countries. Sharing a currency also means the risks of economic downturns in trading partners are increased. Recent data on unemployment, inflation, debt levels, and Germany's economic slowdown are also presented.
Supply-side policies aim to increase potential economic growth through microeconomic reforms that improve market efficiency. Examples discussed include privatizing industries like Royal Mail; reducing business regulations; lowering taxes on individuals and corporations; welfare reforms to incentivize work; education reforms; increasing wages; changing migration policies; investing in infrastructure for transport, energy, and housing; and establishing regional enterprise zones with tax breaks.
Microeconomics - Great Applied Examples for Examstutor2u
In this presentation, I have chosen loads of current examples that you might want to use as context in your microeconomics exams. We look at examples from different market structures, recent mergers and takeovers, the world's most valuable companies, the largest employer, unicorn business, de-mergers, the biggest initial public offerings (IPOs) and much else. Hopefully a useful video to go through to add some super examples into your revision notes.
This revision presentation considers the variety of stakeholders impacted by business activity. How will a change in objectives, such as a move from profit maximisation to revenue maximisation have an effect on different stakeholders?
This revision presentation looks at profit satisficing as an alternative objective for businesses. Why might firms satisfice? What are some of the possible consequences for economic welfare and efficiency?
There are different types and sizes of firms in the UK economy. Types include public limited companies, privately-owned firms, start-ups, state-owned businesses, social enterprises, co-operatives, and partnerships. In terms of size, micro businesses have 0-9 employees, small to medium sized businesses (SMEs) have 10-250 employees, and large businesses employ over 250 people. The document also discusses business births and deaths in the UK economy.
In this short revision video, we look at the substantial productivity gap between the UK and many of the UK’s major competitor countries.
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1. Unit 3 Micro 16 Mark
Questions – Exam Advice
Government Intervention and Competition
2. 16 Mark Unit 3 Data Question
• KAA 8 marks
• Evaluation 8 marks
• 3 KAA points – define, apply, explain (use diagram)
• 3 Evaluation points – apply, explain to support
• Question normally says ”assess” – but it will always
require you to use evaluation + a suitable analysis
diagram
• Some questions will require specific use of game
theory as part of the answer
3. “Assess ways in which government
intervention might promote competition
within markets” (16 marks)
• Define market competition:
• Price and non-price competition between firms in
search of market share, higher revenues and profits
• “Competitive” markets:
• Relatively low concentration ratio
• Insignificant entry and exit barriers (contestable)
• Absence of dominant monopoly power
• Prices set at competitive levels, absence of collusion
• Government intervention can be
• Direct – competition policy, industry regulation
• Indirect – influencing consumer choice, trade policies
4. “Assess ways in which government
intervention might promote competition
within markets” (16 marks)
1. Liberalisation of a market:
• Lowering entry barriers for new businesses
• Break-up of monopolies e.g. ending legal monopoly
• Privatisation of an industry/ competitive tendering
• Reductions in import tariffs and ending import quotas
2. Regulation of monopoly / oligopoly + information policy
• Tough responses to anti-competitive behaviour e.g. price-fixing cartels,
market sharing agreements
• Potential to block monopolistic mergers/takeovers
• Price capping to control monopoly profits
• Improve the flow of information to consumers (reduce confusion)
3. Subsidies and taxation
• Financial support to encourage small businesses
• Subsidies to encourage new entrants e.g. in renewable energy
• Tax relief on research/patents to encourage creative destruction
5. “Assess ways in which government
intervention might promote competition
within markets” (16 marks)
Deregulation of an industry Open up monopoly networks
Tough rules on predatory pricing Policies on international trade
6. “Assess ways in which government
intervention might promote competition
within markets” (16 marks)
1. Limits to effectiveness of intervention
• Some industries are more competitive than others
• Natural monopoly argument – high minimum efficient scale
• Consumer resistance – low churn rate e.g. in retail banking
• Privatisation does little to promote competition
• What matters is contestability of markets not ownership
2. Subsidies, taxes and price capping can also create entry
barriers allowing firms to build & exploit market power.
• State aid to keep alive loss-making airlines
• Price caps might mean higher-cost new entrants make a loss and
might be forced to leave the industry – causing less competition
3. Government might be best to allow market forces to
promote competition – many monopolies do not survive
8. “Assess ways in which government
intervention might promote competition
within markets” (16 marks)
• Government can be a market-maker
1. Competitive tendering
2. Pollution trading
• Competitive requires active consumers who are
prepared to switch their demand
• Government might be better suited to “protecting”
competition e.g. via competition policy rather than
promoting it e.g. via privatization
• Policies that promote trade, innovation and small
businesses are likely to be most effective in long run
• Technologies reducing entry barriers in many sectors
9. Unit 3 Micro 16 Mark
Questions – Exam Advice
Government Intervention and Competition