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Ecosystemjitendra 2
An ecosystem is defined as a community of living organisms interacting with each other and their non-living environment. It consists of biotic components like producers, consumers, and decomposers and abiotic components like sunlight, water, and soil. Energy flows through an ecosystem via food chains that are interconnected in a food web. As energy moves up the trophic levels from producers to primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, the available energy decreases and is depicted in ecological pyramids. There are various types of ecosystems including terrestrial, aquatic, lentic, lotic, and artificial ecosystems created by humans.
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Ecosystemjitendra 2
- 1. ECOSYSTEM Jitendra Kumar Jr. M.F.Sc.(Fisheries Resource Management) College of Fisheries, Mangalore jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 2. Some Definitions • Ecosystem:Defined area in which a community lives with interactions taking place among the organisms between the community and its non-living physical environment. • An ecosystem is formed by the interactions between all living and non-living things • Ecosystem is the basic functional unit of ecology in which include both living and non-living things jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 3. This term wasintroduced by Ernst Haeckl in 1869. The word ecosystem was coined by Tansley, A.G. (1935). jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 4. What is anecosystem? Eco= Environment System = Regularly interacting and interdependent components forming a unified whole Ecosystem = an ecological system; = a community and its physical environment treated together as a functional system Page 4 jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 5. Components of anEcosystem ABIOTIC COMPONENTS Sunlight Temperature Precipitation Water or moisture Soil or water chemistry etc. BIOTIC COMPONENTS Primary producers Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Detritivores etc. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 6. STRUCTURE OF ANECOSYSTEM jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 7. TYPES OF ANECOSYSTEM • Natural – Terrestrial ecosystem – Aquatic ecosystem • Lentic, the ecosystem of a lake, pond or swamp. • Lotic, the ecosystem of a river, stream or spring. • Artificial, ecosystems created by humans. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 8. Terrestrial ecosystem A terrestrialecosystem is an ecosystem found only on a landform. Four primary terrestrial ecosystems exist: tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, and grassland. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 9. Aquatic Ecosystem • Thetwo main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems. • Marine ecosystems cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface and contain approximately 97% of the planet's water. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
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- 11. • Freshwater ecosystemscover 0.80% of the Earth's surface and inhabit 0.009% of its total water. They generate nearly 3% of its net primary production. • Lentic: slow-moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes. • Lotic: rapidly-moving water, for example streams and rivers. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
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- 15. Trophic level: Allthe organisms that are the same number of food-chain steps from the primary source of energy jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 16. • The trophiclevel interaction involves three concepts namely • Food Chain • Food Web • Ecological Pyramids jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 17. Food Chains • Theproducers, consumers, and decomposers of each ecosystem make up a food chain. • There are many food chains in an ecosystem. • Food chains show where energy is transferred and not who eats whom. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 18. Types of FoodChain • Grazing Food Chain • Detritus Food Chain jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 19. Example of aFood Chain jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 20. Food Webs • Allthe food chains in an area make up the food web of the area. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 21. Food web ofa hot spring jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 22. Food web ofthe harp seal. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 23. Trophic Levels Foundon an Energy Pyramid • The greatest amount of energy is found at the base of the pyramid. • The least amount of energy is found at top of the pyramid. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 24. Summary • Ecosystems aremade up of abiotic (non-living, environmental) and biotic components, and these basic components are important to nearly all types of ecosystems. • Energy is continually input into an ecosystem in the form of light energy, and some energy is lost with each transfer to a higher trophic level. • Energy is moved through an ecosystem via a food web, which is made up of interlocking food chains. jitenderanduat@gmail.com
- 25. References • Odum, E.P.(1971),Fundamental of Ecology, Principles and concept pertaining to the ecosystem. pp 8-33. • Odum, E.P.(1983), Basic ecology, The ecosystem, pp 1382. • Shrivastava, C.B.L. (1999), A Text Book of Fisheries Science and Inland Fisheries, Ecology of Aquatic Ecosystem, pp 160-206. • Jhingran, V.G. (1991), Fish and Fisheries of India, Fish culture in fresh water pond, Ecology, pp 273-328 • http://www.scribd.com/doc/14179924/13-Structureand-Function-of-Ecosystem • http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/c urrent/lectures/kling/ecosystem/ecosystem.html • www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem jitenderanduat@gmail.com
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