Resistance movements and constructive alternatives to current model of 'development' and to the structures of inequality and unsustainability are providing answers to how human needs and aspirations can be met without trashing the earth and leaving half of humanity behind. A presentation on radical alternatives, at POLLEN (Political Ecology Network) conference in Oslo, on 21.6.2018.
Presenting a published paper:
"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review
approach"
The (standard) Boolean model of information retrieval (BIR) is a classical information retrieval (IR) model and, at the same time, the first and most-adopted one. ... The BIR is based on Boolean logic and classical set theory in that both the documents to be searched and the user's query are conceived as sets of terms.
Presenting a published paper:
"Systematic review or scoping review? Guidance for authors when choosing between a systematic or scoping review
approach"
The (standard) Boolean model of information retrieval (BIR) is a classical information retrieval (IR) model and, at the same time, the first and most-adopted one. ... The BIR is based on Boolean logic and classical set theory in that both the documents to be searched and the user's query are conceived as sets of terms.
Scientific research articles provide a method for scientists to communicate with other scientists about the results of their research.
The true value of any research is only realised when the results are subject to peer review and then published in journals.
A survey of heterogeneous information network analysisSOYEON KIM
A Survey of Heterogeneous Information Network Analysis
Chuan Shi, Member, IEEE,
Yitong Li, Jiawei Zhang, Yizhou Sun, Member, IEEE,
and Philip S. Yu, Fellow, IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, 2015
On alternatives to 'development' through radical democracy, economic sovereignty, social justice, cultural diversity and ecological wisdom; focus on India but examples from around world. "Earth Talk" at Schumacher College, UK, 26.1.2018. Updated version of slideshows earlier uploaded here.
Flower of transformation: Radical Ecological Democracy Towards Justice & Sust...Ashish Kothari
Many pathways out of the multiple crises of ecological collapse, climate, inequality, injustice and conflict are being demonstrated on the ground. What frameworks of radical transformation emerge from these? Presentation to Misereor, Oct 2022.pptx
Scientific research articles provide a method for scientists to communicate with other scientists about the results of their research.
The true value of any research is only realised when the results are subject to peer review and then published in journals.
A survey of heterogeneous information network analysisSOYEON KIM
A Survey of Heterogeneous Information Network Analysis
Chuan Shi, Member, IEEE,
Yitong Li, Jiawei Zhang, Yizhou Sun, Member, IEEE,
and Philip S. Yu, Fellow, IEEE
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE AND DATA ENGINEERING, 2015
On alternatives to 'development' through radical democracy, economic sovereignty, social justice, cultural diversity and ecological wisdom; focus on India but examples from around world. "Earth Talk" at Schumacher College, UK, 26.1.2018. Updated version of slideshows earlier uploaded here.
Flower of transformation: Radical Ecological Democracy Towards Justice & Sust...Ashish Kothari
Many pathways out of the multiple crises of ecological collapse, climate, inequality, injustice and conflict are being demonstrated on the ground. What frameworks of radical transformation emerge from these? Presentation to Misereor, Oct 2022.pptx
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy - Pluriversal Pathways out of Global ...Ashish Kothari
Fully updated (late 2023) presentation on radical alternatives to currently dominant systems of capitalism, statism, patriarchy, racism and anthropocentrism that have brought the earth to the brink of collapse. Delivered at Centre de Sciences Humaines, Delhi, 4.9.2023
Eco-swaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy towards Equity & Sustainability Ashish Kothari
Latest version of presentation on what's wrong with 'development', what the radical alternatives are on the ground and conceptually, and what processes can take these further. Delivered at NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad, early March 2020.
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy towards Justice and Sustainability Ashish Kothari
Confronting global crises of inequality, unsustainability, confilct, and alienation, in the midst of COVID19, requires listening to voices of movements across world ... including those led by women and with a feminist orientation. Both resistance and construction of alternatives are being demonstrated, and lessons from them point to the need for ecoswaraj, a radical ecological democracy based on radical politics, economic democracy, social justice, cultural diversity, and ecological resilience.
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy towards Asia-Pacific TransformationsAshish Kothari
Recorded (with audio) presentation on radical transformations towards justice, equity, sustainability, livelihood security, and direct democracy. Specifically relevant to Asia-Pacific region but also globally. Keynote presentation at workshop on 'Commons, Post-Development and Degrowth in Asia', organised by Research Institute of Humanity and Nature and International Association for the Study of the Commons, 20.7.2020.
On holistic, systemic transformation towards justice and sustainability, a vision arising from India's Vikalp Sangam (Alternatives Confluence) process; presentation for 3-day youth worker's workshop on Pluriverse: An Immersion into Plural Worlds, 19-21 March 2021
Ecoswaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy, Alternatives to Unsustainability and...Ashish Kothari
Presented at the 5th International Degrowth Conference, Budapest, 2 Sept 2016; journey through alternative initiatives in political, economic, social, cultural fields, towards ecoswaraj or a radical ecological democracy. Several new slides compared to earlier related publications.
India's development crisis has engendered a search for radical alternatives, and for visioning and dreaming of futures that are just, equitable, sustainable. This presentation gives a context to a new book on India's future, titled Alternative Futures: India Unshackled. It was presented at a book release in Barcelona, in April 2018.
Eco-swaraj: Can environment and human well-being go together? Ashish Kothari
Examples from around India and other parts of world, of grounded initiatives in justice, equity, sustainability, and resistance to forces of destruction and inequality. Presentation for Youth Alliance, Ahmedabad, 24.12.2022. (Similar to several earlier ones, but updated)
Ecoswaraj: Towards a Green, Blue, Red Recovery for India Ashish Kothari
Presentation made to youth on webinar organised by Extinction Rebellion India, on the ecological, political, social, cultural, and economic elements of transformation necessary to get India (and the world) out of crisis and towards justice, equity and sustainability.
Indigenous knowledge systems: Relevance for Just, Sustainable, Equitable World Ashish Kothari
How are indigenous knowledge systems (worldviews, concepts, practices) relevant to today's global crises? what traditions continue, or are being revived, that provide answers to issues of ecological destruction, inequity and inequality, injustice, hunger, poverty? What challenges do they face? How can they be disembodied from traditional oppressions of gender, caste, etc? Online presentation to Centre for Heritage Management, Ahmedabad University, India, 12.7.2020.
Development and Environment: Towards a Sustainable and Equitable World Ashish Kothari
As multiple crises hit the world and India, we have to interrogate 'development' fundamentally, pointing to its inherent violence. And in the search for alternatives that are more equitable and sustainable, we have to learn from 'ordinary' people working wonders on the ground, and showing possibilities of macro-change towards a Radical Ecological Democracy or Prakritik Swaraj. Presentation on Youth for Swaraj movement in India, on World Environment Day, 5.6.2020
Better Governed Landscapes for Sustainable and Equitable Well-being Ashish Kothari
Can a diversity of governance forms, with a focus on indigenous peoples' and local community empowerment and decision-making, lead to enhanced conservation and human well-being across landscapes? Lead presentation for a session on 'Better Governed Landscape as Models for Sustainable and Equitable Well-being' at the World Parks Congress, Sydney, 17 November 2014.
Gandhi Lives: Perspectives on Swaraj, Satyagraha and Self-relianceAshish Kothari
In the context of multiple global crises, Mahatma Gandhi is ever-more relevant. His ideas and practice of satyagraha (speaking truth to power) and swaraj (self-rule, autonomy, self-reliance, community sovereignty) are especially important to deal with ecological, livelihood and inequality catastrophes. Grounded initiatives in India and elsewhere demonstrate such approaches are feasible. A framework of radical transformation emerges from them, that needs urgent attention. Presentation to Dept of Social Work, Delhi University, 30.9.2020.
Gandhi Lives! Perspectives on Satyagraha, Swaraj & Self-reliance Ashish Kothari
Mahatma Gandhi's ideas, ideals, and life are as relevant today as ever, to deal with the horrific inequalities, ecological devastation, and injustice across the world. Satyagraha can help us speak truth to power, swaraj to reclaim power inherent in each of us, and self-reliance to rid ourselves of debilitating dependence on govts and corporations. A presentation to Dept of Social Work, Delhi University, 30.9.2020
Environment, Human Rights and Alternatives to Development Ashish Kothari
Presentation to faculty of Ladakh University, Leh campus, 29.3.2022. The clash between mainstream 'development' and environment/livelihoods/culture, and radical alternative practices and worldview that promote equality, justice, and sustainability. Special focus on Ladakh's situation.
Eco-swaraj: Towards a Global Rainbow Recovery Ashish Kothari
The world needs a Rainbow Recovery from the multiple global crises we face, including COVID induced health & economic distress, climate, biodiversity loss, inequality, and alienation. Thousands of initiatives around the world show that this is possible, based on radical democracy, community economic sovereignty and localisation, social justice struggles, cultural and knowledge commons, and re-establishing our relationship within and within nature, all of this based on ethical / spiritual values like solidarity, dignity, equality, rights, and non-violence. Presentation made in Sept 2020 to university students in Singapore, Arab Youth climate forum, and others.
Can 'degrowth' approaches arising in Europe be complementary with well-being approaches from other parts of the world, particularly Eco-Swaraj or Radical Ecological Democracy from India?
Sustainable Consumption and Radical Ecological DemocracyAshish Kothari
One of the drivers of ecological unsustainability and socio-economic inequity in the world is consumerism, particularly the consumption patterns of the rich everywhere. How can this phenomenon, sometimes deep-rooted and constantly reinforced by corporations, be tackled? What would be the overall transformations needed in society to make this happen?
Similar to Eco-Swaraj: Radical Ecological Democracy, Alternatives to Inequity and Unsustainability (20)
In the midst of deep ecological and human crises, endangering life on earth, there are multiple responses trying to re-establish peace and harmony with the rest of nature. But this also requires fundamental transformations in economic, political, and socio-cultural paradigms, away from statist, capitalist, patriarchal, racist and anthropocentric approaches to more earth-centred, equitable, just ones. The 'rights of nature' movement is one element of this, but also needs to go beyond a narrow legalistic approach to the wider worldviews of being part of and mutually interdependent with nature. Presentation by Shrishtee Bajpai and I to Tata Institute of Social Sciences, 2 April 2022.
Birds are all around us, weather in forests, cities, wetlands, grasslands, or just looking out of our home window. On only 4% of the world's surface, India has 14% of its bird diversity. They have also been part of India's culture and history, play a crucial role in the economy, and are important in many other ways. Many species are threatened, but there are also community, civil society and government conservation attempts to try to stem the decline. How can you get into birding, and what can you do to contribute to their conservation? (Presentation made for Amar Ujala news agency, in Hindi, 5.12.2021).
Birds are all around us, weather in forests, cities, wetlands, grasslands, or just looking out of our home window. On only 4% of the world's surface, India has 14% of its bird diversity. They have also been part of India's culture and history, play a crucial role in the economy, and are important in many other ways. Many species are threatened, but there are also community, civil society and government conservation attempts to try to stem the decline. How can you get into birding, and what can you do to contribute to their conservation? (English version of presentation made for Amar Ujala news agency, in Hindi).
Sandhani: Transformation Amongst Weavers in Kachchh, India and Lessons for Cr...Ashish Kothari
Handloom revival in Kachchh, western India, has enhanced economic livelihoods, and transformation in gender, generational and caste relations, encouraging youth to return to it. But it has also increased internal inequality in the weaver community, and created mixed ecological impacts. Using the Alternatives Transformation Format, these multi-dimensional impacts were studies in 2017-19. A presentation for workshop on Craft Sustainability, by All India Artisans and Craftworkers Welfare Association (AIACA), 18.9.2020.
Food, Ecology, and Justice in Times of COVID-19Ashish Kothari
Initiatives for food sovereignty combined with social justice and ecological sustainability provide pathways out of the COVID-19 and other global crises, including climate, biodiversity, and inequality. Focused on India, but with global lessons.
Food sovereignty, social justice, and ecological sustainabilityAshish Kothari
The current model of development has meant ecological and social devastation across the globe, undermining security of basic needs like food for hundreds of millions of people. But there are alternatives, based on food sovereignty approaches, combining radical political and economic democracy, biodiversity, and worldviews that respect nature and people. Examples from India and elsewhere illustrate a framework for justice and sustainability, a Radical Ecological Democracy that is an alternative to development.
Gandhi Lives (presentation for Intach, Chennai, India, 22.10.2019Ashish Kothari
Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi was killed in 1948, and continues to be murdered in many ways by today's powerful. But he also lives, in ideas, inspiration, and practice in the struggles and innovative alternatives created by thousands of movements and individuals across the world. Satyagraha, Swaraj, Sarvodaya, and Swadeshi, all based on ahimsa (non-violence) are as relevant today as ever ... if not more! Presentation organised by INTACH, Chennai, at MEASI Academy of Architecture, 22.10.2019.
Thinking out of Conservation & Development Boxes in India Ashish Kothari
Conventional conservation of biodiversity/wildlife, and models of development, have been inequitous, unjust, and unsustainable. But there are viable alternatives that put communities at the centre, that promote justice and equality between humans and nature and amongst humans, and that present radical alternatives to capitalism, statism, patriarchy, and casteism. Conservationists need to heed and support these.
Multidimensional transformation amongst weavers in Kachchh, IndiaAshish Kothari
In the midst of a rapid decline of traditional craft-based livelihoods across India, handloom weaving in Kachchh, western India, has seen a revival. The resulting economic prosperity has also positively impacted other aspects of the lives of Vankars (weavers), including reducing caste and gender inequities, increasing role of youth, and slowing down distress migration. But it has also resulted in increased economic inequalities, and greater ecological footprint. This study brings out the multiple dimensions of transformation using a new tool of participatory assessment.
A tool for the participatory assessment of the transformation towards a more just, sustainable, equitable world; helps to understand and assess if the change is taking place in political, economic, social, cultural and ecological fronts. Presentation made at Florida University, April 2018.
Critiquing 'development' in India, its violence on nature, communities and culture, especially in post-1990s globalisation era; with a bit of environmental history. Presentation for Schumacher College, January 2018.
Indigenous Peoples & Community Conserved Areas (ICCAs)Ashish Kothari
Natural habitats and landscapes or seascapes that are governed and managed by indigenous peoples and local communities cover a considerable part of the earth, and contribute significantly to conservation, livelihoods, and human security. They could contribute much more if appropriately recognised and supported. Somewhat updated version of an earlier presentation.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
2. Today’s menu …
• Unappetiser: violence of development / growth
• Appetiser: alternatives at the grassroots
• Main dish: frameworks of transformation
• Coffee: some key questions to ponder over
• Dessert: confluences
3. Dominant vision of ‘development’
Violence against nature, communities, and
cultures … growth as cancer
4. Violence against each of us: our identity, our health, our well-being!
Livelihoods to Deadlihoods
Illustrator unknown
6. Shrinking
democracy
Dilutions in public participation spaces in laws
and policies (e.g. approval of development
projects)
Weakening local consent provisions (land
acquisition, forest diversion)
Attack on dissenting civil society: ‘anti-
development’, ‘anti-national’, ‘terrorist’
8. Alternatives to what?
Structural roots of unsustainability & inequity
Concentration of power
Capitalism
State-dominated regimes
Patriarchy
Caste / race / ethnicity
….
9. False, partial, or ‘post-truth’ solutions:
Technofixes, market mechanisms, green growth,
REDD/REDD+, CDM, geoengineering …
‘sustainable development’
12. Assertion of self-
determination & ancient
ways of life, recognition of
the unrecognised
Dongria Kondh
indigenous people vs.
Vedanta corporation &
Indian state
13. India: alternative initiatives for well-being
Water
Crafts
Shelter
Food
Energy
Governance
Livelihoods
Conservation
Village
revitalisation
Urban sustainability
Learning
Health
Producer
companies
Inclusion
Sexuality
Gender
14. Alternatives across the world
Commons
Solidarity
economy
Degrowth
Buen vivir / sumaq kawsay /
kametsu asaike
Ubuntu / ukama / unhu
Ecofeminism
Agroecology /
permaculture Biocivilisation
Ecosocialism
Zapatista
Kurdish Rojava
Kyosei
Country
Transition
Nayakrishi
Agaciro
GNH Agdal
15. •Reviving traditional agr diversity, community grain banks
•Empowering women/dalit farmers, securing land rights
•Creating consumer-producer links (Zaheerabad org. food restaurant)
•Producer company / cooperative
•Linking to Public Distribution System
•Community media (films, radio)
Deccan Development Society
(Andhra Pradesh)
17. Self-rule & decentralised governance:
Mendha-Lekha (Maharashtra)
All decisions by
consensus in gram
sabha (village
assembly)
“Our government in Mumbai and Delhi,
we are the government in our village”
2013: all private
farmland converted
to village commons
19. Right to a Sustainable City
‘’Homes in the City’, Bhuj (Kachchh, Gujarat)
•self-reliance in water (India’s lowest rainfall)
•solid waste management and sanitation
•re-commoning of spaces
•livelihoods for the poor
•self-built, dignified housing for poor
(Hunnarshala, Sahjeevan, Kutch Mahila Vikas
Sangathan, ACT, Setu)
20. Political transformations, elsewhere ...
• Indigenous peoples’ assemblies
• Zapatista self-governed region: people’s assemblies,
oversight councils, rotating ‘leadership’
• Kurdish Rojava autonomous region
• Latin American experiments: direct and delegated
democracy (e.g. Venezuela’s consejos comunales,
neighbourhood assemblies “we don’t want to be
government, we want to govern”)
• and many more …
21. Economic transformations, elsewhere ...
• Factory take-over and democratic running by workers,
Argentina, Greece …
• Land re-appropriation movement (MST), Brazil
• Commons / solidarity initiatives, cooperatives (e.g.
Barcelona’s Cooperativa Integral)
• Local /social currencies (Helsinki, Bristol, Barcelona, Bekerich, Kenya)
• Cuba’s urban agriculture
• Transition Towns / Movement, Europe
and many more…
27. Ingredient 1. A NEW POLITICS
Direct democracy (local): decentralised and nested decision-
making
Direct democracy (state/national): referendums &
deliberative processes
Delegated/representative democracy, with mechanisms of
accountability (right to recall, public audit, reporting back…)
Ecoregional planning across states and countries … political
units aligned with ecological and cultural ones? Borderless
world?
Conditions: Rights, Capacity, Forums, and Maturity
28. Ingredient 2
A NEW ECONOMICS: Earthshastra
Open localisation: self-sufficiency/sovereignty in basic needs, larger
trade built on this
Production, consumption (prosumption) locally controlled
Re-integrating work & leisure: livelihoods
Re-commoning private & state property
Demonetisation & decentralisation of currencies: Relations of
caring/sharing, local exchange systems
29. Ingredient 3: A JUST SOCIETY
Towards equity amongst
classes
castes (eradication of)
genders
ethnic groups
species
‘able’ities
Towards universal rights-based approaches, infused with
responsibilities … sarvodaya
30. Ingredient 4: CULTURE AND KNOWLEDGE
Respecting inclusive diversity of languages, cuisines,
knowledges
Decolonising the mind, epistemologies, ontologies
Democratic R&D / S&T / knowledge / innovation: in
public domain, participatory, transparent
Media and arts commons
Opportunities for spiritual / ethical growth (without
falling into trap of communal religious institutions)
33. Eco-swaraj:
Radical ecological democracy
(Radical = going to the roots, challenging the conventional)
• achieving human well-being, through:
– empowering all citizens & communities to participate in
decision-making
– ensuring socio-economic equity & justice
– respecting the limits of the earth
Community (at various levels) as basic unit of organisation,
not state or private corporation
The dish...
34. Swaraj
• ‘Self-rule’ / autonomy / freedom
• Individual & community freedom & well-being,
with
• responsibility towards others’* freedom
* Others = other humans, other species, the planet
(IMP: not the only Indian concept … )
35. Worldviews from elsewhere …
• Indigenous peoples’ territorial struggles and notions of
well-being
– buen vivir: sumak kawsay (Andes), suma qamana (Bolivia),
kume mongen (Chile), kamatse asaike (Peru)
– ubuntu (S. Africa), umuntu (Uganda), ukama (Zimbabwe),
eti uwem (W. Africa)
• Degrowth, Commons, Solidarity economy,
Biocivilisation, Ecosocialism, Ecofeminism …
36. • Diversity and pluralism (of ideas, knowledge, ecologies, economies,
ideologies, polities, cultures…)
• Self-reliance for basic needs (swavalamban)
• Self-governance / autonomy (swashasan / swaraj)
• Cooperation, collectivity, solidarity, commons
• Rights with responsibilities of meaningful participation
• Dignity & creativity of labour (shram)
• Qualitative pursuit of happiness
• Equity / justice / inclusion (sarvodaya)
• Simplicity / sufficiency / enoughness (aparigraha)
• Rights of nature / respect for all life forms
• Non-violence, peace, harmony (ahimsa)
• Interconnectedness / reciprocity
• Fun!
And the cooking base and spices?
Values & principles of
transformative alternatives ….
37. Issues for dialogue….
Who will catalyse the transformation: Mass movements? NGOs?
Worker unions? Political parties?
Would there be a state? Its form and role?
What would be the nature of global governance? (Not the UN!)
Would there be a private business sector? Profits, or revenues
channelised back into social purposes?
How to rethink academics / ‘disciplines’, epistemologies?
40. Vikalp Sangams
(regional)
Andhra Pradesh, Oct 2014
Tamil Nadu, Feb 2015
Ladakh: July 2015
Maharashtra, October 2015
Kachchh, July 2016
W. Himalaya, Aug 2016
(thematic)
Energy democracy: March 2016
Food sovereignty : 2016 & 2017
Youth: early 2017
Learning and education: 2017
Arts: 2017?
44. Radical alternative
practices &
worldviews across
world
120 authors, >100
essays
(due out end 2018)
For more: Roundtable on
Alternatives to Development
22nd June, 8.30 am
45. Time for a
Global Alternatives Forum
(Earth Vikalp Sangam)?
Preliminary discussions at
Degrowth (Malmo, Aug) and
Degrowth (Mexico City, Sept)
46. UTOPIA?
Galeano, quoting Fernando Birri:
"Utopia is on the horizon. I move two steps closer; it moves
two steps further away.
I walk another ten steps, and utopia runs ten steps further
away.
As much as I may walk, I never reach it.
So what's the point of utopia? The point is this: it makes us
continually advance.”