Economic research on diversity
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This document summarizes a presentation about economic research on diversity through international migration. It discusses several topics covered in the research, including measuring diversity through indexes, the impact of migration on wages and employment, productivity and innovation, and trade. It notes that research finds diversity has a small but positive impact on wages and employment, and that among firms that hire skilled immigrants, greater diversity of foreign workers enhances product innovation. Meta-analyses show an increase in the number of immigrants increases trade volumes by around 1-2%. The presentation concludes by discussing the relevance of this research for policies in New Zealand.
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The topic that I have chosen is economic policies that enable imm.docx
The topic that I have chosen is “economic policies that enable immigrants to thrive”. Immigrants play an important role in the history of the world. Many of the current nations were formed by the successive waves of immigrants moving in and out of the country. Immigration has helped to form the foundation of nations, win wars, and drive counties to great prosperity. Immigration is currently a hot button issue, wars and falling regimes have led many to leave their countries to seek a better life in western countries. The treatment of these immigrants has been lukewarm at best. Countries should change their attitudes regarding how they deal with immigrants. By instituting the right policies, countries can leverage the skills and hard work of immigrants to propel the country to great heights of prosperity and cultural integration. I feel this topic is a pertinent one in addressing the current immigration crisis.
A lot of ink is spewed everyday on the economic merits or demerits of immigration. For the purposes of this topic, I have chosen two scholarly articles to provide insight and guidance. The first source is immigration economics by authors George and Borjas. The book explores economic themes in relation to economics. It examines the effect that immigrants have on their host country from an economical perspective. The book hopes to shape the discourse on immigration by diluting it to its core economic underpinnings that will enable legislators to clearly understand the issue and make better decisions (Borjas, George, 2014). The second source I will use is economic growth & immigration: bridging the demographic divide, written by the immigration policy center. It explores themes of immigration and the economic growth of a nation. As such, it is very relevant to the topic I have chosen and will provide valuable insight.
Scholarly articles should be used because they present the opinion and finding of authors who are much educated on the topic at hand. They allow successive students and authors on the topic to build upon the findings and advance the topic further. They also enlighten one and provide guidance in writing about the topic.
References
Borjas, George (2014). “Immigration Economics.” Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
“Economic Growth & Immigration: Bridging the Demographic Divide” (2005) Immigration Policy Center, American Immigration Law Foundation.
J Popul Econ (2004) 17:133–155
DOI 10.1007/s00148-003-0143-4
Settlement policies and the economic success
of immigrants
Per-Anders Edin1, Peter Fredriksson1, Olof Åslund2
1 Department of Economics, Uppsala University, and Institute for Labour Market Policy
Evaluation (IFAU), Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden (Fax: þ46-18-4711478;
e-mail: {per-anders.edin; peter.fredriksson}@nek.uu.se)
2 Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU), Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
(Fax: þ46-18-4717071; e-mail: [email protected])
Received: 18 January ...
Rolph van der Hoeven -Employment, basic needs, structural adjustment, human d...
Rolph van der Hoeven -Employment, basic needs, structural adjustment, human d...Institute of Development Studies
The document discusses employment trends over the past 20 years and policies related to employment and development. It notes that employment is a key factor in poverty reduction but that economic crises negatively impact employment conditions. Six major labor market trends are outlined, including declining employment rates and increasing casualization of labor. Both short-term and long-term national employment policies are examined. The document also considers how development aid could be framed to better promote employment creation.Labour Migration Acamdemy - Pre-Training Module
This document defines key terms related to labour migration such as migration, emigration, immigration, and labour migration. It provides statistics on the number of international migrants in 2010 (214 million, half being migrant workers) and discusses trends such as the feminization of migration and top migration routes. Factors driving migration from countries of origin and the impact of migrant workers on labour markets in destination countries are examined. The document also explores remittances, finding they are the 2nd largest source of funding for developing countries, totaling $406 billion in 2012.
geographyalltheway.com - IB Geography - Global Interactions: KOF Index of Glo...
The KOF Index of Globalization is an index published by the Swiss Economic Institute that measures the economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization for over 200 countries annually since 1970. It defines globalization as networks connecting actors across continental distances through flows of people, ideas, goods, and capital. The index scores countries on a scale from 0-100 based on economic, political, and social globalization indicators like trade, capital flows, embassy presence, and cultural exchanges.
Global migration's impact and oppertunity
Global migration generates significant economic benefits, contributing nearly 10% of global GDP, but more effective integration of immigrants could increase those benefits. While 90% of migrants move voluntarily for economic reasons, refugees make up 10% of migrants and half flee to neighboring countries in the Middle East and North Africa. Realizing the full benefits of immigration requires integrating immigrants across education, housing, health, and engagement to narrow the 20-30% wage gap with native-born workers, which could boost the global economy by $800 billion to $1 trillion annually. Effective integration is key as its success or failure can influence generations to come.
Global trends
The document discusses global trends in tourism and their implications. It notes that international tourist arrivals are projected to increase significantly by 2020 and tourism is a major export for many developing countries. Key trends discussed include population growth, aging populations, urbanization, and changing social, economic and environmental factors. Understanding trends is important for identifying opportunities and threats for the tourism industry.
Effect of international trade on economic growth in kenya
This document analyzes the effect of international trade on economic growth in Kenya from 1960 to 2010. It uses a multiple linear regression model to examine the relationship between GDP growth rate and several independent variables including exchange rate, inflation, and final government consumption. The findings show that exchange rate had no significant effect on GDP growth, while inflation had a negative and significant effect. Final government consumption had a positive effect on GDP growth in Kenya. The study recommends policies to promote exports, maintain low inflation, and encourage government expenditure on development projects.
ICSAD kris schneider
This document provides information on a group of social enterprises that conduct various green activities. The enterprises focus on energy efficient manufacturing, waste reduction, productivity audits, solar energy design and implementation, environmental technologies, green building materials, collaboration, training, and more. Contact information is provided for Kris Schneider, a research fellow and executive director of organizations focused on industry, university, and research collaboration in China. Background information and sources are also referenced on topics like future economic growth correlations and labor productivity.
02 - La Stratégie de Spécialisation Intelligente : Vecteur de Croissance des ...
02 - La Stratégie de Spécialisation Intelligente : Vecteur de Croissance des ...Mohamed Larbi BEN YOUNES
This document summarizes a presentation on strategies for smart specialization as a driver of regional growth. It discusses key global trends like the rise of global value chains and increasing innovation-related collaboration. It also covers regional considerations, noting productivity differences across regions and the importance of tradable sectors for growth. The presentation outlines two stylized models of regional economies and emphasizes that smart specialization strategies should facilitate entrepreneurial self-discovery in regions through strategic diversification and knowledge investments in activities rather than sectors.ECON3501CARIBBEAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTUNIT 4 – ECO
ECON3501
CARIBBEAN ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
UNIT 4 – ECONOMIC GROWTH
RESOURCE MATERIALS
Levitt, Kari; Witter, Michael (1996). The Critical Tradition of Caribbean Political
Economy: The Legacy of George Beckford. Kingston. Ian Randle Publishers
Beckford; George (2000) Persistent Poverty; Underdevelopment in the Plantation
Economies of the Third World. UWI Press.
Todaro Michael & Smith Stephen; C. (2011) 11th Ed. Economic Development. Pearson
Education & Addison-Wesley
Bhagwati Jagdish (2004). In Defence of Globalization, Oxford University Press
Blackman; Courtney. (2005). The Practice of Economic Management: Caribbean
Perspective Kingston: Ian Randle Publishers
United Nations- UNDP, Human Development Report. World Bank-World
Development Report
2
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Economic growth has two meanings.
Firstly, and most commonly, growth is defined as an increase in the
output that an economy produces over a period of time based on per
capita. That is, an increase in GDP or GNI per capita.
The second meaning of economic growth is an increase in what an
economy can produce if it is using all its scarce resources.
An increase in an economy’s productive potential can be shown by an
outward shift in the economy’s production possibility frontier (PPF).
3
PER CAPITA STATISTICS
Per Capita is used to refer to a unit or each
person within a population.
A country’s economic growth and comparison
of living standards among countries can be
expressed using GDP per capita or GNI per
capita information.
Per capita GDP or GNP is simply a country’s
GDP or GNP divided by its population.
Using per capita statistics is a better measure
of the well-being for the average person.
Bahamas, The
2019 34,863.70
Puerto Rico
2019 32,873.70
Turks and Caicos Islands
2019 31,353.30
St. Kitts and Nevis
2019 19,935.00
Curacao
2019 19,689.10
Barbados
2019 18,148.20
Trinidad and Tobago
2019 17,398.00
Antigua and Barbuda 2019 17,112.80
Uruguay
2019 16,190.10
Panama
2019 15,731.00
Top 10 countries in the Latin America and Caribbean
region for 2019 based on figures from Worldbank.org
4
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-BS
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-PR
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-TC
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-KN
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-CW
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-BB
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-TT
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-AG
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-UY
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=ZJ-PA
THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER
(PPF)
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f
C
o
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p
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1,000
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微bwp0011】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trends
Using Online job postings and survey data to understand labour market trendsLabour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.Optimizing Net Interest Margin (NIM) in the Financial Sector (With Examples).pdf
NIM is calculated as the difference between interest income earned and interest expenses paid, divided by interest-earning assets.
Importance: NIM serves as a critical measure of a financial institution's profitability and operational efficiency. It reflects how effectively the institution is utilizing its interest-earning assets to generate income while managing interest costs.
Accounting Information Systems (AIS).pptx
An accounting information system (AIS) refers to tools and systems designed for the collection and display of accounting information so accountants and executives can make informed decisions.
快速制作美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书英文原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【美国迈阿密大学牛津分校毕业证文凭证书】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The Impact of Generative AI and 4th Industrial Revolution
This infographic explores the transformative power of Generative AI, a key driver of the 4th Industrial Revolution. Discover how Generative AI is revolutionizing industries, accelerating innovation, and shaping the future of work.
International Sustainability Standards Board
Issb standards
New standard for reporting sustainability on lines of tcfd
University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国UNCC毕业证书制作北卡大学夏洛特分校假文凭定制Q微168899991做UNCC留信网教留服认证海牙认证改UNCC成绩单GPA做UNCC假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请北卡罗莱纳大学夏洛特分校University of North Carolina at Charlotte degree offer diploma Transcript
Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...
Does teamwork really matter? Looking beyond the job posting to understand lab...Labour Market Information Council | Conseil de l’information sur le marché du travail
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.真实可查(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书范本原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
The Rise and Fall of Ponzi Schemes in America.pptx
Ponzi schemes, a notorious form of financial fraud, have plagued America’s investment landscape for decades. Named after Charles Ponzi, who orchestrated one of the most infamous schemes in the early 20th century, these fraudulent operations promise high returns with little or no risk, only to collapse and leave investors with significant losses. This article explores the nature of Ponzi schemes, notable cases in American history, their impact on victims, and measures to prevent falling prey to such scams.
Understanding Ponzi Schemes
A Ponzi scheme is an investment scam where returns are paid to earlier investors using the capital from newer investors, rather than from legitimate profit earned. The scheme relies on a constant influx of new investments to continue paying the promised returns. Eventually, when the flow of new money slows down or stops, the scheme collapses, leaving the majority of investors with substantial financial losses.
Historical Context: Charles Ponzi and His Legacy
Charles Ponzi is the namesake of this deceptive practice. In the 1920s, Ponzi promised investors in Boston a 50% return within 45 days or 100% return in 90 days through arbitrage of international reply coupons. Initially, he paid returns as promised, not from profits, but from the investments of new participants. When his scheme unraveled, it resulted in losses exceeding $20 million (equivalent to about $270 million today).
Notable American Ponzi Schemes
1. Bernie Madoff: Perhaps the most notorious Ponzi scheme in recent history, Bernie Madoff’s fraud involved $65 billion. Madoff, a well-respected figure in the financial industry, promised steady, high returns through a secretive investment strategy. His scheme lasted for decades before collapsing in 2008, devastating thousands of investors, including individuals, charities, and institutional clients.
2. Allen Stanford: Through his company, Stanford Financial Group, Allen Stanford orchestrated a $7 billion Ponzi scheme, luring investors with fraudulent certificates of deposit issued by his offshore bank. Stanford promised high returns and lavish lifestyle benefits to his investors, which ultimately led to a 110-year prison sentence for the financier in 2012.
3. Tom Petters: In a scheme that lasted more than a decade, Tom Petters ran a $3.65 billion Ponzi scheme, using his company, Petters Group Worldwide. He claimed to buy and sell consumer electronics, but in reality, he used new investments to pay off old debts and fund his extravagant lifestyle. Petters was convicted in 2009 and sentenced to 50 years in prison.
4. Eric Dalius and Saivian: Eric Dalius, a prominent figure behind Saivian, a cashback program promising high returns, is under scrutiny for allegedly orchestrating a Ponzi scheme. Saivian enticed investors with promises of up to 20% cash back on everyday purchases. However, investigations suggest that the returns were paid using new investments rather than legitimate profits. The collapse of Saivian l
1比1复刻(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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Economic research on diversity
- 1. Economic research on diversity: international perspectives Jacques Poot Professor of Population Economics Diversity Research Forum Claudelands Event Centre, Hamilton Monday 22 August 2011
- 2. What is the focus of economic research on diversity? (*) = covered in this presentation Measurement of diversity (*) Wages and employment (*) Productivity and innovation (*) Consumption and trade (*) Segregation and segmentation Discrimination Decision-making
- 3. Diversity has many dimensions Research covers: gender, age, ethnicity, birthplace/nationality, disability, sexual orientation, religion This presentation focuses on diversity through international migration only
- 6. “Continent of Birth” diversity of the world’s population (excluding the “host” population)
- 7. Socio-economic impacts of international migration and population diversity There is a need for a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach: Migration Impact Assessment (MIA) MIA is not the same as Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) MIA is also multi-method: using quan, qual and mixed methods, and meta-analysis
- 8. A summary: Longhi et al. (2010) in Environment and Planning C – Government and Policy Wage and employment impacts of immigration on the host population are almost negligibly small Migrants usually ‘complement’ host population work force but are ‘substitutes’ for earlier migrants with similar skills Institutions matter: in the US wage effects are bigger than employment effects; in Europe it is the opposite Migration ‘greases the wheels’ of the labour market Meta-analyses of labour market impacts
- 9. Impact of diversity on productivity and innovation Forbes Insights report August 2011 “Fostering Innovation Through a Diverse Workforce” Method: survey of 321 executives of large global enterprises; some in-depth interviews Conclusions: Diversity is a key driver of innovation and success on a global scale! Competition for ‘talent’ is fierce in today’s global economy There has been a lot of progress on gender and ethnic diversity/inclusion, but less on disability and age
- 10. Diversity and innovation: Research on patent applications European data 2001
- 11. Patent applications per million inhabitants andthe share of foreign residents in 170 NUTS 2 regions in 1991 and 2001 Positive relationship, but not necessarily linear The correlation coefficient increased from 0.33 to 0.48 The patents pattern is less clustered in 2001
- 12. Economists are trying hard to solve the causality problem by new techniques: Finding ‘instrumental variables’ Finding ‘counterfactuals’ Using ‘natural experiments’ Using policy-linked randomization In the case of diversity and innovation research, we found an interesting ‘instrument’ Does correlation imply causation?
- 13. EU12 NUTS2 regions | Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max -------------+-------------------------------------------------------- McDonald’s (number) | 340 26.95882 24.74134 0 189 Per million population | 340 13.49947 7.086818 0 33.6 Other instruments: the presence of a capital city; the area of the region
- 14. Impact of diversity on patent applications in Europe An increase in the diversity index by 0.1 from the regional mean of 0.5 increases patent applications per million inhabitants by about 0.2 percent!
- 15. From macro to micro: Dutch data on innovation This study combines 4 confidential high-quality firm/individual level micro-datasets obtained from Statistics Netherlands. Social Statistics Survey (SSB_Banen - REOS) – 10 million obs. Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3.5), (Survey + Census of firms with >100 empl.) 10 000 obs. Dutch Labour Force Survey (EBB) – 83 000 obs. Dutch Municipality registrations (GBA) – 16 million obs. CIS: is a regular snapshot of infrastructure /inputs /outputs /obstacles of innovation by firms EBB: is a regular screening of labour market and employees on household /ethnicity /country of birth /job situation /education /trade union /commuting 15
- 16. Results from the analysis of Dutch data “Solving” the causality problem with instruments for predicting predict the share of foreign born in the firm in 2002: the number of foreign restaurants per 10 000 municipality population the migrant population stock in 1996 Main conclusion: Employing more migrants does not boost innovation, but, among those firms that hire skilled immigrants, greater diversity of the foreign workers enhances product innovation!
- 18. Estimates around the world
- 19. An increase in the number of immigrants by 10 percent increases the volume of trade by about 1-2 percent. The impact is lower for trade in homogeneous goods. The migrant impact on imports is on average similar to that of exports. The migrant impact appears to be greater for migration between countries of different levels of development. Broad conclusions of the trade meta-analysis
- 20. Relevance of this MIA research for New Zealand MIA suggests generally positive or neutral economic impacts However, old myths die hard! NZ, Australian and Canadian policies are generally seen as better than elsewhere, consequently: (1) are expected to yield even better impacts (2) are become ‘role model’ for policy development
- 21. Hodgson and Poot (2010) New Zealand Research on the Economic Impacts of Immigration 2005–2010 - Synthesis and research agenda. Download from http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/synthesis-research/ Nijkamp, Poot and Sahin (eds.) (2012) Migration Impact Assessment: New Horizons. Edward Elgar. Interested in more details?
Editor's Notes
- This map refers to 2001