This presentation reproduces selected statistics from the OECD publication entitled “Challenges of International Co-operation in Competition Law Enforcement 2014”. Access the full text of the report at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/challenges-international-coop-competition-2014.htm
Economies around the world face headwinds to rapid growth: volatile commodity prices, slowing trade and sluggish productivity growth. What are the critical drivers of competitiveness and productivity in France, Europe and elsewhere? How can we ensure that growth is both robust and socially inclusive? What will be the impact of the latest technologies on lives and livelihoods?
Presentation made by World Economic Forum
This presentation reproduces selected statistics from the OECD publication entitled “Challenges of International Co-operation in Competition Law Enforcement 2014”. Access the full text of the report at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/challenges-international-coop-competition-2014.htm
Economies around the world face headwinds to rapid growth: volatile commodity prices, slowing trade and sluggish productivity growth. What are the critical drivers of competitiveness and productivity in France, Europe and elsewhere? How can we ensure that growth is both robust and socially inclusive? What will be the impact of the latest technologies on lives and livelihoods?
Presentation made by World Economic Forum
"Productivity: Why it matters", by Catherine L. Mann, OECD Chief Economist and G20 Deputy, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity,: Towards an OECD productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
"Towards and OECD productivity network" by Dirk Pilat, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Institutional arrangements to promote productivity_Jackson De Toni_Productivi...Structuralpolicyanalysis
"Institutional arrangements to promote productivity" by Jackson De Toni, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Policy framework and institutional arrangements for productivity_Turkey_Produ...Structuralpolicyanalysis
"Policy framework and institutional arrangements for productivity" by Turkey, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Institutions to promote pro productivity policies logic and lessons_Gary Bank...Structuralpolicyanalysis
"Institutions to promote pro productivity policies logic and lessons" by Gary Banksi, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
The Future of Productivity_Dan Andrews_Chiara Criscuolo_Productivity Summit_6...Structuralpolicyanalysis
"The Future of Productivity" by Dan Andrews and Chiara Criscuolo, Global Dialogue on the Future of Productivity: Towards an OECD Productivity Network, 6-7 July 2015, Mexico.
Productivity Summit_6-7 July 2015_Mexico
Webinar Développez votre E-Commerce avec FacebookEffinity
Facebook s'appuie sur son audience fortement engagée pour lancer de nouvelles solutions publicitaires. Nos principaux annonceurs ne s'y sont pas trompés et les ont adoptées avec succès pour développer leur visibilité, leur génération de leads et leurs ventes.
Alors comment être et rester performant sur ces leviers qui évoluent en permanence ?
Nous partagerons dans cette session notre vision globale, les outils et méthodes que nous avons créés spécifiquement pour Facebook. Bénéficiez de retours d'expérience de nos clients et des conseils de nos experts.
Vous découvrirez comment :
1) Remarketer vos audiences avec les Facebook Dynamic Product Ads
2) Gérer vos audiences - CRM, lookalike...
3) Séduire de nouveaux clients en faisant la promotion de vos contenus avec Facebook Ads
This is a revision presentation on international competitiveness designed for A level economics students.
Students will be expected to
Consider measures of competitiveness: For example: relative unit labour costs and relative export prices.
Understand factors influencing competitiveness such as the exchange rate; productivity; wage and non- wage costs; regulation.
Examine government policy to increase international competitiveness. For example: measures to improve education and training; incentives for investment; deregulation.
Watch the launch of Strengthening FDI and SME Linkages in Portugal, held on 12 January 2022, featured opening remarks by by H.E. Pedro Siza Vieira, Minister of State for the Economy and Digital Transition, Portugal, and Yoshiki Takeuchi, Deputy Secretary-General, OECD. The event also featured expert contributions from the OECD, European Commission and Portuguese government officials.
The report found that while Portugal has a framework in place to encourage foreign firms and local SME collaboration, this now needs to be evaluated and also supported by regionally tailored approaches.
Explore the report at www.bitly.com/portugal-fdisme
Swiss medical technology industry 2010 reportBhofrichter
This report provides an industry insight of the Swiss MedTech Industry based on a sample basis of >250 participating companies. Focusing on Growth, Challenges, Management Actions needed, Innovation, Product Positioning. It provides comparison to the SMTI 2008 data.
Globalisation has become associated with difficulties for less-skilled workers, inequality and a general sense that it is not working for large sections of society, in both advanced and emerging economies. There is much to be done with domestic policy to improve outcomes, but there is also a strong need for better alignment of domestic and international policies and a more level playing field in the cross-border activities of businesses.
This booklet reproduces highlights from the 2017 edition of the OECD Business and Finance Outlook which focuses on ways to enhance “fairness”, in the sense of strengthening global governance, to ensure a level playing field in trade, investment and corporate behaviour, through the setting and better enforcement of global standards.
Find out more here http://www.oecd.org/daf/oecd-business-and-finance-outlook-2017-9789264274891-en.htm
This paper suggests that developing countries should build strong institutional capacity for deploying QMS as an intrinsic management tool among their firms. An easily accessible infrastructure of dedicated institutions to disseminate, educate, and provide training to firms in quality management can help raise overall productivity levels, enabling a nation to manage its resources more efficiently.
The research paper forms part of the E15 Expert Group on ‘Reinvigorating Manufacturing: New Industrial Policy and the Trade System’ brought out jointly by the by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the World Economic Forum and co-convened with the National School of Development at Peking University, and the Confederation of Indian Industry.
This presentation by Chiara Criscuolo, Head of Division Productivity Innovation and Entrepreneurship Division, Science Technology, and Innovation Directorate, was made during the discussion “The Relationship between Competition and Innovation” held at the 140th meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on the 14th of June 2023. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found out at oe.cd/rbci.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Productivity and public sector performance - Christian Kastrop, OECD SecretariatOECD Governance
Presentation by Christian Kastrop, OECD Secretariat, at the 11th annual meeting of the OECD Senior Budget Officials Performance and Results network, Paris, 26-27 November 2015.
Presentation by Christian Kastrop on 'Productivity and Public Sector Performa...OECD Governance
This presentation by Christian Kastrop, Director, Policy Studies Branch, Economics Department, OECD, was made at the joint meeting of the Senior Budget Official Performance and Results Network and the Public Employment and Management Expert meeting on 26 November 2015. For further information, please see http://www.oecd.org/gov/pem/.
The link between business dynamism and productivity - Sara CalligarisOECD CFE
Presentation by Sara Calligaris, Economist, Productivity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship Division, OECD at the 17th OECD Spatial Productivity Lab webinar held on 14 September 2022.
More info https://oe.cd/spl
Science, Innovation and the Economy: UK Challenges and OpportunitiesTera Allas
Presentation for Government Economic Service seminar in July 2014 on the role of science and innovation in economic growth and the UK's respective strengths and weaknesses
Future of manufacturing: a new era of opportunity and challenge for the UK - ...bis_foresight
Foresight project looking at the long-term picture for the UK manufacturing sector between now and 2050.
Read the full report here: http://www.slideshare.net/bis_foresight/future-of-manufacturing-a-new-era-of-opportunity-and-challenge-for-the-uk-project-report
For more information, see: http://bit.ly/FoMn
Future of manufacturing: a new era of opportunity and challenge for the UK - ...bis_foresight
Foresight project looking at the long-term picture for the UK manufacturing sector between now and 2050.
Read the summary report here: http://www.slideshare.net/bis_foresight/13-810futuremanufacturingsummaryreport
For more information, see: http://bit.ly/FoMn
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...
Productivity Spillovers, Diffusion and Public Policies: A Portuguese Perspective
1. 1
Conference of the Global Forum on Productivity
Lisboa, July 2016
Global Forum on Productivity
2. 2
Some stylized facts on productivity in
Portugal
Multifactor productivity and policy implications for
competitiveness
1
2
Global Forum on Productivity
3. 3
Lower productivity growth is associated with a dispersion of productivity gains
between firms in the same sector:
• Digital technologies and globalization seem to have led to winner take-all
dynamics where global firms (at the frontier) kept an higher annual rate of
productivity growth;
• Leading to a breakdown in innovation diffusion from firms in the productivity
frontier to the remaining (non-frontier) firms;
• Benefiting firms integrated into global value chains and able to adopt new
technologies and knowledge but creating a gap to those that are not integrated
• Causing higher wage dispersion between high and low skilled workers due to
skill biased technology enhancements (job polarization)
These trends were amplified by the economic crisis (after 2008)
Global Forum on Productivity
4. 4
MF Productivity: Portugal needs
to converge faster with more
developed economies
1995-2000 2000-2010 2010-2014
Portugal 0,7% 0,0% 0,0%
Canada 1,4% 0,2% 0,5%
France 1,4% 0,4% 0,4%
Germany 1,2% 0,6% 0,7%
Italy 0,4% -0,6% -0,2%
Japan 0,5% 0,7% 0,5%
United Kingdom 1,5% 0,8% 0,0%
USA 1,5% 1,2% 0,1%
Source: OECD
Multifactor Productivity - yearly growth rates
Global Forum on Productivity
5. 5
Portugal: lower productivity growth seems NOT to be associated with
a dispersion of productivity gains between firms in the same sector
(work in progress – MFP computed as a Solow residual: Multiprod output)
Global Forum on Productivity
6. 6
Labour productivity: low growth
due low growth of MFP and low
capital labour ration
Fonte: CE – Previsões Económicas Europeias – Primavera 2016
Global Forum on Productivity
1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010-2014
Portugal 3,6% 2,1% 1,9% 1,2% 0,7%
Euro area 19 - - - 0,9% 0,9%
EU28 - - - 1,2% 0,9%
G7 2,9% 2,3% 2,1% 1,5% 0,5%
OECD - - - 1,5% 0,6%
Source: OECD
G7: Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK and USA
GDP per hour worked - yearly growth rates
7. 7
Portugal: lower productivity growth seems NOT to be associated with
a dispersion of productivity gains between firms in the same sector
(work in progress - Multiprod output)
Global Forum on Productivity
8. 8
Labour productivity dispersion was not translated to higher wage dispersion due
to wage decrease after 2010
Global Forum on Productivity
9. The distribution of the average wage (per worker) improved since 2006
2006 and 2014
Global Forum on Productivity
10. Portugal: lower productivity growth seems NOT to be associated with
higher wage dispersion between high and low skilled workers due to skill
biased technology enhancements
Dispersion measures of average wage (per worker)
(1) Market Services: Wholesale and retail trade, transportation and storage, accommodation and food services, Publishing, audiovisual and
broadcasting, telecommunications and IT; Real estate, Legal , accounting, head offices and management consultancy activities,
technical, testing and analysis, advertising , market research, veterinary and administrative service activities, education, human health ,
repair of computers and household goods
Agriculture 4,41 4,46 1,91 1,83 2,31 2,43 0,32 0,31
Mining 3,62 3,79 1,86 1,80 1,95 2,10 0,29 0,30
Manufacturing 3,17 3,12 1,88 1,82 1,69 1,71 0,29 0,27
Utilities 5,82 5,12 2,40 2,35 2,43 2,18 0,42 0,40
Construction 3,88 4,09 1,95 1,91 1,99 2,14 0,33 0,31
Market Services 4,64 4,66 2,23 2,17 2,08 2,14 0,36 0,35
Total 4,24 4,41 2,12 2,06 2,00 2,14 0,34 0,33
50/10
(2006)
50/10
(2014)
Gini Coef.
(2006)
Gini Coef.
(2014)
Sectors
90/10
(2006)
90/10
(2014)
90/50
(2006)
90/50
(2014)
Global Forum on Productivity
11. 11
Some Stylized facts on productivity in Portugal
Multifactor productivity and policy
implications for competitiveness
1
2
Global Forum on Productivity
12. 12
Productivity growth has been slowing since the beginning of the 2000s due to:
o Slowdown in human capital accumulation
o Decline in business dynamism, namely the birth rate of innovative firms
o Weak aggregate demand and, insufficient investment in R&D and
innovation
o Low level of integration in global value chains
o Increasing costs due to higher regulatory complexity in terms of safety,
environmental and other issues
o Misallocation of capital and labour between sectors, including skills
mismatches due to labour market rigidity
o The de-industrialization and the increasing weight of less productive state
and services sectors
Global Forum on Productivity
13. Variable Coefficient P-values Association
with MFP
Variable Description
Dimension
2 - Small Firms 0.0526 0.0000* +
Reference Firm Size is a Micro
Firm
3 – Medium Firms 0.1861 0.0000* +
4 – Large Firms 0.2980 0.0000* +
Age -0.007 0.0000* -
Export Status 0.0689 0.0000* + 1- Export Status
0- No Export Status
Training 0.3686 0.002* + Training expenses/Personnel
Global Costs
Leverage -0.0247 0.0000* - Logarithm of Total
Liabilities/Total Assets
Share of R&D Workers -0.0503 0.062** - Total R&D Workers/Total
Workers
Internal Financing Capacity 0.1004 0.0000* + EBITDA/Total Assets
Average Annual Gross Wages 0.2518 0.0000* + Logarithm of Wages/Nr. Workers
*Significant at 1%; **Significant at 10%
R2=88%; Controled for heteroscedasticity with robust standard errors
13
Global Forum on Productivity
14. 14
• Determinants of Multifactor Productivity - Fixed Effects Model (work in
progress)
o MFP estimation based on Levinsohn-Petrin (2003)
o Manufacturing firms
o Period: 2010-2014
o 25,096 firms (46% of total)
o 91,770 total observations
o NACE 2 digit considered: 10 to 33
o Firms with less than 5 workers excluded from sample
o Data Source: Informação Empresarial Simplificada
• Focus on 4 determinants of MFP in the model and in the literature:
1 - Human capital accumulation
2 – Business dynamics: firm age and size
3 – Investment in R&D and innovation
4 – Integration in global markets
Global Forum on Productivity
15. 15
1 - Human capital accumulation: remarkable catching-up with the more
developed economies in formal education (and is in line in STEM graduates)
*STEM – Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Global Forum on Productivity
16. 16
1 - Human capital accumulation: similar number of researchers
Global Forum on Productivity
17. 17
1 - Human capital accumulation: but low number of researchers in businesses
Global Forum on Productivity
18. 18
1 - Human capital accumulation – policy implications
Human capital is a very important source of productivity growth and thus an
important way to improve the wellbeing of the population.
• Improvements in formal education and lifelong learning to continue
• Coordination with employers for the definition of specific training and oriented for
labour market needs so that the matching of skills is improved.
• Incentives to place researchers (Phd students, professors) in businesses by
developing flexible contractual links with universities and technological centers and
by using appropriated funds, grants and scholarships
• Improving managerial skills in clustering and internationalization by linking
mentors, universities and firms, and facilitating traineeships abroad.
• Empowerment of human capital in different areas: in exporting firms, in
technological entities, in business associations
Global Forum on Productivity
19. 19
2 – Business dynamism: high birth rate
Global Forum on Productivity
20. 2 - Business dynamism: ICT, Consultancy and Scientific activities – growth in
the number of firms
Total nr. firms: 269,306
Number
of firms
Number
of firms
Variation
number firms
Share of total
in 2014
(2006) (2014) (%) (%)
61. Telecommunications 197 469 138 0,17
62. Computer Programming 2.432 4.085 68 1,52
63. Information service
activities
243 435 79 0,16
70. Management consultancy 3.571 5.773 62 2,14
72. Scientific Research and
development
164 308 88 0,11
74. Other consultancy and
scientific and activities
1.795 3.337 86 1,24
Total 8.402 14.407 71 5,34
Sector
Global Forum on Productivity
21. 21
2 – Business dynamism: high birth rate compensated by an high mortality rate
Global Forum on Productivity
22. 22
2 - Business dynamism: Portuguese firms need to grow bigger
PT UE28
o More than 250 employees: 0,1% 0,2%
o > 50 < 250 employees: 0,6% 1,0%
o > 10 < 50 employees: 4,8% 7,2%
Global Forum on Productivity
23. 23
2 - Business dynamism - policy implications
Business dynamism needs to be associated with the scaling-up of firms so that
scale economies generate a higher rate of productivity growth.
• Promote a favourable start-up environment by reducing barriers to entry (e.g.
excessive regulation) and establishing a network of business incubators and
accelerators, in liaison with existing firms, universities and other stakeholders
• Develop tools to help firms testing new products and services in the market
and in the internationalization of their activities
• Adapt financing to the specific situation of each firm and mitigate market
failures associated with the lack of historical records: firms need to have access to
finance at different stages and from different sources - seed, business angels,
venture capital, crowdfunding, capital markets
• Improve tax conditions to favour equity instead of credit in order to ensure a
balanced capital structure in firms while growing
Global Forum on Productivity
24. 24
3 - Investment in R&D and innovation: convergence delayed by the economic
crisis
Global Forum on Productivity
25. 3 - Investment in R&D and innovation: surplus in technological related
payments
Operations between residents and non-residents on the purchase, sale and use of patents; non patented knowledge; drawings and models; brands
(including franchising); technical services, financing of industrial research and development; and other transactions associated with the provisionof
hardware and software consulting services and other services).
25
Global Forum on Productivity
26. 26
3 - Investment in R&D and innovation: too focused on non-businesses
Businesses represent 47% of total R&D in Portugal and 70% in the USA
Global Forum on Productivity
27. 27
3 - Investment in R&D and innovation: patent applications need to improve
Global Forum on Productivity
28. 28
3 - Investment in R&D and innovation - policy implications
The application of R&D and innovation to market usage is key to ensure a higher
rate of productivity growth and the diffusion of innovation is needed to protect a
levelled market competition and a better resource allocation
• Portugal had the highest annual growth rate in innovation performance within the
Moderate Innovators (IUS 2015). It is currently 17th among the EU28.
• Increase the market usage of innovation and science through people and
business links by:
o Valuing the stock of knowledge produced in the scientific community by
giving incentives to knowledge and technology transfer
o Strengthening the role of interface entities (e.g. technological centers)
between universities, laboratories and companies by placing funds and
researchers.
o Facilitate the diffusion of technology through a widespread digitalization of
processes along production chains (not sectorial perspective)
o Promote scientific and technological activities associated with clusters and
foreign investment
Global Forum on Productivity
29. Source: Eurostat
4 – Integration on global markets: exports grew in the last 10 years from 27%
to 40% of GDP
29
28.2 27.4 26.9 26.8 27.3 26.7
29.9
31.0 31.1
27.1
29.9
34.3
37.7
39.5 40.0 40.3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Exports in % of GDP
Global Forum on Productivity
30. 30
4 – Integration on global markets
• A significant number of Portuguese firms are taking advantage of free
trade and increasing the internationalization of their activities.
• There are a significant number of Portuguese firms with a large
economic potential that are gaining market shares and looking for
new markets.
• Nr. of Portuguese firms exporting is growing
o 2007: 39,800 (14,8% of the total)
o 2009: 40,500 (15,1% of the total)
o 2011: 46,600 (17,1 % of the total)
o 2013: 49,000 (18,1% of the total)
• of which 40,000 (15%) regularly
• Nr. of Portuguese firms with investments abroad: 730
(approximately)
Global Forum on Productivity
31. 31
4 – Integration on global markets: but integration in Global Value
Chains and an higher value added are need
Domestic Value Added in Imports and Re-Exportation of Domestic Value Added (2011)
(Amador and Stehrer, 2014)
Source: Amador and Stehrer (2014), BdP April
Global Forum on Productivity
32. 32
4 – Integration on global markets - policy implications
It is not just about selling abroad. An appropriated capital per employee ration is
needed for up-scaling and value added creation.
• The fragmentation of international trade demands that Portuguese firms are more
integrated in global value chains and thus improve the value added of their
production.
• Support to capital intensive activities such as business investment in R&D and in
the innovation of products and processes is key.
• Cooperation between firms, research centers and universities, domestic and
abroad, within partnerships, networks or clusters is a needed first step for a better
integration on global markets.
• Working with suppliers to improve competitiveness must be promoted (e.g. wine)
• SMEs on board to take advantage of global value chains by creating links to
supply larger exporting companies and adjusting their activity to external demand.
Global Forum on Productivity
European Economic Forecast, Spring 2016:
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European Economic Forecast, Spring 2016:
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European Economic Forecast, Spring 2016:
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European Economic Forecast, Spring 2016:
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European Economic Forecast, Spring 2016:
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European Economic Forecast, Spring 2016:
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European Economic Forecast, Spring 2016:
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