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Quantifying Ethnic Religious Diversity
1. Quantifying Ethnic & Religious
Diversity in New Zealand:
Recent Trends and Future Projections
New Zealand Diversity Forum 2011
Claudelands Events Centre, Hamilton
21 August 2011
todd nachowitz
email: <tn37@waikato.ac.nz>
Dept. of Political Science & Public Policy
University of Waikato
2. Outline of Presentation:
Brief summary of early immigration
Some examples of early discrimination
Brief history of ethnic & religious diversity in NZ
Recent growth of ethnic & religious diversity
Summary:
future projections
implications
3. Settlement in Aotearoa &
Early Migrant Arrivals 1820-1920:
Long history of tangata whenua settlement prior to tau iwi arrivals
Period of European settlement
Followed by other ethnic groups, most notably Indians and Chinese
First Indian settlers arrive:
some arrived in NZ since the late 18th century when British East India Company
ships brought supplies to Australian convict settlements
boats often stopped in NZ to pick up supplies
boat crews include Indian seamen & soldiers, some of whom jumped ship in NZ
First known Chinese settlers arrive:
first known settler in 1842 in Nelson
1866: Chinese begin to arrive to work Otago goldfields
Small populations of Lebanese Christian settlers in Dunedin &
Auckland areas
4. Papers Past — NZ Truth — 24 March 1927 — Aliens Should Be Barred
Early Migrant Arrivals:
English | M!ori
PAPERSPAST
Papers Past Home Introduction Search Browse
Papers Past > NZ Truth > 24 March 1927 > Page 1 > Aliens Should Be Barred
Aliens Should Be Barred
NZ Truth , Issue 1112, 24 March 1927, Page 1
About this newspaper View computer-generated
Early discrimination: some examples
text
List of search results
1926-1927: Formation of “White New Zealand
League” in Pukekohe, where Indian market
gardeners were the target of a racist
campaign started by other growers; became
a national movement to oppose both Indian
& Chinese immigration, which was perceived
as “a threat to the racial integrity and
economic prosperity of European New
Zealanders”
This discrimination was supported by local
media: “It is time, however, that New Zealand
closed its doors to Asiatics, and in its
advocacy of this policy, the White New
Zealand League, which has recently been
holding meetings in Wellington, has ‘NZ Source:
Truth’s’ full support.” New Zealand Truth
24 March 1927
Editorial cartoons This article has been automatically clipped from the NZ Truth, organised into a single column, then optimised for display on your
computer screen. As a result, it may not look exactly as it did on the original page. The article can be seen in its original form in
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5. Early Migrant Arrivals 1820-1920:
Source: New Zealand Free Lance, 7 Jan 1905, artist: John Blomfield
6. Early Migrant Arrivals 1820-1920:
Source: NZ Truth, 2 June 1917 Source: NZ Observer, 26 April 1919
7. Early Migrant Arrivals 1820-1920:
Source: NZ Free Lance, 1 Dec 1920 Source: NZ Observer, 26 Jun 1920
8. Ethnicity in New Zealand 1820-1920:
Maori & European Populations
Maori European
1,100,000
1,099,268
1,008,453
825,000 888,572
772,695
Population
703,314
626,658
550,000 578,482
489,927
414,412
275,000 299,514
256,393
218,668
172,158 38,540 37,502 45,470 43,595 44,097 41,969 41,953 39,832 43,112 47,701 49,829 49,771
0 0 0
99,021
0 59,413
58
61
64
67
71
74
78
81
86
91
96
01
06
11
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
Sources: NZ Census of Population and Dwellings, 1858-1916
9. Ethnicity in New Zealand 1820-1920:
Other Populations of Note
Chinese Indian Lebanese Pacific
5,000
4,816
5,000 4,542
4,433 4,444
3,859
3,750
2,963
Population
2,570 2,630
2,500 2,147
1,250
431 459
361
195 240 181
9 0 6 0 0 46 24 6 15
151
0
58
61
64
67
71
74
78
81
86
91
96
01
06
11
16
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
Sources: NZ Census of Population and Dwellings, 1858-1916
10. Ethnicity in New Zealand 1921-1990:
Maori, European & Pacific Populations
Maaori European Pacific
3,000,000
2,693,186 2,696,568 2,651,595
2,561,280
2,426,352
2,216,886
2,250,000 2,016,287
1,823,769
Population
1,592,876
1,484,508
1,500,000 1,342,082
1,213,475
750,000
270,035 279,081 295,659
201,159 227,414
115,676 137,151 167,086
52,751 63,670 82,326 98,744 61,354 89,697 99,135
334 988 0 0 3,624 8,103 14,340 26,271 45,413
0
1921 1926 1936 1945 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986
Sources: NZ Census of Population and Dwellings, 1921-1986
Note: No censuses were taken in 1931 and 1941
11. Ethnicity in New Zealand 1921-1990:
Second Wave of Immigration
Chinese Indian
20,259
21,000
18,480
15,810
14,860
14,000 12,818
Population
11,244
10,283
9,247
8,524
7,807
6,731 6,843
7,000 5,732
4,940
4,179
3,226 3,374 3,151
2,943
2,425
1,200 1,554
671 987
0
1921 1926 1936 1945 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986
Sources: NZ Census of Population and Dwellings, 1921-1986
Note: No censuses were taken in 1931 and 1941
12. Ethnicity in New Zealand 1991-2006:
Maori, European & Pacific Populations
Maaori European New Zealander Pacific
3,000,000
2,879,085 2,871,432
2,783,028
2,609,592
2,000,000
Population
1,000,000
523,374 526,281 565,329
434,847
429,429
231,801 265,974
0167,070 202,233
1991 1996 2001 2006
Sources: NZ Census of Population and Dwellings, 1991-2006
13. Ethnicity in New Zealand 1991-2006:
Other Populations
Chinese Indian MELAA
147,594
150,000
100,203
100,000 104,625
Population
78,663
44,790 61,803
50,000
42,408 34,746
30,606 24,084
15,288
6,330
0
1991 1996 2001 2006
Sources: NZ Census of Population and Dwellings, 1991-2006
15. Ethnic Diversity:
Average annual percent change, 1996-2006
Total Population 1.1%
Maori 0.8%
European 0.9%
Pacific Islander 3.2%
Asian 10.4%
MELAA 12.7%
Percent change
16. FUTURE PROJECTIONS:
National Ethnic Population Projection 2006-2026 (Statistics NZ)
European Maori Pacific Islander Asian
80%
77%
73%
69%
60%
Percent of population
40%
20% 16% 17%
15%
16%
13%
10%
10%
7% 8%
0%
2006 2016 2026
17. FUTURE PROJECTIONS:
National Ethnic Population Projection 2006-2026 (Statistics NZ)
Projected annual
Ethnicity population
growth to 2026
European 0.3%
Maori 1.4%
Pacific Islander 2.4%
Asian 3.4%
20. Religious Diversity in New Zealand
1906 1956 2006
Pop: 948,649 Pop: 2,174,062 Pop: 4,027,947
Christian Christian Christian
95.3% 87.4% 56.0%
Other Other
Other 12.6% 44.1%
4.7%
Object to answering: 24,325 2.75% Object to answering: 173,569 7.98% Object to answering: 242,610 6.50%
Not stated: 1,884 0.21% Not stated: 16,252 0.75% Not stated: 249,711 6.70%
Baha’i: 0 Baha’i: 107 0.01% Baha’i: 2,772 0.07%
Buddhist: 1,452 0.17% Buddhist: 450 0.01% Buddhist: 52,362 1.40%
Hindu: 12 0.01% Hindu: 1,597 0.07% Hindu: 64,392 1.72%
Islam: 16 0.01% Islam: 200 0.01% Islam: 36,072 0.96%
Jain: 0 Jain: 1 0.01% Jain: 111 0.01%
Judaism: 1,867 0.21% Judaism: 3,823 0.18% Judaism: 6,858 0.18%
Sikh: 0 Sikh: 133 0.01% Sikh: 9,507 0.25%
Zoroastrian: 0 0.01% Zoroastrian: 4 0.01% Zoroastrian: 1,071 0.03%
No religion: 1,709 0.19% No religion: 12,651 0.58% No religion: 1,297,104 34.60%
Don’t know: 0 Don’t know: 243 0.01% Don’t know: 1,743 0.05%
Outside scope: 0 Outside scope: Outside scope: 30,945 0.83%
Other: 1,410 0.17% Other: Other: 1.10%
21. Recent Change in Select Christian Denominations
Denomination 1996 Census 2006 Census Percent change 1996-2006
Total Christian 2,143,995 2,027,418 -5.4%
Anglican 631,764 554,925 -12.2%
Catholic 473,112 508,437 7.5%
Presbyterian 470,442 400,839 -14.8%
Christian nfd 186,891 186,234 -0.4%
Methodist 121,650 121,806 0.1%
Pentecostal 69,333 79,155 14.2%
Baptist 53,613 56,913 6.2%
Latter Day Saints 41,166 43,539 5.8%
22. Recent Change in non-Christian Religions
Religion: 1996 Census 2006 Census Percent change 1996-2006
Bahá’í 3,111 2,772 -10.9%
Buddhism 28,131 52,362 +86.1%
Chinese religions 699 912 +30.5%
Hinduism 25,551 64,392 +152.0%
Islam 13,545 36,072 +166.3%
Jainism 27 111 +311.1%
Japanese religions 234 384 +64.1%
Judaism 4,809 6,858 +42.6%
Maori religion 1,257 2,412 +91.9%
Sikhism 2,817 9,507 +237.5%
Spiritualism/New Age 9,786 19,800 +102.3%
Zoroastrianism 216 1,071 +395.8%
23. Religious Diversity:
Average annual percent change, 1996-2006
Baha’i -1.1%
Buddhism 8.6%
Chinese religions 3.1%
Christianity -0.5%
Hinduism 15.2%
Islam 16.6%
Jainism 31.1%
Japanese religions 6.4%
Judaism 4.3%
Maori religions 9.2%
Sikhism 23.8%
Spiritualism/New Age 10.2%
Zoroastrianism 39.6%
Percent change
24. Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation:
Europeans
60%
57.7%
50%
40%
37.7%
30%
20%
10%
0.4% 0.1% 0.2% 0.2% 0.8% 6.0%
0%
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Based on 2006 Census data
N
25. Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation:
Maori
60%
59.1%
50%
40%
36.5%
30%
20%
10%
8.6%
0.4% 0.2% 0.2% 1.4%
0.1%
0%
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Based on 2006 Census data
26. Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation:
Pacific Islanders
90%
83.2%
75%
60%
45%
30%
15%
14.0%
0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.1% 0.7%
5.1%
0%
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ity
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Isl
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N
Based on 2006 Census data
27. Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation:
MELAA
60%
50%
49.3%
40%
30% 32.9%
20%
10% 11.0%
3.2% 2.6% 3.6%
0.4% 0.2%
0%
sm
ity
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r
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Isl
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Based on 2006 Census data
N
28. Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation:
Asians
35%
30% 31.2%
29.2%
25%
20%
17.6%
15%
10% 11.4%
5% 5.8%
3.6% 3.4%
0%
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ity
sm
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Based on 2006 Census data
29. Religious Diversity of Largest Asian Ethnicities
Object Christianity Buddhism Hinduism
Islam Other No Religion
Chinese 5.0% 22.8% 12.5% 0.1%
0.3% 58.4%
Indian 2.0% 16.6% 0.3% 54.9% 10.9% 4.8%
Korean 1.5% 72.2% 5.8%
0.0%
0.0% 20.2%
Filipino 1.6% 94.1% 0.2%3.4%
0.2%
0.1%
Japanese 4.9% 11.7% 18.2% 0.4%
0.1% 62.0%
Sri Lankan 0.9% 27.9% 40.7% 23.0% 3.2% 3.8%
Cambodian 4.2% 8.1% 73.0% 1.4%
0.1% 12.7%
Thai 3.2% 9.4% 77.1% 0.9%
0.2% 8.5%
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
30. Some Points to Consider Based on 2006 Census Data:
Increase in those affiliating with non-Christian religions is mainly attributed
to migrants, particularly from Asia
The rise of those reporting ‘No Religion’: numbers have doubled since 1991
to where 1.3 million people, 35% of the population, now report no religious
affiliation at all. This comprises the largest single category of respondents
after Christianity.
The percentage of those who “Object to answer” is larger than the sum of
all the non-Christian religions combined, or roughly 6.5% of the total
population.
Almost 8 out of every 10 Hindus (78.8%) were born overseas
More than one-third (36.1%) of overseas-born Buddhists arrived in New
Zealand less than five years ago
Of those born overseas, 49.8% of Hindus and 48% of Muslims had arrived
in New Zealand less than five years ago
31. Summary of Religious Diversity in New Zealand
and Future Trends
1956 2006 2026
Pop: 2,174,062 Pop: 4,027,947 Pop: 5,058,200
Christian Christian Christian
87.4% 56.0% 43.4%
Other Other
Other
44.1% 56.6%
12.6%
32. Implications of Change in Ethnic Diversity on
Religious Diversity in New Zealand
Changing ethnic composition will have significant implications for
religious diversity in New Zealand
In terms of percentages of the population, as the European
population declines in relation to rising Maori, Pacific Islander, Asian
& MELAA populations, New Zealand will continue to be increasingly
religiously diverse
This means increasing numbers of adherents to non-Christian
religious traditions, as well as significant increases in Christian
denominations that are well represented in immigrant populations
The importance of migration to and from New Zealand will remain an
important factor in Religious Diversity
33. Diversity in New Zealand: Some Final Thoughts
A robust, culturally & religiously diverse population can be strong indicators of a
nation’s internal security
New Zealand must keep abreast of the increasing discrimination, ethnic tension,
racism and violence now faced by many countries by maintaining & strengthening
policies designed to foster and improve social cohesion in our communities
Continued support of our cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity policies through
both governmental and non-governmental agencies is therefore of utmost
importance to our national security
Moving beyond mere tolerance of difference and into a sphere of active
engagement between cultures and faiths is not only urgent, but increasingly vital in
today’s globalised world
In the next decades, the onus for this future should become less reliant on
government and non-governmental agencies and more reliant on our ethnic &
religious communities and on ourselves as individuals to help promote necessary
cultural and religious literacies amongst our increasingly diverse populations.
34. Quantifying ethnic & religious diversity
Recent Trends and Future Projections
todd nachowitz
email: <tn37@waikato.ac.nz>
Dept. of Political Science & Public Policy
University of Waikato
