Studying development is about measuring how developed one country is compared to other countries, or to the same country in the past. Development measures how economically, politically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced a country is. There are a few indices and economic development indicators to measure development.
This presentation explains all the important points about one of the major measures of development of a country that is the Human Development Index. This presentation includes the definition,history,dimension, calculation,geographical coverage, past top countries and the criticism of Human Development Index.
This presentation explains all the important points about one of the major measures of development of a country that is the Human Development Index. This presentation includes the definition,history,dimension, calculation,geographical coverage, past top countries and the criticism of Human Development Index.
In economics, the cycle of poverty is the “Set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention“. The poverty cycle can be called the “Development trap" when it is applied to countries.
these slides are according to Pakistan HDI and covering the aspects and some important details of HDI.
Little bit description and introduction of HDI as well.
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
Despite substantial economic development in developing countries in recent years there is still a large gap between developing and developed countries in respect of development parameters.
Output per worker in the United States is about 10 times higher than India and more than 50 times higher than the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2011.
Per capita income was $48,820 in the United States, $3,640 in India, and $340 in the DRC.
In economics, the cycle of poverty is the “Set of factors or events by which poverty, once started, is likely to continue unless there is outside intervention“. The poverty cycle can be called the “Development trap" when it is applied to countries.
these slides are according to Pakistan HDI and covering the aspects and some important details of HDI.
Little bit description and introduction of HDI as well.
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
Despite substantial economic development in developing countries in recent years there is still a large gap between developing and developed countries in respect of development parameters.
Output per worker in the United States is about 10 times higher than India and more than 50 times higher than the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2011.
Per capita income was $48,820 in the United States, $3,640 in India, and $340 in the DRC.
e terms economic development & economic growth are often understood as referring to the economic progress of a country. These are taken as pointers of higher standard of living and better quality of life. However, the perception of economist in this regard is quite different.
This is the ppt in which the summary of Chapter 1(Economics) Class 10 is present. You can also took notes from this ppt. So,enjoy this ppt. Thank you for reading.
-Richa Thakur
What is the difference between GDP and GNP in theory For Canada, wo.pdfanantexports2012
What is the difference between GDP and GNP in theory? For Canada, would GDP or GNP be
larger? Explain.
Solution
The GDP(Domestic) of a country is defined as the market value of all final goods and services
produced within a country in a given period of time whereas GNP(National) is the total value of
all final goods and services produced by a country\'s factors of production and sold on the market
in a given time period
Both are useful depends on the circumstances
GDP can measure economic growth via C+I +G+X-M and can be used to compare between
countries for economic rankings etc..
GNP per person is often used as a measure of a person\'s welfare. Countries with higher GNP
may score highly on other measures of welfare, such as life expectancy.
Comparison of GNP from one country to another may be distorted by movements in exchange
rates. Measuring national income at purchasing power parity may overcome this problem at the
risk of overvaluing basic goods and services
Gnp and Gdp have limitations and therefore may not accurately depict the true value for
economic growth hence other indicators can come to complement the measurm of nation \'s
growth(+ve or -ve)...
Other means to measure a nation\'s growth is the material and non material standards of living,
inflation rates( hyperinflation implies the economy is retarding or stagnated eg.zimbawe ),
Misery index( Index = Unemployment rate + Inflation rate), Human Development Index (HDI),
Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) etc....
The government will set in place policies to achieve the marcoeconomic goals which determines
the overall out of the nation and its economy , having sustained healthy economic growth, low
inflation rates / stable pricez, low unemployment, BOP equilbium...Maybe the government can
observe the trend of these indicators so as to determine the nation is expanding or not quarterly..
NGO,S (NON GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION) by punjab universityShahzaib Khan
Non-governmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, or nongovernment organizations, commonly referred to as NGOs, are usually nonprofit and sometimes international organizations independent of governments and international governmental organizations (though often funded by governments) that are active in humanitarian, educational, healthcare, public policy, social, human rights, environmental, and other areas to effect changes according to their objectives. They are thus a subgroup of all organizations founded by citizens, which include clubs and other associations that provide services, benefits, and premises only to members. Sometimes the term is used as a synonym of "civil society organization" to refer to any association founded by citizens, but this is not how the term is normally used in the media or everyday language, as recorded by major dictionaries. The explanation of the term by NGO.org (the non-governmental organizations associated with the United Nations) is ambivalent. It first says an NGO is any non-profit, voluntary citizens' group which is organized on a local, national or international level, but then goes on to restrict the meaning in the sense used by most English speakers and the media: Task-oriented and driven by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions, bring citizen concerns to Governments, advocate and monitor policies and encourage political participation through provision of information.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or illness.”
After 18th amendment in constitution of Pakistan, health is now subject of provincial government.There is a window of opportunity to make strong improvements in the health sector after its devolution to provinces.
Poverty is general scarcity or the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. It is a multifaceted concept, which includes social, economic, and political elements. Poverty in Pakistan has fallen dramatically, independent bodies supported estimates of a considerable fall in the statistic by the 2007-08 fiscal year, when it was estimated that 17.2% of the total population lived below the poverty line
A series of actions advancing a principle or tending toward a particular end.Stages of Building Advocacy Campaign are Planning, Implementation, Execution, Evaluation.
Global Warming, Air and Water PollutionShahzaib Khan
Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to be permanently changing the Earth's climate.
Environmental pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the environment such changes are caused by Substances that are introduced into the environment, by human activities.
More recently another measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines an economic measure, national income, with other measures, indices for life expectancy and education has become prominent. This criterion would define developed countries as those with a very high (HDI) rating. A developing country, also called a less developed country is a nation with a less developed industrial base, and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to developed countries.
Developing countries are, in general, countries that have not achieved a significant degree of industrialization relative to their populations, and have, in most cases, a medium to low standard of living. There is a strong association between low income and high population growth. The World Bank classifies all low- and middle-income countries as developing but notes, "The use of the term is convenient; it is not intended to imply that all economies in the group are experiencing similar development or that other economies have reached a preferred or final stage of development. Classification by income does not necessarily reflect development status. gender equity refers to the economic, social, political, and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being male or female.
Overpopulation occurs if the number of people in a group exceeds the carrying capacity of the region occupied by that group. Overpopulation can further be viewed, in a long term perspective, as existing when a population cannot be maintained given the rapid depletion of non-renewable resources or given the degradation of the capacity of the environment to give support to the population. Under population is a situation whereby the size of the population is small in relation to available resources of the country. It is situation where the size of the population is below the equilibrium. Under population is also characterized by a situation where the available resources are capable of supporting a much larger population with no reduction in living standards
Population size is the actual number of individuals in a population. Population density is a measurement of the number of people in an area. It is an average number. Population density is calculated by dividing the number of people by area. Population density is usually shown as the number of people per square kilometer. Population distribution means the pattern of where people live. World population distribution is uneven. Places which are sparsely populated contain few people. Places which are densely populated contain many people. Sparsely populated places tend to be difficult places to live. These are usually places with hostile environments e.g. Antarctica. Places which are densely populated are habitable environments e.g. Europe
Any type of advertising that is in written format, such as:
Newspaper ad
Magazine ad
Billboards (outdoor advertising)
Transit ads (buses, bus stations, bus stops, taxis, trucks)
written under AIDA..
The World Bank defines NGOs as "private organizations that pursue activities to relieve suffering, promote the interests of the poor, protect the environment, provide basic social services, or undertake community development" Many NGOs are active in the traditional social sectors: emergency support, rehabilitation, poverty reduction, maternal and child health, family planning and education. Most of the NGOs in Pakistan are unregistered, small scale and their funding source is philanthropy.
Participatory approach is based on solving the learner’s problem in real life, using the target language as a tool this purpose. Learners bring their outside problems into class. Participatory approach are geared towards planning and conducting the research process with those people whose life-word and meaningful actions are under study
Rural Sociology and Urban Sociology are two major sub-disciplines of Sociology, between which there are some differences. The key difference between rural and urban sociology is that the rural sociology, as the term itself suggests, studies the rural communities whereas the urban sociology focuses on the metropolis. The rural sociology goes hand in hand with Environmental Sociology, which mainly studies nature and agricultural aspects of rural communities. Urban Sociology deals with city areas, and this subject field was highly developed after the industrial revolution.
Society describes a group of people who share similar values, laws and traditions living in organized communities for mutual benefits. Members of society often share religions,politics or culture.Society has a far-reaching effect on people by shaping their belief systems, behaviors and values.
The whole scene arranged with the help of various objects and props which a viewer can see during a program especially in a TV studio, is referred to as set. Set is a very popular term used in almost all TV productions. It is among first things which are considered to begin a program, either for live coverage or recordings. It is commonly understood that every act which viewers are seeing has to be done on some setting of different objects to match with the nature of program. Even the natural occasions like sights of war-torn areas, accidents or tourists’ resorts have natural settings.
Has new media democratised the production of media texts by shifting the control of media content away from large media institutions?
Has new media changed the way media texts are consumed and what are the social implications for this?
Has new media technology provided new cross-cultural, global media texts that communicate across national and social boundaries?
How active or interactive are consumers of new media and how significant is this in terms of power?
How has new/digital media impacted on traditional media productions and consumption?
To what extent does new media escape some of the constraints of censorship that traditional media encounters?
A court reporter has to remember to do nothing to prejudice a fair trial. This is the basis of the strict rules of contempt of court” .
Three conditions: all reports must be…
Accurate
Balanced
Contemporaneous
As a center of commercial, social and cultural activities, cities serve as the growth engines of a country. However, rapid urbanization accompanied by economic growth often leads to deteriorating living environments, traffic congestion, air pollution, floods, and waste-disposal problems. Urban development tackles these problems, utilizing experience and expertise attained over years of managing rapid urbanization and recovering from major natural disasters. urban development are integrated efforts to create a virtuous circle of economic prosperity and poverty reduction.
Urban areas with a high population density have problems across many sectors such as transport, sanitation, and housing. In developing-country cities which face a rapid population increase, land use planning is especially critical to achieve a high-quality living environment. Rather than taking ad-hoc solutions to immediate problems, coherent urban policies must control unplanned city expansion. To reduce traffic congestion, comprehensive urban transportation planning that links road and railway improvement with traffic control. Similarly, other sector planning for housing, water supply and sewerage is reflected in an urban development master plan, integrating cross-sectoral perspectives.
Pakistan inherits the riches of the Gandhara civilization. Pakistan has been under the influence of cultures that took pride in creating planned cities. For instance, the sewerage system in the ruins of Taxila demonstrates the engineering genius of the past civilizations.
Urban areas contribute 78% of GDP. The pattern of urbanization across provinces exhibits large variation. More than half of the total population of the country is clustered in and around eight cities. Expanding middle class comprising young generation. Most smaller towns are located in the neighborhood of the 1 million plus towns and along the national highway. Over 63.7% of internal migrants move to urban areas.
The process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more and more people begin living and working in central areas. Urban-ism is the characteristic way of interaction of inhabitants of towns and cities (urban areas) with the built environment or the character of urban life, organization, problems, etc, as well as the study of that character (way), or of the physical needs of urban societies, or Urban planning.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Studying development is about measuring how developed one
country is compared to other countries, or to the same country
in the past. Development measures how economically,
politically, socially, culturally or technologically advanced a
country is. There are a few indices and economic development
indicators to measure development.
3. Per Capita Income
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Gross National Product (GNP)
Gross Domestic Income (GDI)
Gross National Income (GNI)
Inequality of wealth
Inflation
Unemployment
4. Per capita income or average income measures the average income
earned per person in a given area (city, region, country) in a given
time period.
Total Income
———————Total Population
Higher per capita income means higher standard of living. So,
developed countries have higher per capita income relative to
developing countries.
5. Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the value of all
final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly). Also
known as Nominal GDP.
The economic worth of all goods and services produced in a given
year, adjusted as per changes in the general price level is known as
Real GDP.
Nominal GDP is the GDP without the effects of inflation or
deflation, whereas, you can arrive at Real GDP only after giving
effects of inflation or deflation.
6. There is another formula for measuring GDP
GDP = C + I + G + Nx
C = Consumer Spending
I = Investment by Businesses
G = Government Spending
Net Exports = Nx = (X- M) = Exports – Imports
Higher GDP also means higher standard of living. Thus, Developed
countries have higher GDP.
7. Gross national product (GNP) is the market value of all the products
and services produced in one year by labor and property supplied by the
citizens of a country.
It is equal to GDP plus any factor income earned by residents from
overseas investments minus factor income earned within the domestic
economy by overseas residents.
GNP = GDP + Net factor income inflow from abroad – Net factor
income outflow to foreign countries.
8. Factor income is income received from the factors of production i.e.
land, labor, capital and organization. Factor income on the use of land
is called rent, income generated from labor is called wages , income
generated from capital is called interest and income earned by
organization is called profit.
Developed countries have higher GNP relative to developing
countries.
9. The sum of all income earned while producing goods and services
within a nation's borders is called Gross Domestic Income (GDI)
GDI = rental income + interest income + profits + wages + income tax
+ dividends.
Developed countries have higher GDI relative to developing countries.
10. Theoretically, GDI should equal GDP.
But GDP is calculated based on expenditure, difference usually exists.
The market value of goods and services produced often differs, because
of measurement errors, from the amount of income earned to produce
them.
11. The gross national income (GNI) is the total domestic and foreign
output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic
product (GDP) plus incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income
earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents.
GNI = GDP + Net compensation receipts + Net property income
receivable + Net taxes (minus subsidies).
Developed countries have higher GNI relative to developing countries.
12. For GNI calculation we have to includes Net taxes (minus subsidies)
While GNP formula does not include it.
13. Wealth inequality (also known as the wealth gap) refers to the
unequal distribution of assets among residents of a country.
Wealth includes the values of homes, automobiles, personal valuables,
businesses, savings, and investments.
Developed countries have low wealth inequality.
14. Inflation is an increase in the general price level of goods and services
in an economy over a period of time.
When the price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and
services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing
power of the currency.
Deflation is the decrease in the general price level of goods and
services in an economy over a period of time.
15. Inflation is caused when goods and services are in high demand,
creating a drop in availability. Consumers are willing to pay more for
the items they want, causing manufacturers and service providers to
charge more.
Deflation occurs when too many goods are available or when there is
not enough money circulating to purchase those goods.
Developed countries try to maintain a balance between inflation and
deflation.
16. Unemployment occurs when people who are without work are actively
seeking work.
The unemployment rate is a measure of the prevalence of
unemployment and it is calculated as a percentage by dividing the
number of unemployed individuals by all individuals currently in
the labor force.
No. of unemployed people
——————————— x 100
No. of people in labor force
Labor Force is all people who supply labor for the production of goods
and services during a specified period. It includes both the employed
and the unemployed.
Developed countries have relatively low unemployment rate.
17. Pakistan being a developing country, its economy is in recession and it
has high inflation and unemployment rate.
Recession is a significant decline in activity across the economy,
lasting longer than a few months.
Pakistan also have relatively lower per capita income,GDP,GNP,GDI
and GNI relative to developed countries.
18. Studying development is about measuring how developed one
country is compared to other countries, or to the same country
in the past. Development measures how economically, socially,
culturally or technologically advanced a country is. There are a
few indices and economic development indicators to measure
development.
19. The Human Development Index (HDI)
measures the average achievements in a country in three basic
dimensions of human development: life expectancy, education,
and income per capita. To enable cross-country comparisons,
the HDI is, to the extent possible, calculated based on data from
leading international data agencies and other credible data
sources available at the time of writing.
20. The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) adjusts
the Human Development Index (HDI) for inequality in distribution of
each dimension across the population. The IHDI accounts for
inequalities in HDI dimensions by “discounting” each dimension’s
average value according to its level of inequality. The IHDI equals the
HDI when there is no inequality across people but is less than the HDI
as inequality rises. In this sense, the IHDI is the actual level of human
development (accounting for this inequality), while the HDI can be
viewed as an index of “potential” human development (or the
maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no
inequality. The “loss” in potential human development due to
inequality is given by the difference between the HDI and the IHDI
and can be expressed as a percentage.
21. The Gender Inequality Index (GII) reflects women’s
disadvantage in three dimensions—reproductive health,
empowerment and the labour market. The index shows the loss
in human development due to inequality between female and
male achievements in these dimensions. It ranges from 0, which
indicates that women and men fare equally, to 1, which
indicates that women fare as poorly as possible in all measured
dimensions.
22. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) identifies
multiple deprivations at the individual level in health,
education and standard of living. It uses micro data from
household surveys, and—unlike the Inequality-adjusted
Human Development Index—all the indicators needed to
construct the measure must come from the same survey. Each
person in a given household is classified as poor or nonpoor
depending on the number of deprivations his or her household
experiences.
23. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic
of life expectancy, education, and income per capita indicators,
which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human
development. A country scores higher HDI when the life
expectancy at birth is longer, the education period is longer, and
the income per capita is higher. The HDI was developed by the
Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq working alongside Indian
economist Amartya Sen, often framed in terms of whether people
are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in their life
24. Dimensions and calculation
Human Development Report(HDI) combines three
dimensions:
A long and healthy life: Life expectancy at birth
Education index: Mean years of schooling and Expected years
of schooling.
A decent standard of living: GNI (Gross National Income) per
capita
25. Life Expectancy Index (LEI)
LE: Life expectancy at birth
LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life
expectancy at birth is 20.
26. Education Index (EI)
Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI)
MYS: Mean years of schooling (Years that a person 25 years-of-age or
older has spent in schools)
Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.
Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI)
EYS: Expected years of schooling (Years that a 5-year-old child will spend in
schools throughout his life)
Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master’s degree in most countries.
27. Income Index (II)
GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per
capita
II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per
capita is $100.
28. Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three
normalized indices: