Overpopulation occurs if the number of people in a group exceeds the carrying capacity of the region occupied by that group. Overpopulation can further be viewed, in a long term perspective, as existing when a population cannot be maintained given the rapid depletion of non-renewable resources or given the degradation of the capacity of the environment to give support to the population. Under population is a situation whereby the size of the population is small in relation to available resources of the country. It is situation where the size of the population is below the equilibrium. Under population is also characterized by a situation where the available resources are capable of supporting a much larger population with no reduction in living standards

1. Overpopulation
Under population
Modern theory of Population: The Optimum theory
Regulation of Evolution of Population Growth

2. Overpopulation occurs if the number of people in a group exceeds
the carrying capacity of the region occupied by that group.
Overpopulation can further be viewed, in a long term perspective, as
existing when a population cannot be maintained given the rapid
depletion of non-renewable resources or given the degradation of the
capacity of the environment to give support to the population

3. Decline in the Death Rate
Better Medical Facilities
More Hands to Overcome Poverty
Technological Advancement in Fertility Treatment
Immigration
Lack of Family Planning

4. Depletion of Natural Resources
Degradation of Environment
Conflicts and Wars
Rise in Unemployment
High Cost of Living
Poverty
Famine
Unequal opportunities of health, education, quality food, drinkable
water etc

5. Better Education
Making People Aware of Family Planning
Tax Benefits or Concessions

6. Under population is a situation whereby the size of the population is
small in relation to available resources of the country. It is situation
where the size of the population is below the equilibrium. Under
population is also characterized by a situation where the available
resources are capable of supporting a much larger population with no
reduction in living standards.

7. An increase in Death Rate
A fall in Birth Rate
High Level of Emigration

8. No Congestion
Employment Opportunities
Increased in Social and Infrastructural Facilities
Availability of Idle Resources

9. Lower Standard of Living
Under utilization of Resources
Lack of Adequate Manpower
Lack of People to Defend the Country

10. Optimum population has been defined as that size of
population enabling per capita output of the maximum orders
accompanied by the highest possible standards of living under a
given set of economic and technological conditions. Therefore,
optimum population lies between two extremes, i.e.,
overpopulation and under-population.
Optimum population is not a rigid number but it’s a moving
figure. Optimum population is relative to resources &
technology.

12. Result of increase in resources or technological advancement and effect on
Optimum Population

13. Regulation of Evolution of Population Growth means the procedures by
which government tries to control rapid increase in population.
 On December 10, 1974, US promulgated a top secret document
entitled National Security Study Memorandum 200 (NSSM 200),
whose subject was “Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for
U.S. Security and Overseas Interests.”
NSSM-200 was made public when it was declassified and was
transferred to the U.S. National Archives in 1990.

14. The primary purpose of U.S.-funded population control efforts is to
maintain access to the mineral resources of less-developed countries, or
LDCs. NSSM-200 says that the U.S. economy will require large and
increasing amounts of minerals from abroad, especially from less
developed countries.

15. The legalization of abortion;
Financial incentives for countries to increase their abortion, sterilization
and contraception-use rates;
Indoctrination of children; and
Mandatory population control and coercion of other forms, such as
withholding disaster and food aid unless an LDC implements
population control programs.

16.  For many years, the United States government has funded the United
Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). One of the main targets of UNFPA
money is the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and its widely-criticized
forced-abortion and family planning program. According to its own
documents, the UNFPA has donated more than $100 million to China’s
population control program; has bought and custom-designed a $12 million
IBM computer complex specifically to monitor the population program;
provided the technical expertise and personnel that trained thousands of
Chinese population control officials; and presented China with a United
Nations award for the “most outstanding population control program.”

17.  Population growth targets were set for both administrative units and
individual families. In the mid-1970s the maximum recommended family
size was two children in cities and three or four in the countryside.
 Since 1979 the government has advocated a one child limit for both rural
and urban areas and has generally set a maximum of two children in special
circumstances.
 As of 1986 the policy for minority nationalities was two children per couple,
three in special circumstances, and no limit for ethnic groups with very
small populations.
 The overall goal of the one-child policy was to keep the total population
within 1.2 billion through the year 2000

18. The National Population Policy 2010 focuses on timely completion of
fertility transition.
This Policy repositions family planning from health perspective –
which is to refocus program s' emphasis and overall orientation.
The Policy is consistent with poverty reduction strategies of
Government of Pakistan.
 It intends to reduce rising pressures on available resources in the long
run.
The Population Policy ultimately targets to realize demographic
dividend in Pakistan.

19. The National Population Policy seeks:
Pursue population stabilization goal through early completion of
fertility transition.
Facilitate realization of demographic dividend by linking fertility
transition process with skill promotion and employment generation
policies

20. Reduce fertility level to 3 births per woman by the year 2015
Ensure universal access to safe family planning services by 2015
Reduce incidence of first birth (in ages less than 18) by two-thirds by
2015
Promote birth-pregnancy spacing (of more than 36 months) from
existing 33 percent to 60 percent in year 2015
Reduce proportion of mothers giving late birth (ages beyond 34) to half
by 2015

21. Achieve replacement level fertility i.e. 2.1 births per woman by 2025
Minimize unmet need for family planning services by raising awareness
from 25 to 10 percent by 2025
Achieve contraceptive prevalence rate of 70 percent by 2025

22. Full ownership of family planning program by provincial governments
by 2010
Ministry and Departments of Health take family planning as a priority
activity by 2010
Provision of adequate funds and upfront, and timely releases
Ministries and Departments formulate Policies and Strategies consistent
with the requirements of actualizing demographic dividend.