Eclampsia case study
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This document presents the case of a 17-year-old pregnant woman, Ms. X, who is 38 weeks gestation and was admitted to the hospital after experiencing 4 tonic-clonic seizures at home. Her medical history includes high blood pressure during pregnancy and protein in her urine. Initial differential diagnoses included eclampsia, epilepsy, and severe hypoglycemia. Initial management involved diazepam and magnesium sulfate. Investigations showed elevated blood pressure, creatinine, uric acid, and liver enzymes consistent with preeclampsia. The diagnosis was determined to be eclampsia. Ms. X's management included magnesium sulfate, labetolol to lower her blood pressure, and an emergency c-
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Case Study of Eclampsia
Ten percent of all pregnancies are complicated by hypertension (HTN).Eclampsia and preeclampsia account for about half of these cases worldwide.
In 1619, Varandaeus coined the term eclampsia in a treatise on gynecology.
DEFINITION: Eclampsia is defined as the clinical presentation of an unexplained seizure, convulsion, or altered mental status in the setting of the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. It is considered a complication of severe preeclampsia.
A woman with preeclampsia develops:
--- high blood pressure (>140 mmHg systolic or >90 mmHg diastolic)
--- protein in the urine
--- swelling (edema) of the legs, hands, face or entire body.
Case Study Report on PIH and Severe Pre eclampsia
it is a case study report on PIH and Severe Pre eclampsia
I did when I was posted on Kist Medical TEaching Hospital for Midwifery Practicum
Prepared by:
Rashmi Regmi
B Sc Nursing
Manmohan Memorial Institute Of health Sciences
pg case presentation , obstetrics
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is diabetes that develops during pregnancy and can cause complications for both the mother and baby if not properly managed. The case presentation describes a 30-year-old pregnant woman with decreased fetal movement at 36 weeks of pregnancy who has a history of GDM. Management of GDM focuses on tight glycemic control through diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring and possibly insulin to prevent complications like premature delivery, macrosomia, hypoglycemia and jaundice in the baby. Both mother and baby require close monitoring during and after pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes case study 2nd one
This case study involves Sara, a 35 year old Hispanic woman presenting for prenatal care at 24 weeks gestation. She has risk factors for gestational diabetes including a family history. Sara is diagnosed with gestational diabetes after failing her 3 hour glucose tolerance test. During her induction of labor at 38 weeks, she experiences dysfunctional labor likely due to macrosomia. Despite efforts, late decelerations develop requiring an emergency c-section for fetal distress. Her baby boy Michael is born weighing 9 pounds 8 ounces.
Postpartum hemorrhage
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding following childbirth. It is a leading cause of maternal mortality, accounting for nearly one quarter of maternal deaths worldwide. The most common cause is uterine atony, or failure of the uterus to contract after delivery. Other causes include retained placenta, trauma during delivery, coagulation disorders, and issues like placenta previa. Risk factors include previous PPH, macrosomia, multiple pregnancy, and uterine overdistention. Prevention focuses on risk assessment and active management of the third stage of labor. Treatment depends on the severity but may include uterine massage, uterotonic drugs, uterine packing, arterial ligation, embolization, compression sutures,
Eclampsia 4 Real
This document discusses a case study of a 19-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for pregnancy induced hypertension and experienced two episodes of seizures after giving birth. It provides background information on eclampsia, details of the patient's symptoms, diagnostic tests performed, and treatment involving magnesium sulfate, anti-convulsants, and anti-hypertensive drugs. It also discusses the anatomy and physiology of relevant body systems including the reproductive, cardiovascular, and nervous systems as they relate to the condition.
Asphyxia neonatorum
Perinatal asphyxia, also known as asphyxia neonatorum, is defined as impaired respiratory gas exchange accompanied by metabolic acidosis in newborns. It occurs due to interruption of umbilical cord blood flow or failure of placental gas exchange. Clinical features include apnea, bradycardia, cyanosis, and hypotonia. Multiple organs can be affected, especially the brain, kidneys, heart, and lungs. Brain damage ranges from mild to severe based on duration and severity of asphyxia. Management involves supportive care, treatment of complications, and in severe cases hypothermia therapy or anticonvulsants for seizures may be used. Outcomes depend on the stage of hypo
Inevitable abortion case presentation
Mrs. M, a 24-year-old pregnant woman, presented to the emergency department with abdominal cramping and heavy vaginal bleeding. Her physical exam and diagnostic tests indicated an abnormal gestational sac near her cervical canal. She was diagnosed with an inevitable abortion, where continuation of the pregnancy was not possible. For treatment of inevitable abortions before 12 weeks, options include dilation and evacuation followed by curettage or suction evacuation. After 12 weeks, options include oxytocin to accelerate uterine contractions or abdominal hysterotomy. Complications can include injury, perforation, bleeding, shock, or infection if tissue remains in the uterus.
Recommended
Case Study of Eclampsia
Ten percent of all pregnancies are complicated by hypertension (HTN).Eclampsia and preeclampsia account for about half of these cases worldwide.
In 1619, Varandaeus coined the term eclampsia in a treatise on gynecology.
DEFINITION: Eclampsia is defined as the clinical presentation of an unexplained seizure, convulsion, or altered mental status in the setting of the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. It is considered a complication of severe preeclampsia.
A woman with preeclampsia develops:
--- high blood pressure (>140 mmHg systolic or >90 mmHg diastolic)
--- protein in the urine
--- swelling (edema) of the legs, hands, face or entire body.
Case Study Report on PIH and Severe Pre eclampsia
it is a case study report on PIH and Severe Pre eclampsia
I did when I was posted on Kist Medical TEaching Hospital for Midwifery Practicum
Prepared by:
Rashmi Regmi
B Sc Nursing
Manmohan Memorial Institute Of health Sciences
pg case presentation , obstetrics
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is diabetes that develops during pregnancy and can cause complications for both the mother and baby if not properly managed. The case presentation describes a 30-year-old pregnant woman with decreased fetal movement at 36 weeks of pregnancy who has a history of GDM. Management of GDM focuses on tight glycemic control through diet, exercise, blood glucose monitoring and possibly insulin to prevent complications like premature delivery, macrosomia, hypoglycemia and jaundice in the baby. Both mother and baby require close monitoring during and after pregnancy.
Gestational diabetes case study 2nd one
This case study involves Sara, a 35 year old Hispanic woman presenting for prenatal care at 24 weeks gestation. She has risk factors for gestational diabetes including a family history. Sara is diagnosed with gestational diabetes after failing her 3 hour glucose tolerance test. During her induction of labor at 38 weeks, she experiences dysfunctional labor likely due to macrosomia. Despite efforts, late decelerations develop requiring an emergency c-section for fetal distress. Her baby boy Michael is born weighing 9 pounds 8 ounces.
Postpartum hemorrhage
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is excessive bleeding following childbirth. It is a leading cause of maternal mortality, accounting for nearly one quarter of maternal deaths worldwide. The most common cause is uterine atony, or failure of the uterus to contract after delivery. Other causes include retained placenta, trauma during delivery, coagulation disorders, and issues like placenta previa. Risk factors include previous PPH, macrosomia, multiple pregnancy, and uterine overdistention. Prevention focuses on risk assessment and active management of the third stage of labor. Treatment depends on the severity but may include uterine massage, uterotonic drugs, uterine packing, arterial ligation, embolization, compression sutures,
Eclampsia 4 Real
This document discusses a case study of a 19-year-old woman who was admitted to the hospital for pregnancy induced hypertension and experienced two episodes of seizures after giving birth. It provides background information on eclampsia, details of the patient's symptoms, diagnostic tests performed, and treatment involving magnesium sulfate, anti-convulsants, and anti-hypertensive drugs. It also discusses the anatomy and physiology of relevant body systems including the reproductive, cardiovascular, and nervous systems as they relate to the condition.
Asphyxia neonatorum
Perinatal asphyxia, also known as asphyxia neonatorum, is defined as impaired respiratory gas exchange accompanied by metabolic acidosis in newborns. It occurs due to interruption of umbilical cord blood flow or failure of placental gas exchange. Clinical features include apnea, bradycardia, cyanosis, and hypotonia. Multiple organs can be affected, especially the brain, kidneys, heart, and lungs. Brain damage ranges from mild to severe based on duration and severity of asphyxia. Management involves supportive care, treatment of complications, and in severe cases hypothermia therapy or anticonvulsants for seizures may be used. Outcomes depend on the stage of hypo
Inevitable abortion case presentation
Mrs. M, a 24-year-old pregnant woman, presented to the emergency department with abdominal cramping and heavy vaginal bleeding. Her physical exam and diagnostic tests indicated an abnormal gestational sac near her cervical canal. She was diagnosed with an inevitable abortion, where continuation of the pregnancy was not possible. For treatment of inevitable abortions before 12 weeks, options include dilation and evacuation followed by curettage or suction evacuation. After 12 weeks, options include oxytocin to accelerate uterine contractions or abdominal hysterotomy. Complications can include injury, perforation, bleeding, shock, or infection if tissue remains in the uterus.
Preeclampsia
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia. It begins by outlining normal blood pressure changes during pregnancy, then defines pregnancy-induced hypertension and chronic hypertension. It distinguishes between gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors, incidence rates, causes, pathophysiology, complications, classification, diagnosis, and management of preeclampsia are then summarized. Indications for delivery are outlined for both mild and severe preeclampsia cases based on maternal and fetal stability and gestational age.
Magnesium Sulfate in Obstetrics
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has several uses in obstetrics including seizure prophylaxis in preeclampsia/eclampsia and providing fetal neuroprotection. It works through vasodilation and reduction of inflammation. Common regimens include IV/IM loading doses followed by IV or IM maintenance doses over 24 hours. Shorter durations of 4 hours or a single IM dose postpartum have also been shown to be effective for seizure prophylaxis. MgSO4 protects the fetal brain through action as an NMDA receptor blocker and its anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing brain lesions and improving long-term outcomes in preterm newborns. It is recommended for neuroprotection for preterm births before 32 weeks
Partograph exercises
1. The document provides information on examining patients in labor, including frequency of examinations, symbols used on partographs, and examples of completed partographs for different patients.
2. It includes details on vaginal examinations like cervical dilation, fetal position and heart rate, membrane status, and descent/moulding that should be recorded regularly during labor.
3. Examples of partographs show progression of labor over time for patients with details on vital signs and fetal/maternal status.
Pre mature rupture of membrene
1) Premature rupture of membrane (PROM) is defined as the rupture of amniotic sac more than 1 hour before the onset of labor.
2) PROM can be classified as preterm (before 37 weeks gestation), prolonged (rupture of membranes for over 24 hours before onset of labor), or pre-viable (before 24 weeks gestation).
3) Causes and risk factors of PROM include infections, smoking, previous preterm labor or PROM, polyhydramnios, multiple gestation, bleeding during pregnancy, invasive procedures, and cervical insufficiency. Diagnosis involves history collection, examination, and tests to assess fetal wellbeing.
Antenatal assessment
The document discusses antenatal assessment, which involves the systematic supervision of a pregnant woman. It involves determining risk factors through a comprehensive history and physical exam. Regular checkups are recommended, starting with monthly visits until week 28, then twice monthly until week 36, and weekly during the last 4 weeks. The assessments monitor maternal and fetal health and wellbeing through tests, exams, ultrasounds and more. The goal is to promote a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Case presentation post caesarean pregnancy
A 28-year-old woman, G3P1L1A1 with 9 months of amenorrhea, presented with complaints of abdominal pain for 2 hours. She had a previous cesarean section delivery. On examination, her uterus was enlarged corresponding to 36 weeks gestation with a single live fetus in cephalic presentation. She was diagnosed with 36 weeks gestation with 1 previous cesarean section and scar tenderness. An emergency cesarean section was performed under spinal anesthesia and a live preterm male baby was delivered. The postoperative period was uneventful.
Partograph- Made easy for undergraduates
Partograph is very important tool for monitoring the progress of labour. In this presentation it is very easily expalined how to plot a partograph.
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is glucose intolerance that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. It can be caused by either pre-existing type 2 diabetes or a new onset of diabetes during pregnancy. The document discusses screening, diagnosis and management of both pre-existing diabetes and GDM during pregnancy. It aims to provide optimal glucose control to support fetal growth while avoiding risks of hyper- and hypoglycemia. Treatment involves medical nutrition therapy, glucose monitoring and may require insulin therapy in some cases. Close monitoring is needed throughout pregnancy and postpartum to support maternal and fetal health.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)
A 42-year-old teacher presented with menorrhagia for 6 months with lethargy and palpitations. On examination, she was pale with a pulse of 108 bpm. Investigations showed Hb levels decreasing from 8.1 to 7.8 g/dL. Ultrasound found an endometrial thickness of 6 mm without masses. She was diagnosed with dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) and admitted for further management including IV fluids and iron supplements. DUB is abnormal bleeding due to hormonal imbalances that can cause heavy periods, and is diagnosed after excluding other causes. It is typically treated with hormonal therapy.
Preterm labour
This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
Incomplete abortion
This document discusses incomplete abortion, which occurs when not all products of conception are expelled from the uterus after a miscarriage. Symptoms include pain and vaginal bleeding after expelling a fleshy mass. Examination shows a smaller uterus with an open cervical os and bleeding. Ultrasound reveals echogenic material in the uterine cavity. Management depends on the gestational age, and may involve evacuation of retained products surgically or through medication with misoprostol. The goal is complete removal of any remaining pregnancy tissue.
Hypothermia in newborn
Hypothermia is a significant problem in neonates that can lead to increased mortality and morbidity. It is caused by situations that lead to excessive heat loss or poor ability to produce heat in babies. These include cold environments, wet skin, procedures like bathing, and low birth weight. Newborns are prone to hypothermia due to their large surface area and limited ability to generate heat. Prevention focuses on keeping babies warm through immediate drying and skin-to-skin contact with the mother. Treatment involves gradually rewarming the baby and minimizing further heat loss. Healthcare providers must be alert to the risks and take steps to maintain the baby's temperature within a normal range.
Postpartum hemorrhage
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the second leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for over 30% of maternal deaths in Africa and Asia. In Tanzania, almost 7,900 mothers die each year from childbirth or pregnancy complications, with PPH being one of the direct causes in 14.9% of cases. This case study examines a 33-year old woman admitted to Mnazi Mmoja Hospital in Tanzania suffering from PPH, as evidenced by a hemoglobin level of 8.4 and excessive vaginal bleeding. She received IV fluids, oxytocin, uterine massage and monitoring to manage her fluid deficit, stabilize her vital signs and prevent infection at the placental attachment site.
Dysfunctional labor
This document discusses dysfunctional labor, including its definition, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. It begins with an outline and overview of normal labor stages and durations. Dysfunctional labor is defined as any deviation from normal labor progress and can be caused by issues with uterine contractions, fetal positioning, or maternal pelvic anatomy. Types include prolonged latent phase, primary dysfunctional labor (prolonged active phase), and secondary arrest. Diagnosis involves monitoring labor progress with a partogram. Risks include fetal distress and operative delivery. Management depends on the type, and may involve oxytocin augmentation, changing maternal position, or cesarean section if no progress. Active management with early amniotomy and oxytocin for slow labor
PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension, which includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. It defines each condition and describes their causes, risk factors, management during pregnancy, and criteria for delivery. Chronic hypertension is high blood pressure before or early in pregnancy, while gestational hypertension develops after 20 weeks without other complications. Preeclampsia involves hypertension and proteinuria. Management depends on severity and gestational age, ranging from observation to medical treatment and delivery.
Case Study on Intrauterine Growth Restriction
A clinically based study of a case of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) or Foetal Growth Restriction (FGR).
Moderator:
Dr M. K. Mazumdar
Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital
Presented by:
29: Abhineet Dey
30: Devasree Kalita
31: Parishmita Sharma
33: Ankur Jain
34: Dhurjyoti Nath
35: Mousumi Mehtaz
42: Liza Hazarika
Students of 8th Semester,
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam
Management of normal labour
Management of normal labour involves careful history taking, examination of the patient and fetus, and monitoring progress through each stage of labour. The first stage focuses on preparing the mother, allowing light foods and mobility. Fetal wellbeing is assessed through monitoring the heart rate, fluid color and scalp sampling if needed. The second stage has the mother push on contractions while in position for delivery. Episiotomy may be done and perineal support given. The third stage uses active management including oxytocin to deliver the placenta to prevent hemorrhage.
Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios is an excess of amniotic fluid, which is normally 500-1500ml at term. It is diagnosed clinically or via ultrasound. Causes include maternal diabetes or fetal abnormalities. Management depends on if the excess fluid is acute or chronic, and involves bed rest, ultrasound, draining fluid via needle if fetus is normal, or inducing labor. Oligohydramnios is the opposite condition of low amniotic fluid which can be associated with fetal abnormalities and complications like preterm labor and death.
Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM) by Sunil Kumar Daha
Please find the power point on Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
pre eclampsia
Hypertension is a common pregnancy complication and can be pregnancy-induced or pre-existing. Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension with proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It has various risk factors and causes damage through abnormal placentation. Clinically, it ranges from mild to severe based on blood pressure and can cause maternal organ damage. It is managed through blood pressure control, delivery once stabilized, and monitoring for complications like eclampsia. Preventing measures include calcium, anti-thrombotics and screening high risk women.
Preeclamsia, Eclampsia y Síndrome de HELLP
El documento describe la preeclampsia, una afección hipertensiva que ocurre durante el embarazo y puerperio. Se caracteriza por hipertensión y proteinuria después de la semana 20 de gestación. Existen dos tipos: leve y severa. La preeclampsia severa puede evolucionar a eclampsia, que se manifiesta con convulsiones, o al síndrome HELLP, caracterizado por hemólisis, elevación de enzimas hepáticas y trombopenia. Se detallan los síntomas, factores de riesgo, tratamiento y
Caso GinecolóGico
A 34-year-old woman presented with vaginal bleeding one month after a missed abortion. Endometrial curettage was performed and slides were obtained. The pathologist is asked to diagnose the slides and make suggestions to the clinicians in their report.
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Preeclampsia
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia. It begins by outlining normal blood pressure changes during pregnancy, then defines pregnancy-induced hypertension and chronic hypertension. It distinguishes between gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors, incidence rates, causes, pathophysiology, complications, classification, diagnosis, and management of preeclampsia are then summarized. Indications for delivery are outlined for both mild and severe preeclampsia cases based on maternal and fetal stability and gestational age.
Magnesium Sulfate in Obstetrics
Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) has several uses in obstetrics including seizure prophylaxis in preeclampsia/eclampsia and providing fetal neuroprotection. It works through vasodilation and reduction of inflammation. Common regimens include IV/IM loading doses followed by IV or IM maintenance doses over 24 hours. Shorter durations of 4 hours or a single IM dose postpartum have also been shown to be effective for seizure prophylaxis. MgSO4 protects the fetal brain through action as an NMDA receptor blocker and its anti-inflammatory effects, decreasing brain lesions and improving long-term outcomes in preterm newborns. It is recommended for neuroprotection for preterm births before 32 weeks
Partograph exercises
1. The document provides information on examining patients in labor, including frequency of examinations, symbols used on partographs, and examples of completed partographs for different patients.
2. It includes details on vaginal examinations like cervical dilation, fetal position and heart rate, membrane status, and descent/moulding that should be recorded regularly during labor.
3. Examples of partographs show progression of labor over time for patients with details on vital signs and fetal/maternal status.
Pre mature rupture of membrene
1) Premature rupture of membrane (PROM) is defined as the rupture of amniotic sac more than 1 hour before the onset of labor.
2) PROM can be classified as preterm (before 37 weeks gestation), prolonged (rupture of membranes for over 24 hours before onset of labor), or pre-viable (before 24 weeks gestation).
3) Causes and risk factors of PROM include infections, smoking, previous preterm labor or PROM, polyhydramnios, multiple gestation, bleeding during pregnancy, invasive procedures, and cervical insufficiency. Diagnosis involves history collection, examination, and tests to assess fetal wellbeing.
Antenatal assessment
The document discusses antenatal assessment, which involves the systematic supervision of a pregnant woman. It involves determining risk factors through a comprehensive history and physical exam. Regular checkups are recommended, starting with monthly visits until week 28, then twice monthly until week 36, and weekly during the last 4 weeks. The assessments monitor maternal and fetal health and wellbeing through tests, exams, ultrasounds and more. The goal is to promote a healthy pregnancy and delivery.
Case presentation post caesarean pregnancy
A 28-year-old woman, G3P1L1A1 with 9 months of amenorrhea, presented with complaints of abdominal pain for 2 hours. She had a previous cesarean section delivery. On examination, her uterus was enlarged corresponding to 36 weeks gestation with a single live fetus in cephalic presentation. She was diagnosed with 36 weeks gestation with 1 previous cesarean section and scar tenderness. An emergency cesarean section was performed under spinal anesthesia and a live preterm male baby was delivered. The postoperative period was uneventful.
Partograph- Made easy for undergraduates
Partograph is very important tool for monitoring the progress of labour. In this presentation it is very easily expalined how to plot a partograph.
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is glucose intolerance that begins or is first recognized during pregnancy. It can be caused by either pre-existing type 2 diabetes or a new onset of diabetes during pregnancy. The document discusses screening, diagnosis and management of both pre-existing diabetes and GDM during pregnancy. It aims to provide optimal glucose control to support fetal growth while avoiding risks of hyper- and hypoglycemia. Treatment involves medical nutrition therapy, glucose monitoring and may require insulin therapy in some cases. Close monitoring is needed throughout pregnancy and postpartum to support maternal and fetal health.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)
A 42-year-old teacher presented with menorrhagia for 6 months with lethargy and palpitations. On examination, she was pale with a pulse of 108 bpm. Investigations showed Hb levels decreasing from 8.1 to 7.8 g/dL. Ultrasound found an endometrial thickness of 6 mm without masses. She was diagnosed with dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) and admitted for further management including IV fluids and iron supplements. DUB is abnormal bleeding due to hormonal imbalances that can cause heavy periods, and is diagnosed after excluding other causes. It is typically treated with hormonal therapy.
Preterm labour
This document provides an overview of preterm labor and abnormal uterine action. It begins by defining preterm labor as labor starting between 24-28 weeks and before 37 weeks of pregnancy. The prevalence of preterm labor is reported to range between 5-10%. Risk factors for preterm labor are then discussed, along with potential maternal and fetal complications. Diagnosis and management of preterm labor focuses on preventing onset, arresting labor if possible, and providing appropriate neonatal care. The document then discusses various types of abnormal uterine action including hypertonic, hypotonic, dyscoordinate, and tonic contractions. Causes, signs, and management are described for each type. Cervical dystocia is also reviewed, distinguishing between primary
Incomplete abortion
This document discusses incomplete abortion, which occurs when not all products of conception are expelled from the uterus after a miscarriage. Symptoms include pain and vaginal bleeding after expelling a fleshy mass. Examination shows a smaller uterus with an open cervical os and bleeding. Ultrasound reveals echogenic material in the uterine cavity. Management depends on the gestational age, and may involve evacuation of retained products surgically or through medication with misoprostol. The goal is complete removal of any remaining pregnancy tissue.
Hypothermia in newborn
Hypothermia is a significant problem in neonates that can lead to increased mortality and morbidity. It is caused by situations that lead to excessive heat loss or poor ability to produce heat in babies. These include cold environments, wet skin, procedures like bathing, and low birth weight. Newborns are prone to hypothermia due to their large surface area and limited ability to generate heat. Prevention focuses on keeping babies warm through immediate drying and skin-to-skin contact with the mother. Treatment involves gradually rewarming the baby and minimizing further heat loss. Healthcare providers must be alert to the risks and take steps to maintain the baby's temperature within a normal range.
Postpartum hemorrhage
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is the second leading cause of maternal mortality worldwide, accounting for over 30% of maternal deaths in Africa and Asia. In Tanzania, almost 7,900 mothers die each year from childbirth or pregnancy complications, with PPH being one of the direct causes in 14.9% of cases. This case study examines a 33-year old woman admitted to Mnazi Mmoja Hospital in Tanzania suffering from PPH, as evidenced by a hemoglobin level of 8.4 and excessive vaginal bleeding. She received IV fluids, oxytocin, uterine massage and monitoring to manage her fluid deficit, stabilize her vital signs and prevent infection at the placental attachment site.
Dysfunctional labor
This document discusses dysfunctional labor, including its definition, types, causes, diagnosis, and management. It begins with an outline and overview of normal labor stages and durations. Dysfunctional labor is defined as any deviation from normal labor progress and can be caused by issues with uterine contractions, fetal positioning, or maternal pelvic anatomy. Types include prolonged latent phase, primary dysfunctional labor (prolonged active phase), and secondary arrest. Diagnosis involves monitoring labor progress with a partogram. Risks include fetal distress and operative delivery. Management depends on the type, and may involve oxytocin augmentation, changing maternal position, or cesarean section if no progress. Active management with early amniotomy and oxytocin for slow labor
PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION
This document discusses pregnancy induced hypertension, which includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. It defines each condition and describes their causes, risk factors, management during pregnancy, and criteria for delivery. Chronic hypertension is high blood pressure before or early in pregnancy, while gestational hypertension develops after 20 weeks without other complications. Preeclampsia involves hypertension and proteinuria. Management depends on severity and gestational age, ranging from observation to medical treatment and delivery.
Case Study on Intrauterine Growth Restriction
A clinically based study of a case of Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) or Foetal Growth Restriction (FGR).
Moderator:
Dr M. K. Mazumdar
Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital
Presented by:
29: Abhineet Dey
30: Devasree Kalita
31: Parishmita Sharma
33: Ankur Jain
34: Dhurjyoti Nath
35: Mousumi Mehtaz
42: Liza Hazarika
Students of 8th Semester,
Gauhati Medical College & Hospital, Guwahati, Assam
Management of normal labour
Management of normal labour involves careful history taking, examination of the patient and fetus, and monitoring progress through each stage of labour. The first stage focuses on preparing the mother, allowing light foods and mobility. Fetal wellbeing is assessed through monitoring the heart rate, fluid color and scalp sampling if needed. The second stage has the mother push on contractions while in position for delivery. Episiotomy may be done and perineal support given. The third stage uses active management including oxytocin to deliver the placenta to prevent hemorrhage.
Polyhydramnios and oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios is an excess of amniotic fluid, which is normally 500-1500ml at term. It is diagnosed clinically or via ultrasound. Causes include maternal diabetes or fetal abnormalities. Management depends on if the excess fluid is acute or chronic, and involves bed rest, ultrasound, draining fluid via needle if fetus is normal, or inducing labor. Oligohydramnios is the opposite condition of low amniotic fluid which can be associated with fetal abnormalities and complications like preterm labor and death.
Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM) by Sunil Kumar Daha
Please find the power point on Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM). I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
pre eclampsia
Hypertension is a common pregnancy complication and can be pregnancy-induced or pre-existing. Preeclampsia is defined as new hypertension with proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It has various risk factors and causes damage through abnormal placentation. Clinically, it ranges from mild to severe based on blood pressure and can cause maternal organ damage. It is managed through blood pressure control, delivery once stabilized, and monitoring for complications like eclampsia. Preventing measures include calcium, anti-thrombotics and screening high risk women.
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Prelabour Rupture of Membrane (PROM) by Sunil Kumar Daha
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Mrs. N presented with pre-eclampsia at 38 weeks gestation. She had hypertension, headache and was treated with magnesium sulfate and antihypertensive drugs. During labor, she had a seizure and was taken for an emergency C-section. Her blood pressure was monitored closely during admission and treatment. She received standard postpartum care including blood pressure monitoring before being discharged.
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, Preeclampsia, Eclampsia
This document discusses gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. It defines the conditions and classifications, discusses etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. Gestational hypertension is defined as high blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy without protein in the urine or other symptoms. Preeclampsia is gestational hypertension with protein in the urine or other complications. Eclampsia is a life-threatening condition characterized by seizures that can occur in severe preeclampsia. The document provides details on signs and symptoms, tests, and treatment including delivery of the baby as the only cure for preeclampsia.
Abortion
On average, 1.37 million abortions are performed each year in the United States, with over 45 million since 1973. The most common reasons women choose abortion are that they cannot afford a baby, are too young or in school, or are not ready due to their relationship status or partner's wishes. Most abortions, 88%, occur in the first trimester. While abortion laws and availability vary worldwide, it is estimated that about 46 million abortions occur globally each year, with 20 million done illegally. Medical abortions involve medication to induce abortion, while surgical abortions are performed using suction or dilation and evacuation depending on the gestational period. Complications are rare but can include heavy bleeding or infection.
Obstetric anatomy
The document summarizes obstetric anatomy, including the fetal skull, pelvis, and diameters important for labor and delivery. It describes:
1) The fetal skull diameters and how they change with flexion/deflexion of the head during birth. Moulding can reduce diameters by up to 1cm. Complications like caput succedaneum and cephalhematoma are also outlined.
2) The female pelvis is described through its planes, diameters, and four types (gynecoid, android, anthropoid, platypelloid). Key diameters include the true conjugate (11cm), obstetric conjugate (10.5cm), and diagonal conjugate (12cm).
Pre-Eclampsia and Hypertensive Disease in Pregnancy
This document discusses pre-eclampsia and hypertensive disease in pregnancy. It begins by outlining normal blood pressure changes during pregnancy and then defines different types of hypertension including chronic hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is described as a multi-system disorder specific to pregnancy caused by placental dysfunction. The document details diagnostic criteria, clinical features, complications, investigations, and stepwise management of pre-eclampsia including delivery timing and postpartum care. Management involves treating hypertension, preventing eclampsia with magnesium sulfate if needed, and delivery to cure the condition, balancing risks of preterm birth.
Practical obstetric simulation training
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Prenatal care
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Pre-Eclampsia & Eclampsia
This document provides information on the classification, definition, management, and treatment of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy including pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It classifies hypertensive disorders based on onset and characteristics, defines pre-eclampsia as new hypertension with proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation, and eclampsia as seizures occurring in pre-eclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension. It outlines protocols for magnesium sulfate treatment of seizures, antihypertensive treatment, fluid management, and delivery decisions.
Pph 2016
The document discusses postpartum haemorrhage (PPH), defining it as blood loss exceeding 500ml within 24 hours of delivery (primary PPH) or excessive bleeding from 24 hours to 6 weeks postpartum (secondary PPH). PPH is a leading cause of maternal death. Management involves simultaneous resuscitation, identification of cause such as uterine atony or trauma, and treatment including uterotonic drugs, balloon tamponade, or surgery. Early recognition, teamwork, and avoiding delays in care are essential to prevent mortality from massive PPH.
Obstetric History I
A guide to obstetric clerkship for the student. This presentation deals with a patient who has come with a complaint.
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Colposcopy
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3. The instrumentation used in colposcopy including speculums, swabs, curettes, biopsy forceps, and acetic acid.
Obstetric emergencies part 1
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Pregnancy Induced Hypertension, Preeclampsia, Eclampsia
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Similar to Eclampsia case study
PRE ECLAMPSIA.pptx
1. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. It affects 5-10% of pregnancies globally and contributes to maternal deaths.
2. It is classified as mild or severe preeclampsia depending on blood pressure and presence of organ dysfunction. Risk factors include primiparity, obesity, and prior preeclampsia.
3. The pathogenesis involves defective placentation leading to an imbalance of angiogenic factors and endothelial dysfunction. This causes organ damage through vasospasm and reduced perfusion. Complications can affect the brain, liver, kidneys and other organs in both mother and fetus.
Hypertension in pregnancy guidelines
Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), also called toxemia or preeclampsia: This condition can cause serious problems for both the mother and the baby if left untreated. PIH develops after the 20th weeks of pregnancy. Along with high blood pressure, it causes protein in the urine, blood changes and other problems.
Hypertensive emergencies in pregnancy.pptx
Hypertensive emergencies are common in pregnancy. Severe hypertension, Preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome are some of these. Management includes control of blood pressure, monitoring, prevension of fits, safe delivery and postpartum care. Future prevention of preeclampsia is possible with Aspirin and calcium supplementation. Only practical way of early detection is currently with the use of uterine artery doppler measurements
Step by step management of hypertension during pregnancy
A 30-year-old woman who is pregnant with her first child was referred for high blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg, 5 days after giving birth to her third daughter. She has been taking nifedipine and methyl dopa to control her blood pressure. The next steps in her management should include considering increasing her medications, adding another antihypertensive such as labetalol, and avoiding ACE inhibitors due to breastfeeding. Her symptoms of sleep disturbance and palpitations also warrant consideration of an anxiolytic to help control her symptoms. The primary goal is controlling her blood pressure while minimizing risks to her ability to breastfeed her newborn.
Hypertensive in pregnancy
Presentation on hypertension in pregnancy. includes types of hypertension, management, and treatment.
Hypertension in pregnancy
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy, including classifications, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, pathophysiology, prevention, and management. It classifies hypertensive disorders in pregnancy into four categories: gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. It provides diagnostic criteria for each condition and indicators of severity. Risk factors include young maternal age, obesity, multifetal gestation, and genetic predispositions. The pathophysiology involves abnormal placental invasion and maternal inflammatory response. Management depends on severity of features and gestational age, ranging from expectant monitoring to expedited delivery.
Hypertension in pregnancy
This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy, including classifications of hypertensive disorders, epidemiology and risk factors, predicting and diagnosing preeclampsia, assessing severity, chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, management of preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome, and preconceptual counseling. It covers diagnostic criteria, monitoring, treatment including antihypertensive therapy and magnesium sulfate, timing of delivery, and postpartum care. Prevention strategies like low-dose aspirin are also reviewed.
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This document discusses the classification, diagnosis, risk factors, pathophysiology, management, and complications of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including gestational hypertension, chronic hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. It classifies the hypertensive disorders and defines the criteria for each. It covers the potential risk factors, proposed pathophysiological mechanisms, and maternal and fetal effects. The document provides guidelines on evaluation and management of the hypertension and seizure prophylaxis. It also discusses magnesium sulfate use and monitoring for eclampsia prevention and treatment.
Obstetrics and Gynae
The document provides guidance on managing obstetric and gynecological emergencies, including ectopic pregnancies, preeclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, preterm labor and breech deliveries. It discusses the anatomical and physiological changes in pregnancy that impact patient assessment and outlines approaches to stabilizing mothers and infants in emergency situations. The material aims to teach fellows about prioritizing maternal stabilization, identifying complications, and expediting delivery when needed to resolve emergencies.
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This document provides an overview of a presentation on the principles of managing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It begins with an introduction on the epidemiology of hypertension in pregnancy. It then covers the classification, risk factors, clinical presentation, management, and complications of hypertensive disorders. For management, it discusses controlling blood pressure, preventing convulsions like eclampsia, and delivering the fetus. It emphasizes the importance of careful monitoring, early detection, and appropriate treatment to optimize maternal and fetal outcomes for these potentially dangerous conditions.
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Hypertensive disorders are a major cause of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality globally. This document discusses the classification, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, and eclampsia. It provides guidelines for monitoring, treatment with antihypertensive medications, delivery timing, and postpartum care for women with mild or severe forms of these conditions. The goal of treatment is to prevent maternal complications while allowing for fetal lung maturity as determined by gestational age.
Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy.pptx
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) are a common cause of maternal and infant health problems and death. HDP include gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Risk factors include being young, older than 35, having previous HDP, obesity, diabetes, or kidney disease. Symptoms of severe preeclampsia include headaches, vision issues, low platelets, elevated liver enzymes, pain in the upper right abdomen, HELLP syndrome, or high creatinine. All pregnant people should take calcium and those at higher risk may benefit from low-dose aspirin. HDP requires frequent monitoring, control of blood pressure, delivery by 38 weeks for gestational hypertension or earlier for pre
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The document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. It defines each disorder, outlines their classification, signs and symptoms, risk factors, and management approaches. The goals of management are to prevent seizures and convulsions, control blood pressure, deliver the baby to remove the placenta as the definitive treatment, and provide postpartum follow up and care to prevent future recurrence of complications.
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This document discusses hypertension in pregnancy, including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. It defines the different categories of hypertension in pregnancy, describes the pathophysiology and risk factors, and outlines treatment and management approaches. Key points include that hypertension complicates 8% of pregnancies and is a leading cause of maternal mortality. Gestational hypertension is defined as hypertension after 20 weeks in a previously normotensive woman that resolves by 12 weeks postpartum, while preeclampsia involves hypertension and proteinuria. Early onset of gestational hypertension or higher blood pressure levels increase the risk of progression to preeclampsia. Treatment focuses on controlling blood pressure, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate, and timely delivery.
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This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including chronic hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. It defines each condition and describes their signs, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, investigations, complications and management approaches. Chronic hypertension refers to high blood pressure before 20 weeks of gestation. Pregnancy-induced hypertension occurs in the second half of pregnancy without proteinuria. Preeclampsia involves high blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 weeks. Eclampsia is preeclampsia with seizures. HELLP syndrome involves hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets. Prompt delivery is often needed to manage severe forms of
Hypertension in pregnancy
This document discusses hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including chronic hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. It defines each condition and describes their signs, symptoms, risk factors, pathophysiology, investigations, complications and management approaches. Chronic hypertension refers to high blood pressure before 20 weeks of gestation. Pregnancy-induced hypertension occurs in the second half of pregnancy without proteinuria. Preeclampsia involves high blood pressure and proteinuria after 20 weeks. Eclampsia is preeclampsia with seizures. HELLP syndrome involves hemolytic anemia, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets. Prompt delivery is often needed to manage severe forms of
HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS OF PREGNANCY.pdf
This document discusses hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) and preeclampsia. It defines the degrees of hypertension and classifies types of hypertension in pregnancy. It outlines risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of preeclampsia. Management involves recognizing the condition early, monitoring the mother and fetus, treating hypertension with medications like labetalol, preventing seizures with magnesium sulfate and timely delivery of the baby and placenta.
Evaluation and management of hypertension in pregnancy
This document discusses the evaluation and management of hypertension in pregnancy. It defines the various hypertensive disorders that can occur during pregnancy, including preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia, and gestational hypertension. It provides details on the signs, symptoms, diagnostic criteria, risk factors, prevention, and treatment approaches for each condition. The management of hypertension during pregnancy aims to prevent complications through careful monitoring, timely delivery when indicated, and antihypertensive treatment as needed.
Hypertension_in_Pregnancy.ppt
Hypertension is common in 10-20% of pregnancies and includes chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Risk factors include prior preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Evaluation includes medical history, physical exam, and labs to check for end organ damage. Treatment depends on severity but may include bed rest, monitoring, antihypertensive medications, magnesium sulfate for seizure prevention, and delivery which is usually the definitive treatment.
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Step by step management of hypertension during pregnancy
Step by step management of hypertension during pregnancy
Evaluation and management of hypertension in pregnancy
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Eclampsia case study
- 1. Obstetric Case Presentation Nick Harper
- 2. Ms X • 17 yo • G1 P0 • 38 weeks gestation • Admitted in early labor • Discharged
- 3. 4X tonic-clonic seizures Presenting Complaint
- 4. History of Presenting Complaint • 8/10 pain headache • 8/10 pain abdo pain • 4X tonic-clonic seizures • Witnessed by boyfriend and sister • Admission via Ambulance
- 5. Obstetric History • 38/40 • 1+ protein seen from 28/40 •BP 92/50 @ 25 weeks •BP 130/80 @ 37 weeks
- 6. Differential Diagnosis • Eclampsia • Epilepsy – 1/3 have inc. seizures – Decreased drug levels • Severe hypoglycaemia
- 7. Initial management Diazepam 10mg IV (ambulance) MgSO4 (St Michaels)
- 8. Investigations • BP 200/120 (<140/90) • Creatinine 123 (60-100) • Uric Acid 0.66 (0.19-0.36) • ALT 145 (5-40) • Platelets 435 (150-400) • Hb 11.0 (12-16)
- 9. •“Shining Forth” •One or more convulsions superimposed on pre-eclampsia Eclampsia Diagnosis •Severe pre eclampsia5:1000 •Eclampsia 5:10,000 •14 deaths (2000-2002)
- 10. Risk Factors
- 11. Signs & Symptoms
- 12. Management - BP • BP >160/110 • Hydralazine 5mg IV unless pulse >120 • Labetolol 20mg IV (total 200mg) • Restrict fluids 90mL/h
- 13. Management - Seizures • Magnesium sulphate 4g IVI 5 min • Magnesium sulphate 1g/h IVI 24 hrs •Magnesium sulphate 2g IVI 5 min •Diazepam 5mg IV •Stop MgSO4 if RR <14 or lose tendon reflex •Calcium Gluconate
- 14. Ms X • MgSO4 commenced • MgSO4 maintenance infusion • 190mg Labetolol given in 25mg boluses • Into theatre • Spinal • Forceps delivery, 2nd degree tear • Healthy baby
- 15. Important points • BP not a good measure • Do not ignore 1+ of protein • Delivery is only cure • 44% of fits are post partum • Inform intensive care facilities early