The document summarizes the global response to the 2014-2015 Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa. It describes the establishment of the United Nations Mission for Emergency Ebola Response (UNMEER) in September 2014 to coordinate the UN response. It also discusses the World Health Organization's declaration of the outbreak as a public health emergency and their release of an Ebola response roadmap to guide international efforts to stop transmission within 6-9 months. Finally, it provides an overview of the roles of various international organizations, NGOs, and countries in responding to the unprecedented epidemic.
This document discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR), which provide a framework for international cooperation to control the spread of diseases. Some key points:
1. The IHR aim to prevent the international spread of diseases, encourage surveillance and capacity building, and ensure prompt notification of public health emergencies.
2. Vaccination requirements are outlined for certain diseases like smallpox, plague, cholera, and yellow fever. Smallpox vaccination is no longer recommended.
3. National IHR Focal Points have been established in countries to act as communication channels with WHO. India's focal point is the National Institute of Communicable Diseases.
4. The document outlines core surveillance and response capacities
The International Health Regulations originated in 1851 to promote international cooperation and limit interference with trade during disease outbreaks. The IHR have been revised multiple times to address new public health challenges, including the 2005 revision to strengthen surveillance and response systems for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The IHR (2005) require countries to develop core surveillance and response capacities and obligate information sharing during public health events of international concern in order to rapidly detect and respond to global health threats.
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
In detail about international health agencies ,
*definition of international health
Background for establishing international health community
*previous int. Health organisation and there basis of establishment
* birth of who
*who
*unicef
*other UN agencies : UNDP ,UNFPA ,FAO,ILO
*international red cross
* other private ngos
The document discusses the history and structure of international health organizations and the World Health Organization (WHO). It describes how early international health efforts focused on quarantine measures for diseases like plague and cholera. Over time, organizations were established to promote cooperation and standards between countries on international health issues, culminating in the formation of WHO in 1945. WHO aims to coordinate global health initiatives and works on priorities like disease prevention, health systems, and environmental health. It has six regional offices and is overseen by the World Health Assembly and Executive Board.
This document provides an overview of global health and the history and work of the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses how international cooperation on health issues originated from early sanitary conferences and led to the establishment of WHO in 1948. Key details include WHO's structure, membership, priorities such as disease prevention and control, and milestones such as the eradication of smallpox. The roles of other related international organizations such as UNICEF, UNDP, FAO, and the World Bank in global health are also summarized.
Public health emergencies DR. MADHUR VERMA PGIMS ROHTAKMADHUR VERMA
This document discusses public health emergencies and preparedness. It defines a public health emergency and outlines the criteria used for determining if an event constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. It also discusses notification procedures, verification of events, and the roles of various organizations like WHO in assessing and responding to potential public health emergencies. Key aspects of public health emergency preparedness are outlined, including health risk assessment, defining roles and responsibilities, and maintaining epidemiological and laboratory functions to monitor and detect public health threats.
This document discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR), which provide a framework for international cooperation to control the spread of diseases. Some key points:
1. The IHR aim to prevent the international spread of diseases, encourage surveillance and capacity building, and ensure prompt notification of public health emergencies.
2. Vaccination requirements are outlined for certain diseases like smallpox, plague, cholera, and yellow fever. Smallpox vaccination is no longer recommended.
3. National IHR Focal Points have been established in countries to act as communication channels with WHO. India's focal point is the National Institute of Communicable Diseases.
4. The document outlines core surveillance and response capacities
The International Health Regulations originated in 1851 to promote international cooperation and limit interference with trade during disease outbreaks. The IHR have been revised multiple times to address new public health challenges, including the 2005 revision to strengthen surveillance and response systems for infectious diseases and public health emergencies. The IHR (2005) require countries to develop core surveillance and response capacities and obligate information sharing during public health events of international concern in order to rapidly detect and respond to global health threats.
The emergence of the concept of "International Health." Traces back to the pre/post world war period and how it impacted the formation of various international health organization for various strata of the society.
In detail about international health agencies ,
*definition of international health
Background for establishing international health community
*previous int. Health organisation and there basis of establishment
* birth of who
*who
*unicef
*other UN agencies : UNDP ,UNFPA ,FAO,ILO
*international red cross
* other private ngos
The document discusses the history and structure of international health organizations and the World Health Organization (WHO). It describes how early international health efforts focused on quarantine measures for diseases like plague and cholera. Over time, organizations were established to promote cooperation and standards between countries on international health issues, culminating in the formation of WHO in 1945. WHO aims to coordinate global health initiatives and works on priorities like disease prevention, health systems, and environmental health. It has six regional offices and is overseen by the World Health Assembly and Executive Board.
This document provides an overview of global health and the history and work of the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses how international cooperation on health issues originated from early sanitary conferences and led to the establishment of WHO in 1948. Key details include WHO's structure, membership, priorities such as disease prevention and control, and milestones such as the eradication of smallpox. The roles of other related international organizations such as UNICEF, UNDP, FAO, and the World Bank in global health are also summarized.
Public health emergencies DR. MADHUR VERMA PGIMS ROHTAKMADHUR VERMA
This document discusses public health emergencies and preparedness. It defines a public health emergency and outlines the criteria used for determining if an event constitutes a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. It also discusses notification procedures, verification of events, and the roles of various organizations like WHO in assessing and responding to potential public health emergencies. Key aspects of public health emergency preparedness are outlined, including health risk assessment, defining roles and responsibilities, and maintaining epidemiological and laboratory functions to monitor and detect public health threats.
This document discusses public health emergency preparedness and response. It highlights that planning requires a regional approach since emergencies often cross jurisdictional borders. The public health response differs from other agencies in that it does not involve protective equipment, emergency vehicles, or law enforcement functions. Key public health roles in response include prevention, surveillance, intervention, and addressing emergencies on a larger scale. Planning involves various grants, annexes to the overall plan, and use of the Strategic National Stockpile. The incident command system is used to coordinate the multi-agency response and establish command and control.
Rwanda has made tremendous progress in rebuilding its health system and improving health outcomes after the 1994 genocide devastated the country. National policies focused on equity, social cohesion, and community-based care. As a result, premature mortality has fallen and life expectancy has doubled. Key factors in Rwanda's success include community health insurance, performance-based financing, partnerships between the government and development organizations, and prioritizing decentralized and integrated health services.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works to improve global health. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO aims to coordinate international health work and attain the highest standard of health for all people. It addresses issues like communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, and health emergencies. The WHO played a key role in eradicating smallpox and bringing polio cases down by 99% globally. It also works with countries like India on initiatives to eliminate malaria and tackle health emergencies like COVID-19.
This document discusses lessons learned from the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. It provides background information on Ebola virus disease, including its symptoms, transmission, and history of outbreaks. It notes that while many countries committed to preparing for pandemics under the WHO International Health Regulations, few were fully prepared when Ebola emerged. The document discusses the roles of various organizations in responding to the outbreak, including militaries, NGOs, the UN, and clusters. It outlines strengths and weaknesses of military involvement in humanitarian aid. Finally, it quotes Bill Gates recommending that countries and alliances like NATO identify military resources available for future epidemics.
The document discusses medical diplomacy and Project HOPE's response efforts to various global crises such as tsunamis, earthquakes, and the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. It describes how Project HOPE has worked with organizations like the US Navy and various countries to provide humanitarian aid and enhance perceptions of countries through medical relief efforts. It also summarizes Project HOPE's assessment mission to Sierra Leone during the Ebola outbreak to identify gaps in the country's healthcare system and recommendations to strengthen their response.
The document discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were established in 2005 to help the international community prevent and respond to public health risks and emergencies. It outlines the IHR's purpose of preventing disease spread while avoiding unnecessary interference with trade and travel. It also describes how the IHR determine Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network in outbreak responses, and core capacity requirements for member states related to surveillance, notification, and response.
The document summarizes the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa. As of October 31, 2014, over 13,500 cases and 4,951 deaths had been reported across Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and other countries. This was the largest Ebola outbreak to date. Public health strategies to control the outbreak included testing, contact tracing, isolation, and changing risky behaviors. The United Nations established a mission to help stop the outbreak and vaccines were being developed for clinical trials starting in January 2015. The risk of Ebola spreading in Europe was considered very low due to robust health systems, but support was being provided to control the epidemic in West Africa to prevent infections in Europe.
The document discusses international health and globalization. It introduces concepts in international health like equity, poverty, environment, culture, and urbanization. It then discusses the history of international health organizations like the First International Sanitary Conference in 1851 and the establishment of WHO, UNICEF, and other agencies. Globalization is defined and its positive and negative impacts on health are described. The roles of WHO, World Bank, and other multilateral organizations in health promotion in Nepal are also summarized.
Lecture 4 international un agencies and healthtifffanymb
This document provides an overview of international agencies and the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses the structure, functions, and roles of UN agencies including WHO. WHO is the leading public health agency of the UN. It is governed by the World Health Assembly and has six regional offices. Key functions of WHO include providing leadership on health issues, setting norms and standards, and building health system capacity. However, only about 25% of WHO's budget comes from member fees, with the majority from voluntary contributions controlled by donors.
Address by president Cyril Ramaphosa on South Africa’s response to the corona...SABC News
- South Africa is moving to alert level 3 lockdown from level 4, allowing more economic activity but keeping restrictions to slow the spread of COVID-19.
- Hotspots with high infection rates like certain cities and districts will have enhanced measures and restrictions.
- Most business sectors can resume operations by following strict health and safety protocols, but some high-risk activities like restaurants and travel remain restricted. Schools will gradually reopen starting with grades 7 and 12 on June 1st.
This document is a political declaration on intensifying efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it notes ongoing challenges like insufficient funding and prevalence of stigma. The declaration reaffirms commitments to human rights and expanding access to treatment, care, and support while intensifying prevention, especially among at-risk groups.
HIV - 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDSY-PEER Hacioglu
This document is a political declaration to intensify efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it expresses concern that prevention efforts and funding remain inadequate and that most low- and middle-income countries did not meet universal access to treatment targets. The declaration calls for more coordinated, evidence-based responses tailored to each country's epidemic and priorities.
The document summarizes the history and development of international public health from the mid-1800s to the present. It discusses the establishment of early international health organizations to coordinate disease prevention and control efforts between European nations and their colonies. It then outlines the creation of the World Health Organization in 1948 and its role in promoting universal health coverage through the "Health for All" movement beginning in the 1970s. The movement advocated for primary healthcare as a practical approach for low and middle income countries to improve population health and reduce health inequities globally by the year 2000. While progress was made in many areas, implementation challenges remained due to lack of coordination, community involvement, and health system strengthening in some nations.
The document discusses approaches to maximize protection from health emergencies in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It outlines the heavy burden from conflicts and disasters, declining health indicators, and attacks on healthcare in the region. A collective effort is needed that includes multilateral advocacy, cooperation between countries, and engaging communities. Challenges include limited operations due to visa restrictions, funding constraints, and breaches of neutrality. The document recommends measuring progress toward protecting 1 billion people in the region and calls on member states to strengthen emergency preparedness, response capacity, and compliance with international health regulations.
The World Health Organization’s (WHO) first-ever report on the health of refugees and migrants in Europe shows increasing vulnerability to both communicable and noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, depression, and anxiety once individuals enter their host country. Refugees and migrants also present with cancer at more advanced stages.
Although European countries are implementing a strategy and action plan for refugee and migrant health, the report called for greater progress in making health systems responsive to displaced populations, including by ensuring culturally and linguistically appropriate care as well as access to basic preventive care. Migrants make up 10 percent of Europe’s population; 7 percent are refugees.
This document summarizes the polio situation in the Eastern Mediterranean Region as of October 2021. It reports that Afghanistan and Pakistan continue to have cases of wild poliovirus type 1 and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2. Sudan has had an outbreak of cVDPV2 that may now be stopped, but cross-border risks remain. Somalia, Egypt, and Yemen also have had poliovirus outbreaks or events. The document discusses opportunities and risks in the region and ensuring polio assets transition smoothly to continue their sustainable impact.
- Africans are seriously concerned about COVID-19, with 85% of respondents citing concern and 60% saying they are very concerned. Concern is highest in countries with confirmed cases like Kenya and Nigeria.
- However, 57% of Africans do not expect to be personally affected, possibly because initial cases were foreigners or travelers rather than average citizens. Expectations of being affected are higher in South Africa and Ghana with more cases.
- Africans are seeking information about COVID-19 from multiple digital channels like internet, social media, television and radio. Those learning from friends and family express the most concern at 40%. Social media and internet users follow at 35% concern.
Stienstra - Cooperation in public health good for global economyStef Stienstra
The document discusses the benefits of international cooperation in public health to combat infectious diseases in developing countries. It notes that such cooperation is good for the global economy by preventing pandemics and their economic impacts. It provides examples of recent public health crises like Ebola and arguments that more investment in pandemic preparedness through activities like strengthening health systems and coordinating response capabilities can significantly reduce risks to human lives and livelihoods at a relatively low cost compared to reacting to outbreaks. Military resources may also provide valuable support to public health efforts through capabilities in areas like logistics, communications, and mobile medical facilities.
The document discusses the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. It notes that on August 8, 2014, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to the scale of the outbreak across multiple countries, the severity of infections, and weak health systems in affected countries. The declaration came despite delays by the WHO in labeling it an emergency due to experimental containment techniques being ineffective and authorities hesitating to accept the scale of the outbreak.
This document discusses public health emergency preparedness and response. It highlights that planning requires a regional approach since emergencies often cross jurisdictional borders. The public health response differs from other agencies in that it does not involve protective equipment, emergency vehicles, or law enforcement functions. Key public health roles in response include prevention, surveillance, intervention, and addressing emergencies on a larger scale. Planning involves various grants, annexes to the overall plan, and use of the Strategic National Stockpile. The incident command system is used to coordinate the multi-agency response and establish command and control.
Rwanda has made tremendous progress in rebuilding its health system and improving health outcomes after the 1994 genocide devastated the country. National policies focused on equity, social cohesion, and community-based care. As a result, premature mortality has fallen and life expectancy has doubled. Key factors in Rwanda's success include community health insurance, performance-based financing, partnerships between the government and development organizations, and prioritizing decentralized and integrated health services.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works to improve global health. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. The WHO aims to coordinate international health work and attain the highest standard of health for all people. It addresses issues like communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, and health emergencies. The WHO played a key role in eradicating smallpox and bringing polio cases down by 99% globally. It also works with countries like India on initiatives to eliminate malaria and tackle health emergencies like COVID-19.
This document discusses lessons learned from the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. It provides background information on Ebola virus disease, including its symptoms, transmission, and history of outbreaks. It notes that while many countries committed to preparing for pandemics under the WHO International Health Regulations, few were fully prepared when Ebola emerged. The document discusses the roles of various organizations in responding to the outbreak, including militaries, NGOs, the UN, and clusters. It outlines strengths and weaknesses of military involvement in humanitarian aid. Finally, it quotes Bill Gates recommending that countries and alliances like NATO identify military resources available for future epidemics.
The document discusses medical diplomacy and Project HOPE's response efforts to various global crises such as tsunamis, earthquakes, and the Ebola outbreak in West Africa. It describes how Project HOPE has worked with organizations like the US Navy and various countries to provide humanitarian aid and enhance perceptions of countries through medical relief efforts. It also summarizes Project HOPE's assessment mission to Sierra Leone during the Ebola outbreak to identify gaps in the country's healthcare system and recommendations to strengthen their response.
The document discusses the International Health Regulations (IHR), which were established in 2005 to help the international community prevent and respond to public health risks and emergencies. It outlines the IHR's purpose of preventing disease spread while avoiding unnecessary interference with trade and travel. It also describes how the IHR determine Public Health Emergencies of International Concern, the role of the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network in outbreak responses, and core capacity requirements for member states related to surveillance, notification, and response.
The document summarizes the Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa. As of October 31, 2014, over 13,500 cases and 4,951 deaths had been reported across Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria and other countries. This was the largest Ebola outbreak to date. Public health strategies to control the outbreak included testing, contact tracing, isolation, and changing risky behaviors. The United Nations established a mission to help stop the outbreak and vaccines were being developed for clinical trials starting in January 2015. The risk of Ebola spreading in Europe was considered very low due to robust health systems, but support was being provided to control the epidemic in West Africa to prevent infections in Europe.
The document discusses international health and globalization. It introduces concepts in international health like equity, poverty, environment, culture, and urbanization. It then discusses the history of international health organizations like the First International Sanitary Conference in 1851 and the establishment of WHO, UNICEF, and other agencies. Globalization is defined and its positive and negative impacts on health are described. The roles of WHO, World Bank, and other multilateral organizations in health promotion in Nepal are also summarized.
Lecture 4 international un agencies and healthtifffanymb
This document provides an overview of international agencies and the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses the structure, functions, and roles of UN agencies including WHO. WHO is the leading public health agency of the UN. It is governed by the World Health Assembly and has six regional offices. Key functions of WHO include providing leadership on health issues, setting norms and standards, and building health system capacity. However, only about 25% of WHO's budget comes from member fees, with the majority from voluntary contributions controlled by donors.
Address by president Cyril Ramaphosa on South Africa’s response to the corona...SABC News
- South Africa is moving to alert level 3 lockdown from level 4, allowing more economic activity but keeping restrictions to slow the spread of COVID-19.
- Hotspots with high infection rates like certain cities and districts will have enhanced measures and restrictions.
- Most business sectors can resume operations by following strict health and safety protocols, but some high-risk activities like restaurants and travel remain restricted. Schools will gradually reopen starting with grades 7 and 12 on June 1st.
This document is a political declaration on intensifying efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it notes ongoing challenges like insufficient funding and prevalence of stigma. The declaration reaffirms commitments to human rights and expanding access to treatment, care, and support while intensifying prevention, especially among at-risk groups.
HIV - 2011 Political Declaration on HIV and AIDSY-PEER Hacioglu
This document is a political declaration to intensify efforts to eliminate HIV/AIDS. It acknowledges the immense suffering caused by the HIV/AIDS epidemic but welcomes some progress made, including over 25% reduction in new HIV infections in over 30 countries and expansion of antiretroviral treatment to over 6 million people. However, it expresses concern that prevention efforts and funding remain inadequate and that most low- and middle-income countries did not meet universal access to treatment targets. The declaration calls for more coordinated, evidence-based responses tailored to each country's epidemic and priorities.
The document summarizes the history and development of international public health from the mid-1800s to the present. It discusses the establishment of early international health organizations to coordinate disease prevention and control efforts between European nations and their colonies. It then outlines the creation of the World Health Organization in 1948 and its role in promoting universal health coverage through the "Health for All" movement beginning in the 1970s. The movement advocated for primary healthcare as a practical approach for low and middle income countries to improve population health and reduce health inequities globally by the year 2000. While progress was made in many areas, implementation challenges remained due to lack of coordination, community involvement, and health system strengthening in some nations.
The document discusses approaches to maximize protection from health emergencies in the Eastern Mediterranean region. It outlines the heavy burden from conflicts and disasters, declining health indicators, and attacks on healthcare in the region. A collective effort is needed that includes multilateral advocacy, cooperation between countries, and engaging communities. Challenges include limited operations due to visa restrictions, funding constraints, and breaches of neutrality. The document recommends measuring progress toward protecting 1 billion people in the region and calls on member states to strengthen emergency preparedness, response capacity, and compliance with international health regulations.
The World Health Organization’s (WHO) first-ever report on the health of refugees and migrants in Europe shows increasing vulnerability to both communicable and noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, depression, and anxiety once individuals enter their host country. Refugees and migrants also present with cancer at more advanced stages.
Although European countries are implementing a strategy and action plan for refugee and migrant health, the report called for greater progress in making health systems responsive to displaced populations, including by ensuring culturally and linguistically appropriate care as well as access to basic preventive care. Migrants make up 10 percent of Europe’s population; 7 percent are refugees.
This document summarizes the polio situation in the Eastern Mediterranean Region as of October 2021. It reports that Afghanistan and Pakistan continue to have cases of wild poliovirus type 1 and circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2. Sudan has had an outbreak of cVDPV2 that may now be stopped, but cross-border risks remain. Somalia, Egypt, and Yemen also have had poliovirus outbreaks or events. The document discusses opportunities and risks in the region and ensuring polio assets transition smoothly to continue their sustainable impact.
- Africans are seriously concerned about COVID-19, with 85% of respondents citing concern and 60% saying they are very concerned. Concern is highest in countries with confirmed cases like Kenya and Nigeria.
- However, 57% of Africans do not expect to be personally affected, possibly because initial cases were foreigners or travelers rather than average citizens. Expectations of being affected are higher in South Africa and Ghana with more cases.
- Africans are seeking information about COVID-19 from multiple digital channels like internet, social media, television and radio. Those learning from friends and family express the most concern at 40%. Social media and internet users follow at 35% concern.
Stienstra - Cooperation in public health good for global economyStef Stienstra
The document discusses the benefits of international cooperation in public health to combat infectious diseases in developing countries. It notes that such cooperation is good for the global economy by preventing pandemics and their economic impacts. It provides examples of recent public health crises like Ebola and arguments that more investment in pandemic preparedness through activities like strengthening health systems and coordinating response capabilities can significantly reduce risks to human lives and livelihoods at a relatively low cost compared to reacting to outbreaks. Military resources may also provide valuable support to public health efforts through capabilities in areas like logistics, communications, and mobile medical facilities.
The document discusses the 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. It notes that on August 8, 2014, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern due to the scale of the outbreak across multiple countries, the severity of infections, and weak health systems in affected countries. The declaration came despite delays by the WHO in labeling it an emergency due to experimental containment techniques being ineffective and authorities hesitating to accept the scale of the outbreak.
The increasing COVID-19 epidemic is posing an unprecedented challenge to communities and businesses throughout the world. The worldwide community is banding together to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic, bringing together governments, organizations from many industries and sectors, and people to respond to this global epidemic.
The document discusses several international health organizations including WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, SIDA, USAID, DANIDA, FAO, CARE, and Rockefeller Foundation. It describes their goals and roles in global health such as disease prevention, maternal and child health, education, sanitation, nutrition, and medical training. Many of these organizations provide technical and financial support to health programs in developing countries like India.
Lancet thougths on ebola crisis, @xemide, @jiwitmanuel, @fminigeriaXEMIDE
@xemide, @jiwitmanuel, @fminigeria
In summary Lancet is saying more resources to ihr because countries failed to back WHO, with enough money to prevent global pandemic.
US is implementing is independent strategy and should be welcomed in the affected countries.
Bernie Sanders proposes a comprehensive pandemic response plan with the following key pillars:
1) Preparation and communication, including pandemic planning, guidance for different groups, and public education
2) Surveillance and detection, including monitoring disease spread domestically and internationally
3) Response and containment, such as limiting disease spread and mitigating health, social, and economic impacts
The plan calls for vaccine and antiviral stockpiling, distribution planning, advancing scientific research, and leveraging all levels of government and society to prepare for and respond to pandemics like COVID-19.
The document discusses HIV and AIDS in Kenya. It provides definitions of HIV, AIDS, and related terms. It then summarizes Kenya's history with HIV/AIDS since the first case was detected in 1984. It discusses the national response over time, including establishment of organizations to address it, roll out of antiretroviral drugs, vaccine research, and international support. It also summarizes HIV epidemiology in Kenya including prevalence rates among different populations and counties.
This document discusses global health initiatives and trends. It begins by introducing global health as a priority of the UN and WHO. It then discusses the UN Millennium Development Goals, including eradicating poverty and hunger, achieving education, promoting gender equality, reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, combating diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability, and global partnerships. Major global health initiatives are then outlined, such as combating malaria, tuberculosis, and supporting vaccination programs. The document emphasizes the importance of global cooperation to address health issues worldwide.
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AGENCIES/ COMMUNITY MEDICINEAnujkumaranit
An international health agency is an organization that operates across national borders to promote global health and address health issues that transcend individual countries. These agencies work on various aspects of health, including disease prevention, health promotion, research, policy-making, and emergency response. Key international health agencies include:
This document discusses strengthening health emergency preparedness and response capacities in the Republic of Moldova. It notes that the European Region faces health threats from infectious diseases, natural disasters, and other emergencies. A Joint External Evaluation found that Moldova has some strengths in public health legislation but needs to strengthen specific capacities like surveillance systems, multisectoral coordination, and long-term preparedness planning. The WHO supports Moldova's response to health emergencies and recommends developing a national action plan to build sustainable emergency capacities as part of achieving universal health coverage.
This document discusses self hygiene in epidemic areas. It begins with definitions of key terms like self hygiene, personal hygiene, self care, and epidemic. It then describes major factors that allow viruses to cause epidemics, like human behavior, changes in insect/reservoir populations, weather, technology, and changes in viruses. It discusses challenges of new epidemics and outlines personal hygiene practices, properties of self care, and actual simple self care that can be done in epidemic areas. It concludes with potential nursing diagnoses, interventions, and care related to hygiene.
Public Health Response to Ebola Statement of Dr. FriedenDawn Dawson
House Energy and Commerce Committee Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Public Health Response to Ebola October 16, 2014
Statement of Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, M.D., M.P.H.
Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
The UN established UNAIDS in 1994 to coordinate the global response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS aims to prevent the spread of HIV, provide care and support to those living with HIV, reduce vulnerability to HIV, and alleviate the impact of the epidemic. Through UNAIDS' efforts and partnerships with other organizations, deaths from AIDS-related illnesses have declined significantly from 2.3 million in 2005 to 1.6 million in 2012, treatment access has increased dramatically, and millions of lives have been saved due to reduced prices for antiretroviral drugs.
Dr. Bernadette Dunham - Building a Coalition for One Health Approach to Prese...John Blue
Building a Coalition for One Health Approach to Preserving Antibiotic Effectiveness - Dr. Bernadette Dunham, Visiting Professor, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, from the 2016 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Working Together For Better Solutions, November 1 - 3, 2016, Herndon, Virginia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-niaa-symposium-antibiotic-use-working-together-for-better-solutions
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO aims to attain the highest level of health for all people worldwide. It fulfills this mission through setting norms and standards, monitoring health issues, providing technical support to countries, and producing valuable guidance and research.
The document provides an introduction and overview of the World Health Organization (WHO). It discusses WHO's role in international health as the directing and coordinating authority within the UN. It summarizes some of WHO's key activities like producing health guidelines, supporting health research, and jointly tackling global health problems. It also briefly outlines WHO's history, structure, partnerships, and some notable achievements in eradicating diseases.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. Global
Response to
Ebola Virus
Disease
By:
Dr. Chitra Pai K
House surgeon
KIMS Hubli
Guide:
Dr. Laxmikant L
Associate Professor
Department of Commmunity Medicine
KIMS Hubli
2. United Nations Response Timeline
17th September 2014:
intention set forth to establish the United Nations Mission For
Emergency Ebola Response
18th September 2014:
Outbreak is a threat to international peace and security
19th September 2014:
United Nations member states called upon to provide
full support to UNMEER
23rd September 2014:
Special Envoy for Ebola and Special Representative and Head of
UNMEER Appointed
3. Mission critical actions undertaken by UNMEER
1.Identification and tracing of people with Ebola virus
disease
2.Care for the infected and infection control;
3.Safe and dignified burial;
4.Medical care for responders
5.Food security and nutrition
6.Access to basic health services;
7.Cash incentives for health workers;
8.Economic protection and recovery
9.Supplies of material and equipment;
10.Transportation and fuel;
11.Social mobilization;
12.Messaging
4. Guiding Principles of the United Nations
Mission for Emergency Ebola Response:
*1. Reinforce government leadership;
*2. Deliver rapid impact on the ground;
*3. Closely coordinate and collaborate with actors
outside the United Nations
*4. Tailor responses to particular needs in the
different countries;
*5. Reaffirm WHO lead on all health issues;
*6. Identify benchmarks for transition post
emergency and ensure that actions strengthen
systems.
5. Five aims of the Global Response
Treat the infected Ensure essential services
Stop the outbreak
Preserve stability
Prevent further
outbreaks
6. Global Response
PARTNERS
United Nations
World Health Organization
United Nations
Children's Fund
United Nations
World Food Programme
United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs
Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations
United Nations
Development Programme
United Nations Population Fund
World Bank Group
Médecins Sans Frontières
International Federation
of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies
United States Centers for
Disease Control & Prevention
7. "I appeal to the international community to
provide the $1 billion launch that will enable
us to get ahead of the curve and meet our
target of reducing the rate of transmission by
December 1st."
— UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in an
address to reporters at UN Headquarters in New
York, 16 October
8. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
released the Overview of Needs and Requirements on 16 September 2014.
It outlines the resources considered critical to effectively address the crisis
across a range of objectives over the next six months by national
governments, the World Health Organization, the UN agencies, funds and
programmes , and some non-governmental organizations.
Priority requests
a list of priority in-kind requirements for the Ebola response has been
compiled which will augment and multiply the impact of the resources
identified by OCHA. This is now being shared with all Member States. These
include:
*air lift, particularly helicopters, and maritime transport capabilities,
fuel, vehicles
*mobile laboratory facilities capable of movement throughout affected
countries;
*static non-Ebola medical clinics;
*emergency medical evacuation capability for movement of international
aid workers potentially exposed to Ebola to locations for appropriate
medical care;
*3.3 million items of high quality personal protective equipment; training
*provision of Ebola Treatment Centres.
9. EBOLA RESPONSE ROADMAP
28th August 2014
GOAL
To stop Ebola transmission in affected countries within
6-9 months and prevent international spread.
OBJECTIVES
1. To achieve full geographic coverage with complementary Ebola
response activities in countries with widespread and intense transmission
2. To ensure emergency and immediate application of comprehensive
Ebola response interventions in countries with an initial case(s) or with
localized transmission
3. To strengthen preparedness of all countries to rapidly detect and
respond to an Ebola exposure, especially those sharing land borders with
an intense transmission area and those with international transportation
hubs
10. Factors that contributed to Senegal’s success
According to Health Minister Dr Coll-Seck, the most important actions that
contributed to the rapid containment of the disease in Senegal– with no
onward transmission whatsoever – are the following:
• Strong political leadership at the highest level.
• Early detection and response, aided by a detailed plan and a quickly-activated
National Crisis Committee.
• Stepped up surveillance, especially at the country’s many entry points
by road.
• Rapid mobilization of resources from both domestic and international
sources; solid preparedness plans are thought to have earned the
confidence of donors.
• Support from operational partners, including WHO
11. • Nationwide public awareness campaigns that made good
use of media experts, embedded in the Ministry of Health
and Welfare and allowed to closely observe its emergency
actions, and local radio networks.
• Deliberate and heavy emphasis on multisectoral
collaboration among all relevant government ministries,
backed by community engagement every step along the way.
• Direct support to patient contacts as a strong incentive
for cooperation and compliance, through the provision of
social support in the form of money, food, and psychological
counselling.
• Support for reintegration of the recovered patient into a
society that could understand why he posed no risk of
contagion to others.
12. WHO declares end of Ebola outbreak in Nigeria
• WHO commends the Nigerian Government's strong leadership
and effective coordination of the response that included the
rapid establishment of an Emergency Operations Centre.
• WHO, United States Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), UNICEF
and other partners supported the Nigerian Government with
expertise for outbreak investigation, risk assessment, contact
tracing and clinical care.
• Strong public awareness campaigns, teamed with early
engagement of traditional, religious and community
leaders, also played a key role in successful containment of
this outbreak.
13. Global Outbreak Alert & Response Network
The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network (GOARN) is a technical
collaboration of existing institutions and networks who pool human and
technical resources for the rapid identification, confirmation and response
to outbreaks of international importance. The Network provides an
operational framework to link this expertise and skill to keep the
international community constantly alert to the threat of outbreaks and
ready to respond.
Objectives
The Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network
contributes towards global health security by:
• Combating the international spread of
outbreaks
• Ensuring that appropriate technical assistance
reaches affected states rapidly
• Contributing to long-term epidemic
preparedness and capacity building.
14. • Avoid contact with bats and nonhuman primates or blood, fluids,
and raw meat prepared from these animals.
• Avoid hospitals in West Africa where Ebola patients are being
treated. The U.S. embassy or consulate is often able to provide
advice on facilities.
• After you return, monitor your health for 21 days and seek medical
care immediately if you develop symptoms of Ebola.
15. Impact on Social determinants of health
1. Trading, industry, agriculture, tourism
1. Worsening poverty
1. Hunger
1. Orphans
1. Stigma
1. School closures
1. Other diseases not being treated
16. Response–World Health Organization Roadmap
•Actual number 2-4 times higher
• Case count could exceed 20,000
Objectives targeted at countries:
• With widespread or intense transmission
• With an initial case(s) or with localized transmission
• Sharing land borders with an intense transmission area and
those with international transportation hubs
17. •Elements of the response:
Treatment centres, referral centres,
laboratory access, surveillance and
contact tracing, safe burial, social
mobilization
Estimated cost $ 490 million
18. Responses to the Ebola virus epidemic in
West Africa
Organizations from around the world have responded to help stop the
2014 Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. In July, the World Health
Organization convened an emergency meeting with health ministers
from eleven countries and announced collaboration on a strategy to co-ordinate
technical support to combat the epidemic. In August, they
declared the outbreak an international public health emergency and
published a roadmap to guide and coordinate the international response
to the outbreak, aiming to stop ongoing Ebola transmission worldwide
within 6–9 months. In September, the United Nations Security Council
declared the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa a "threat to
international peace and security" and unanimously adopted a resolution
urging UN member states to provide more resources to fight the
outbreak; the WHO stated that the cost for combating the epidemic will
be a minimum of $1 billion.
19. United Nations
UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response
• UNMEER has been tasked to coordinate all relevant United Nations actors in
order to ensure a rapid, effective, efficient and coherent response to the
Ebola crisis. UNMEER's objective is to work with others to stop the Ebola
outbreak. UNMEER will work closely with governments, regional and
international actors, such as the African Union (AU) and the Economic
Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and with UN Member States,
the private sector and civil society.
World Health Organization
Report that they "are on the ground establishing Ebola treatment centres
and strengthening capacity for laboratory testing, contact tracing, social
mobilization, safe burials, and non-Ebola health care" and "continue to
monitor for reports of rumoured or suspected cases from countries
around the world."
20. WHO Roadmap
A. Immediate actions to support the three EVD affected
countries
1. Urgently strengthen the field response
Output 1: local response team in place in each “hot
spot”
Output 2: Provision of field logistical support
Output 3: Provision of care to patients
Output 4: Chains of transmission broken through active
surveillance, case investigation, contact tracing and
follow-up
Output 5: Public relations and reputation management,
social mobilization, and risk communications strengthened
21. 2. Coordinate the outbreak response
2.1. Manage the WHO Sub-regional Ebola Operations Coordination Centre
Output 1: Field coordination, collaboration and operational management
of the outbreak response strengthened
Output 2: Cross-border coordination strengthened
2.2. WHO's leadership and coordination of EVD outbreak response
strengthened at all levels
Output 1: Logistics management systems strengthened
Output 2: Disease-related and other content-based expert support and
expert networks mobilized
Output 3: Global communication and information provided
Output 4: External relations strengthened
Output 5: Clinical support strengthened
Output 6: Development of new medical treatments and interventions
against EVD advanced
22. B. Preparedness in countries at-risk
• Output 1: Preparedness plans activated and tested
• Output 2: Active surveillance strengthened
• Output 3: Laboratory diagnostic capacity strengthened
• Output 4: Public information and social mobilization
enhanced
• Output 5: Case management and infection prevention and
control capacities strengthened
23. World Food Programme
On 18 August, plans to mobilize food assistance for an
estimated 1 million people living in restricted access
areas. In an 18 September WHO Ebola Response Roadmap
Situation Report it was reported that as of that date the
WFP have delivered an estimated 3,000 metric tonnes of
food to the worst affected areas, enough to feed 147,500
people. They have also assisted in the transportation of
400 cubic meters of medical cargo.[25]
24. International organizations
Médecins Sans Frontières
According to a WHO report released on 18 September, the humanitarian
aid organisation Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) is
the leading organization responding to the crisis. Currently it has five
treatment centers in the area with two in Guinea, two in Liberia and one
in Sierra Leone. The centers are staffed by 210 international workers in
collaboration with 1,650 staff from the affected regions
European Union
The European Union has committed €150 million funding to fight the
outbreak, including the provision of 3 mobile laboratories, funding to
strengthen healthcare capacity, support to help cushion the
macroeconomic impact, and support to the deployment of an African Union
medical mission.
25. Economic Community of West African States
In March, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
disbursed US$250,000 to deal with the outbreak. In response to the ECOWAS
Special Fund for the Fight Against Ebola, in July the Nigerian government
donated 3.5 million dollars to Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, the West
African Health Organization, and the ECOWAS Pool Fund, to aid in the fight
against the epidemic.
World Bank Group
The World Bank Group has pledged US $230 million in emergency
funding to help Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone contain the spread
of Ebola infections, help their communities cope with the economic
impact of the crisis, and improve public health systems throughout
West Africa. On 25 September The World Bank made additional
funding of $170 million available to help curtail the spread of the
Ebola virus. The funds will be used to finance medical supplies and
increase the number of healthcare workers.
26. National responses
A number of governments across the world have put measures in
place to protect their populations from Ebola. These include:
• Advisory notices to warn travellers of the potential risk of
travel to countries affected by the epidemic. (Germany, Spain,
UK, USA, Colombia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia. )
• Withholding visitor visas from nationals of the affected
countries, closing borders and cancelling flights. (Equatorial
Guinea, Kenya, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, South Africa, Chad, Seychelles,
Mauritania)
• Precautions such as isolation facilities, training of staff,
biocontainment exercises, and health screening for incoming
travellers. (Malta, Colombia, India, South Africa, Morocco, Mali,
Germany, Philippines, Mauritania, United States, Canada, UK)
27. Charitable organizations, foundations and
individuals
• International Charter on Space and Major Disasters
• International Committee of the Red Cross
• GOAL
• International Medical Corps
• Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
• Paul G. Allen Family Foundation
• Samaritan's Purse
28. Drawbacks
*Inadequacy of International Community’s initial response to this
unusually fast spreading outbreak.
*WHO’s weakened capacity in face of budget and staff , Lack of
emergency response fund at the outset of outbreak.
*Lack of centralised global command and control structure to enable
swift deployment of resources and trained personnel
29. • The National governments responses of some of the african countries towards the
outbreaks has been badly Misjudged.
• Lack of Trust of people on their Government , International agencies , Other
organizations .
• It was only on Aug 8, after a meeting of the International Health Regulations
Emergency Committee, that WHO declared the outbreak a “public health emergency
of international concern”. Such delays have probably enabled the outbreak to spread
rapidly
30. The key to epidemic control is rapid diagnosis, isolation, and treatment of
infected individuals.
This strategic approach was not taken in time during the present Ebola
outbreak in west Africa.
There are Fewer than 24 established/planned laborataries equipped to use PCR
in all the three countries.
31. Adequate number of Testing sites and Mobile testing sites are lacking.
Delay in the deployment of drugs --- Zmapp , TKM Ebola. Safety and tolerability studies yet to be
conducted.
Limited Production of drugs from the company. Need to Cope up with adequate supply to combat
epidemic.
Vaccines proved Effective in primates , yet to clear in Clinical Trials going on in US, Africa, UK.
32. How can India Contribute to this war against
Ebola ?
• India can contribute to global efforts to fight against Ebola crisis.
• It has a large cadre of epidemiologists, laboratory scientists, doctors and nurses who are
experienced in epidemic control.
• They can help support diagnosis, the training of health workers, or clinical services in Ebola
treatment units
• India also has a large number of social mobilisers who have proved their abilities in health
campaigns such as the polio eradication campaign. They could contribute their experiences in
community empowerment (one of the cornerstones of the Ebola response), address rumours
and fears and help communities regain trust in the humanitarian response
33. STATE
Union Government has issued advisories to state disease surveillance units to
ensure protection from Ebola.
SDS Units are alert for early detection and management of travel related cases
reported from community.
Laboratory capacity is strengthened at Neurovirology lab at NIMHANS
Bangalore to diagnose Viral disease and disburse report on timely basis apart
from National Institute of Virology Pune.
34. Karnataka Health and family welfare department is on a
preparedness mode
It has already identified the nodal officers and designated hospitals
like Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Chest diseases with isolation wards to
respond to any possible cases.
Bangalore International Airport Authority has commenced screening
of passengers coming in /Transiting from West Africa via State.
35. Loopholes at country level
No sustained Health awareness messages / sessions regarding the disease over mass media.
Inadequate Health Education sessions , Health awareness campaigns among community regarding the Ebola
disease , its transmission and preventive measures to be taken.
Insufficient training to how to use PPE and adherence to Usage of Personal Protective measures by health care
professionals ( ex:- gloves etc).
India has only two facilities capable of testing for the virus.
The prevalence of Malaria, Dengue and other fever inducing illness in India could make it especially difficult to
isolate who might show an early onset of Ebola.
Lack of availability of the candidate promising drugs and vaccines.
36. REFERENCES
www.un.org/ebolaresponse/
WHO Response : Global Alert Response
www.who.int/csr/don/2014_04_ebola/en/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa