earthquake_location.ppt
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from movement of tectonic plates. The focus is the point where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Seismographs record earthquake waves, and the difference in arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations can be used to locate the epicenter through triangulation. The strength of an earthquake is measured by both its magnitude on the Richter scale and the observed intensity of ground shaking and damage. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries like the Ring of Fire in the Pacific.
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Earthquake Science - What They Are, How They're Formed
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks due to faulting in the Earth. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds in rocks until rupture occurs and the rocks rebound, releasing seismic waves.
2) The focus is the point where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Seismographs can be used to locate the epicenter by measuring the differences in arrival times of seismic waves between stations.
3) Earthquakes occur most often along plate boundaries, with around 150,000 detected each year. Their magnitude is measured by both the Richter scale and Modified Mercalli intensity scale, which considers damage levels.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from faults or breaks in rocks. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds in rocks until the strength is exceeded, causing rupture and the release of seismic waves. The focus is where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are recorded by seismographs. The size and strength are measured by both intensity scales and magnitude scales on the Richter scale. Earthquake effects include ground shaking and damage that increases in unconsolidated materials. Prediction efforts monitor faults and precursors, but earthquakes cannot be reliably predicted yet.
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The document discusses earthquakes, including what they are, their causes, how they are measured, and their effects. It states that earthquakes are caused by the rapid release of energy from geological faults or other events like volcanic activity. They are measured using seismographs which record seismic waves, and their epicenters can be located by using the differences in arrival times of waves at multiple seismograph stations. The size and strength of earthquakes are measured objectively using magnitude scales or subjectively using intensity scales based on the observed damage.
earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep in the earth. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds up in rocks until it exceeds the rocks' strength, causing rupture and the release of seismic waves. The focus is the point where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are mapped using seismic wave arrival times at multiple stations. Earthquake size is measured by both intensity scales based on damage, and by magnitude scales measuring the total energy released.
Earthquake.ppt
The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how seismic waves are generated and propagate, how the location and magnitude of earthquakes are measured, the types of damage they can cause, and challenges around predicting them. The key points are:
- Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks in the earth's crust, usually along fault lines.
- There are two main types of seismic waves - P and S waves that travel through earth, and slower surface waves. The difference in arrival times at stations is used to locate the earthquake epicenter.
- Earthquake magnitude represents the total energy released and is measured on the logarithmic Richter scale, while intensity scales the
Module 13 earthquake
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of stored elastic energy in the Earth's crust. They generate different types of seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus.
2) The location and type of earthquake is determined by the surrounding tectonic environment. Convergent plate boundaries experience deep earthquakes along subduction zones, while divergent and transform boundaries have shallower quakes.
3) Earthquake magnitude is measured on different scales but all aim to characterize the energy released by the quake. Intensity scales describe perceived shaking and damage at a given location.
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Body waves, including P and S waves, travel through solids, liquids, and gases. P waves are faster compressional waves, while S waves are slower shear waves that only travel through solids. Surface waves like R and L waves travel along or below the surface. The difference in arrival times of seismic waves at multiple seismograph stations can be used to locate an earthquake's epicenter by drawing circles around each station. Both the intensity of ground shaking and magnitude, measured on the Richter scale, are used to measure an earthquake's size and strength, with magnitude being independent of intensity. Earthquakes can cause ground shaking and damage that increases in poorly consolidated rock. While some monitoring and studies aim to predict or control qu
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The document discusses various topics related to earthquakes including:
1) What causes earthquakes, the elastic rebound theory of faulting, and the focus and epicenter of quakes.
2) Where most earthquakes occur, types of seismic waves, and how an epicenter is located using timing of wave arrivals.
3) How the size and strength of quakes are measured using intensity scales and magnitude, and some of the destructive effects of earthquakes.
4) Attempts to predict quakes through monitoring precursors and gaps along faults, though prediction remains challenging. Control of quakes by inducing small quakes is also discussed.
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Earthquake Science - What They Are, How They're Formed
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks due to faulting in the Earth. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds in rocks until rupture occurs and the rocks rebound, releasing seismic waves.
2) The focus is the point where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Seismographs can be used to locate the epicenter by measuring the differences in arrival times of seismic waves between stations.
3) Earthquakes occur most often along plate boundaries, with around 150,000 detected each year. Their magnitude is measured by both the Richter scale and Modified Mercalli intensity scale, which considers damage levels.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from faults or breaks in rocks. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds in rocks until the strength is exceeded, causing rupture and the release of seismic waves. The focus is where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are recorded by seismographs. The size and strength are measured by both intensity scales and magnitude scales on the Richter scale. Earthquake effects include ground shaking and damage that increases in unconsolidated materials. Prediction efforts monitor faults and precursors, but earthquakes cannot be reliably predicted yet.
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The document discusses earthquakes, including what they are, their causes, how they are measured, and their effects. It states that earthquakes are caused by the rapid release of energy from geological faults or other events like volcanic activity. They are measured using seismographs which record seismic waves, and their epicenters can be located by using the differences in arrival times of waves at multiple seismograph stations. The size and strength of earthquakes are measured objectively using magnitude scales or subjectively using intensity scales based on the observed damage.
earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep in the earth. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds up in rocks until it exceeds the rocks' strength, causing rupture and the release of seismic waves. The focus is the point where faulting begins underground, and the epicenter is the point directly above on the surface. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are mapped using seismic wave arrival times at multiple stations. Earthquake size is measured by both intensity scales based on damage, and by magnitude scales measuring the total energy released.
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The document discusses earthquakes, including what causes them, how seismic waves are generated and propagate, how the location and magnitude of earthquakes are measured, the types of damage they can cause, and challenges around predicting them. The key points are:
- Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks in the earth's crust, usually along fault lines.
- There are two main types of seismic waves - P and S waves that travel through earth, and slower surface waves. The difference in arrival times at stations is used to locate the earthquake epicenter.
- Earthquake magnitude represents the total energy released and is measured on the logarithmic Richter scale, while intensity scales the
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1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of stored elastic energy in the Earth's crust. They generate different types of seismic waves that propagate outward from the earthquake focus.
2) The location and type of earthquake is determined by the surrounding tectonic environment. Convergent plate boundaries experience deep earthquakes along subduction zones, while divergent and transform boundaries have shallower quakes.
3) Earthquake magnitude is measured on different scales but all aim to characterize the energy released by the quake. Intensity scales describe perceived shaking and damage at a given location.
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Body waves, including P and S waves, travel through solids, liquids, and gases. P waves are faster compressional waves, while S waves are slower shear waves that only travel through solids. Surface waves like R and L waves travel along or below the surface. The difference in arrival times of seismic waves at multiple seismograph stations can be used to locate an earthquake's epicenter by drawing circles around each station. Both the intensity of ground shaking and magnitude, measured on the Richter scale, are used to measure an earthquake's size and strength, with magnitude being independent of intensity. Earthquakes can cause ground shaking and damage that increases in poorly consolidated rock. While some monitoring and studies aim to predict or control qu
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The document discusses various topics related to earthquakes including:
1) What causes earthquakes, the elastic rebound theory of faulting, and the focus and epicenter of quakes.
2) Where most earthquakes occur, types of seismic waves, and how an epicenter is located using timing of wave arrivals.
3) How the size and strength of quakes are measured using intensity scales and magnitude, and some of the destructive effects of earthquakes.
4) Attempts to predict quakes through monitoring precursors and gaps along faults, though prediction remains challenging. Control of quakes by inducing small quakes is also discussed.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from faulting or breaking of rocks deep within the earth. They produce seismic waves that radiate out from the hypocenter, or focus point, where the rupture occurs. The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the hypocenter. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are more destructive in areas with poorly consolidated rock. Seismographs can be used to locate an epicenter by measuring the difference in arrival times of seismic waves at three stations. While some precursors and patterns have been observed, earthquakes remain difficult to predict and control with complete accuracy.
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There are three main types of seismic waves that travel through the Earth during an earthquake:
1. P-waves are compressional body waves that move through solid rock and fluids.
2. S-waves are slower shear body waves that only move through solid rock.
3. Surface waves like Rayleigh and Love waves move along the Earth's surface and can cause significant damage.
Seismographs are used to measure and record these seismic waves to determine the location and magnitude of earthquakes.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Waves of energy radiate out from the hypocenter, and the point directly above on the surface is called the epicenter. Seismographs record seismic waves to locate the epicenter and measure an earthquake's magnitude. The magnitude measures the total energy released on the Richter scale, while intensity scales like Modified Mercalli describe damage to structures and land.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. The point directly above on the surface is the epicenter. Seismic waves radiate out from the hypocenter, and by measuring their arrival times at different locations, seismographs can locate the epicenter. The size of an earthquake is measured by both its intensity, which describes damage, and its magnitude, which measures the total energy released. Major earthquakes can have devastating economic and societal impacts through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Waves of energy radiate out from the hypocenter, and the point directly above on the surface is called the epicenter. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and cause damage through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides. While earthquake prediction remains challenging, monitoring seismic activity and studying faults can help assess earthquake risks.
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This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, the different types of seismic waves, how the location and magnitude of earthquakes are determined, hazards associated with earthquakes such as shaking, ground displacement, tsunamis and fires, and challenges around predicting earthquakes. It describes how earthquakes occur due to the accumulation and sudden release of strain energy in rocks under stress. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves that travel through the interior of the earth and surface waves that travel along the surface. The location of earthquakes is determined through measuring the time delay between arrival of P and S waves at multiple seismograph stations and triangulating the epicenter. Magnitude is a measure of the
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. There are three main types of faults that cause earthquakes by movement of tectonic plates. Scientists can measure the location and magnitude of earthquakes using seismographs to detect primary, secondary, and surface seismic waves, then calculating distances based on differences in arrival times of P and S waves at multiple locations. Large earthquakes can trigger tsunamis by displacing large volumes of water.
Earthquake
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. There are three main types of faults that cause earthquakes by movement of tectonic plates. Scientists can measure the location and magnitude of earthquakes using seismographs to detect primary, secondary, and surface seismic waves, then calculating distances based on differences in arrival times of P and S waves at multiple locations. Large earthquakes can trigger tsunamis by displacing large volumes of water.
Earthquakes 2.ppt
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks due to the continuing adjustment of tectonic plates. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds in rocks until rupture occurs, releasing seismic waves. Earthquakes originate from a focus deep underground, and the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves including P, S, R, and L waves are generated and cause damage. Earthquakes are most common around the Pacific Rim due to plate tectonic activity. Their magnitude is measured by the Richter scale, while intensity describes damage levels. Ground shaking is a major destructive effect, and although prediction efforts study precursors, earthquakes remain difficult to forecast.
EarthQuakes
Earthquakes occur due to the sudden release of built-up energy along fault lines in the earth's crust. They produce three types of seismic waves that radiate out from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. The location and magnitude of earthquakes can be measured using seismographs located around the world. Major effects of earthquakes include shaking, ground rupture, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and structural damage to buildings and infrastructure. Proper construction techniques and emergency preparedness can help reduce risks from earthquakes.
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This document provides an overview of earthquakes, including their causes, measurement, locations, and impacts. It defines key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, and magnitudes. Earthquakes are caused by the release of energy at fracture points in the Earth's crust. They can be located using seismic waves measured by seismometers. Larger earthquakes cause more damage through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis, landslides, and fires. The document reviews earthquake hazards and recent major quakes around the world.
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Scientists measure the magnitude of an earthquake using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amount of energy released by the earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. The larger the amplitude, the higher the magnitude.
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1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in Earth's lithosphere that generates seismic waves.
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3) The main types of seismic waves are P waves, S waves, and surface waves, which cause different types of ground motion and damage during an earthquake.
Introduction to Earthquake by JAWAD AHMED
A simple and interesting introduction to earthquake.
and also the explanation of how it can be measured
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Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of built-up energy along fault lines in the Earth's crust. When the stresses exceed the strength of the rocks, they break and seismic waves are produced. There are three main types of seismic waves - P waves, S waves, and L waves. P waves travel fastest while L waves cause the most damage. Earthquakes are measured by both magnitude, which indicates the amount of energy released, and intensity, which describes the effects at a particular location. Analyzing seismic wave arrival times at multiple stations allows scientists to determine the epicenter and focus of an earthquake. Major earthquake hazards include tsunamis, landslides, liquefaction, and falling debris.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that generates seismic waves. The location within the earth where rupture first occurs is known as the focus or hypocenter, while the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves travel through the earth's interior or along its surface, causing shaking and damage. By measuring the arrival times of these waves at multiple seismograph stations, scientists can determine the epicenter location. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale by magnitude or the Mercalli scale by observed intensity. India experiences frequent earthquakes and is divided into different seismic zones based on risk levels. Major quakes have caused widespread destruction and loss of life in
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Dino Ranch Storyboard / Kids TV Advertising
Storyboard produced for the TV commercial of a toy from the children's show “Dino Ranch”
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from faulting or breaking of rocks deep within the earth. They produce seismic waves that radiate out from the hypocenter, or focus point, where the rupture occurs. The epicenter is the point on the surface directly above the hypocenter. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and are more destructive in areas with poorly consolidated rock. Seismographs can be used to locate an epicenter by measuring the difference in arrival times of seismic waves at three stations. While some precursors and patterns have been observed, earthquakes remain difficult to predict and control with complete accuracy.
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2. S-waves are slower shear body waves that only move through solid rock.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Waves of energy radiate out from the hypocenter, and the point directly above on the surface is called the epicenter. Seismographs record seismic waves to locate the epicenter and measure an earthquake's magnitude. The magnitude measures the total energy released on the Richter scale, while intensity scales like Modified Mercalli describe damage to structures and land.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. The point directly above on the surface is the epicenter. Seismic waves radiate out from the hypocenter, and by measuring their arrival times at different locations, seismographs can locate the epicenter. The size of an earthquake is measured by both its intensity, which describes damage, and its magnitude, which measures the total energy released. Major earthquakes can have devastating economic and societal impacts through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks deep underground, usually along fault lines. The point where faulting begins is called the focus or hypocenter. Waves of energy radiate out from the hypocenter, and the point directly above on the surface is called the epicenter. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and cause damage through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis or landslides. While earthquake prediction remains challenging, monitoring seismic activity and studying faults can help assess earthquake risks.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. There are three main types of faults that cause earthquakes by movement of tectonic plates. Scientists can measure the location and magnitude of earthquakes using seismographs to detect primary, secondary, and surface seismic waves, then calculating distances based on differences in arrival times of P and S waves at multiple locations. Large earthquakes can trigger tsunamis by displacing large volumes of water.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that generates seismic waves. There are three main types of faults that cause earthquakes by movement of tectonic plates. Scientists can measure the location and magnitude of earthquakes using seismographs to detect primary, secondary, and surface seismic waves, then calculating distances based on differences in arrival times of P and S waves at multiple locations. Large earthquakes can trigger tsunamis by displacing large volumes of water.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy from the breaking of rocks due to the continuing adjustment of tectonic plates. The elastic rebound theory explains how stress builds in rocks until rupture occurs, releasing seismic waves. Earthquakes originate from a focus deep underground, and the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves including P, S, R, and L waves are generated and cause damage. Earthquakes are most common around the Pacific Rim due to plate tectonic activity. Their magnitude is measured by the Richter scale, while intensity describes damage levels. Ground shaking is a major destructive effect, and although prediction efforts study precursors, earthquakes remain difficult to forecast.
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Earthquakes occur due to the sudden release of built-up energy along fault lines in the earth's crust. They produce three types of seismic waves that radiate out from the hypocenter or focus of the earthquake. The location and magnitude of earthquakes can be measured using seismographs located around the world. Major effects of earthquakes include shaking, ground rupture, landslides, fires, liquefaction, tsunamis, and structural damage to buildings and infrastructure. Proper construction techniques and emergency preparedness can help reduce risks from earthquakes.
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This document provides an overview of earthquakes, including their causes, measurement, locations, and impacts. It defines key earthquake terms like focus, epicenter, and magnitudes. Earthquakes are caused by the release of energy at fracture points in the Earth's crust. They can be located using seismic waves measured by seismometers. Larger earthquakes cause more damage through ground shaking and secondary effects like tsunamis, landslides, and fires. The document reviews earthquake hazards and recent major quakes around the world.
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What is earthquakes? What is the Elastic Rebound Theory?
Seismographs record earthquake events. Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often? What are the Destructive Effects of Earthquakes? How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured? Can Earthquakes be Predicted? Can Earthquakes be Controlled?
4.2 recording earthquakes
Scientists measure the magnitude of an earthquake using the Richter scale, which quantifies the amount of energy released by the earthquake based on the amplitude of seismic waves recorded by seismographs. The larger the amplitude, the higher the magnitude.
Earthquakes
1) Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in Earth's lithosphere that generates seismic waves.
2) Seismic waves are measured using seismographs and can be used to locate the epicenter and focus of an earthquake.
3) The main types of seismic waves are P waves, S waves, and surface waves, which cause different types of ground motion and damage during an earthquake.
Introduction to Earthquake by JAWAD AHMED
A simple and interesting introduction to earthquake.
and also the explanation of how it can be measured
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Earthquakes are the shaking, rolling or sudden shock of the earth’s surface. They are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. Earthquakes can be felt over large areas.
Earthquakes cannot be predicted, although scientists are working on it.
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Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy in the earth's crust that generates seismic waves. The location within the earth where rupture first occurs is known as the focus or hypocenter, while the point on the surface directly above is called the epicenter. Different types of seismic waves travel through the earth's interior or along its surface, causing shaking and damage. By measuring the arrival times of these waves at multiple seismograph stations, scientists can determine the epicenter location. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale by magnitude or the Mercalli scale by observed intensity. India experiences frequent earthquakes and is divided into different seismic zones based on risk levels. Major quakes have caused widespread destruction and loss of life in
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This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
Earthquake PPT.ppt
This document provides information about earthquakes, including what causes them, where they occur, and how they are measured. It discusses how tectonic plate movement can build stress along faults, causing rocks to break and release energy in the form of seismic waves. There are three main types of faults and three types of seismic waves. Earthquakes are located using seismographs to measure the arrival times of P and S waves at multiple stations, then triangulating the epicenter where the circles intersect. The largest earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale.
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earthquake_location.ppt
- 1. What are Earthquakes? • The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy • Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks • Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks
- 2. The Focus and Epicenter of an Earthquake • The point within Earth where faulting begins is the focus, • The point directly above the focus on the surface is the epicenter
- 3. Seismographs record earthquake events At convergent boundaries, focal depth increases
- 4. P and S waves – P or primary waves • fastest waves • travel through solids, liquids, or gases • compressional wave, material movement is in the same direction as wave movement – S or secondary waves • slower than P waves • travel through solids only • shear waves - move material perpendicular to wave movement
- 5. Surface Waves: R and L waves • Surface Waves – Travel just below or along the ground’s surface – Slower than body waves; rolling and side-to-side movement – Especially damaging to buildings
- 6. How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured? • Modified Mercalli Intensity Map – 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake, magnitude 6.7 • Intensity – subjective measure of the kind of damage done and people’s reactions to it
- 7. How are the Size and Strength of an Earthquake Measured? • Magnitude – Richter scale measures total amount of energy released by an earthquake; independent of intensity – Amplitude of the largest wave produced by an event is corrected for distance and assigned a value on an open-ended logarithmic scale
- 9. Where Do Earthquakes Occur and How Often? ~80% of all earthquakes occur in the circum-Pacific belt ( ring of fire) – most of these result from convergent margin activity – ~15% occur in the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt – remaining 5% occur in the interiors of plates and on spreading ridge centers – more than 150,000 quakes strong enough to be felt are recorded each year
- 10. The Economics and Societal Impacts of EQs Damage in Oakland, CA, 1989 • Building collapse • Fire • Tsunami • Ground failure
- 12. What is an Epicenter? • A point on the surface of the Earth directly above the FOCUS of the earthquake. •The point within the Earth from which earthquake waves originate.
- 14. Use the data from the recording stations: • Station A: San Francisco, California P-Wave arrival 3:02:20 S-Wave arrival 3:06:30 What is the time difference between P and S wave arrivals?
- 15. Use the data from the recording stations: • Station B: Denver, Colorado P-Wave arrival 3:01:40 S-Wave arrival 3:05:00 What is the time difference between P and S wave arrivals?
- 16. Use the data from the recording stations: • Station C: Missoula, Montana P-Wave arrival 3:01:00 S-Wave arrival 3:03:00 What is the time difference between P and S wave arrivals?
- 17. Difference in arrival times: San Francisco: 4:10 Denver, Colorado: 3:20 Missoula, Montana: 2:00
- 18. TAKE A PIECE OF PAPER, AND MARK OFF THE DIFFERENCE IN ARRIVAL TIME 2800Km 4:10
- 19. MOVE THE PAPER UNTIL THE TWO TICK MARKS LINE UP WITH THE P AND S CURVES WHEN TICK MARKS LINE UP, GO STRAIGHT DOWN AND READ THE EPICENTER DISTANCE EPICENTER DISTANCE OF 2800 KM
- 20. EPICENTER DISTANCES San Francisco: 4:10 Denver, Colorado: 3:20 Missoula, Montana 2:00 2,800km 1100km 2,000km
- 22. Recording Board Difference in arrival times: San Francisco: 41:0 2,800km 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 Open your compass to the EXACT distance on the scale.
- 23. . . .
- 24. How is an Earthquake’s Epicenter Located? Time-distance graph showing the average travel times for P- and S- waves. The farther away a seismograph is from the focus of an earthquake, the longer the interval between the arrivals of the P- and S- waves