Eartquake preparedness

4. Earthquake focus or
hypocenter
- It is the exact point
inside the crust where
a tremendous amount
of energy actually
start to be released.

5. - It is where the
vibrating waves
originate which travel
outward in all direction.
- Foci (plural for focus)
are found in various
depth underground.

6. • Shallow-focus
earthquake or crustal
earthquake- occur
between 0-70 km
below.
• Intermediate focus-
70-300 km below.

7. • Deep-focus
earthquake or intra-
plate earthquakes
are 300-700 km
deep.

8. • Shallow earthquakes
are usually of large-
spread, resulting to
more damages and
because their foci are
nearer the surface of
the earth.

9. • The energy released
from the foci travel in
all directions until
they reach the
surface of the earth,
causing vibrations.

10. • Epicenter is the point
on the earth’s
surface that is
vertically above the
focus and where
energy waves are felt
most strongly.

11. • Epicenter comes
from the Latin word
epicentrum, which
means “situated at
the centeer”.
• 1st sudden
movement of the
ground is felt.

14. • The energy released
during an earthquake
is in the form of
seismic waves
radiating in all
directions within the
Earth’s crust.

15. • The energy released
during an earthquake
is in the form of
seismic waves
radiating in all
directions within the
Earth’s crust.

18. • Earthquake can be
measured using a
seismograph.
• Seismologist use
seismograph to
detect and record
vibration.

19. • The first seismograph
was invented by a
Chinese astronomer
and mathematician,
Cheng Heng, and he
called it “earthquake
weathercock”

20. • The first modern
seismograph was
invented by an
English seismologist,
John Milne.

23. • Magnitude or the
total amount of
energy released – is
to determine how
destructive an
earthquake was.

24. • Magnitude can be
measured by means
of Richter Magnitude
scale.
• Scale can be
expressed in
numerical value.

25. • Scale was developed
in 1935 by an
American
seismologist, Charles
Ritcher and his
friend, Beno
Gutenberg.

26. • The greater the
amplitude of the
waves, the higher
the magnitude of the
an earthquake, and
the greater severity.

28. • Intensity is the
energy released to
the epicenter to the
ground and the
effects are felt over a
much larger area.

29. • Intensity of an
earthquake can be
determined by how
much damaged has
occurred and the
amount of shaking
experience by the
people.

30. • Intensity is
measured with the
Modified Mercalli
Scale which was
revised by an Italian
volcanologist
Guiseppe Mercalli.

31. • The ratings are
expressed in Roman
Numerals ranging
from I (no damage)
to XII (greatest
destruction)

34. • Earthquake also happen
in bodies of water.
• Tsunami is commonly
called seismic waves
which mislead the
people who thought
that only earthquake
can cause it.

35. • Tsunami are also
caused by undersea
volcanic eruption,
underwater
landslides, glaciers
collapse, land
slumping to the
ocean, meteorites.

37. • It is also incorrect to
call it tidal waves
because tsunamis
are not caused by
tides and unrelated
to the tides.

38. • Tsunami comprises
two Japanese words-
“tsu” (meaning
harbor) and “nami”
(meaning waves)

39. • The most prevalent
cause of tsunami is
the undersea
earthquake.

40. • A tsunami happens
when underwater
earthquakes result in
sudden vertical
deformation of the
seafloor.

42. • It creates a sudden
rise or fall of the
crust under or near
the ocean that
produces vertical
displacement of the
seafloor, displace the
water abover.

43. • Vertical displacement
of the seafloor are
triggered by thrust,
reverse, and normal
faulting where
compression pushes
the rocks.

44. • Vertical deformation
of the seafloor can
generate tsunami.
• Most damaging
tsunami occur near
the Pacific Ocean and
Indian ocean.

47. • For centuries
seismologist could
not use any devices
that can predict the
earthquakes.
• Chinese believe in
what they observe
among their animals.

49. • Examine every part
of the house- know
the safe spots such
as against the wall,
under the table or
desk, and the danger
spots.

50. • Repair any deep
cracks in ceiling or
walls, and defective
electric wirings.
• Bolt or fix heavy
cabinets or furniture
to the wall.

51. • Have a regular
inspection of the
stability oh hanging
objects like frames,
mirrors, ceiling fan
and chandeliers.

52. • Easy-to-break
objects made of
ceramics and glasses
should be kept or
placed in the
lowermost secured
shelves or cabinets.

53. • Keep the dangerous
chemicals such as
cleaning products,
pest sprays, and
flammable materials
or liquids outside the
house.

54. • Turn off the gas
tanks when not in
use.
• Learn and practice
first aid and CPR.
• Always recharge the
cell phones if it is
needed.

55. • Participate in
earthquake drills and
orient the family
about it.
• Unplug the appliance
if not in use.

56. • If possible, make fire
extinguisher
available and put it in
a safe place.
• Be familiar with the
doorways and the
emergency exits.

57. • Prepare a bag filled
with emergency
supplies, important
documents, and
basic needs. Put the
emergency bag
where it can be seen
easily.

59. If indoors:
• Stay inside, be calm
and do the “Drop,
Cover, and Hold”
• Duck under a strong
table or desk and
hold on to it or cover
your head.

60. • Stay away where there
are glass windows,
shelves, cabinets, and
other heavy objects.
• Be alert and keep your
eyes open to be aware
of the falling objects.

61. • Do not stand in
doorways
• Do not use elevators.

62. If Outdoors
• Move to an open
area away from
trees, walls or
concrete structures,
power lines, or tall
buildings.

63. • If driving, do not
attempt to cross
bridges, overpasses
or flyovers.

65. • Keep calm and
expect after shocks,
so be alert. Get out
of the building as
fast as possible.
• Don not use
elevators.

66. • Check yourself and
others for injuries,
apply first aid if
necessary, and do
not touch the
seriously injured
individual.

67. • Do not operate
electrical switches.
• Check the electrical
and water lines for
damage, the
chemicals or toxic and
flammable liquids, and
gas leaks.

68. • Turn on the radio and
listen to the news.
• Use the phone only
in case of emergency
because the disaster
prevention
authorities may need
line connections.

69. • Avoid driving to clear
the streets for
emergency vehicles.
• If you are not
seriously harmed,
look around you to
help others as well
as your neighbors.

70. • If you leave your
home, bring the
emergency kit and
leave a note to let
your family know of
your whereabouts.