Early Childhood Education Research

Early Childhood Education Research
Texas law allows school districts to serve both three and four year–olds in prekindergarten, but
districts are required to serve only four–year–olds via federal funding from Head Start (Hustedt &
Barnett, 2011). According to the Center for Public Policy Priorities (CPPP), prekindergarten
enrollment increased from 123,927 in 2001 to 200,181 in 2012. Enrollment dropped off significantly
in 2012, however, due to the elimination of the preschool extension grants that funded full–day
programs and added more three–year–old classrooms. Texas has a long way to go in providing the
kind of research–based quality preschool programs that are needed for the more than 60% of Texas
children who are economically disadvantaged, plus other groups of at–risk ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to research, children's participation in such pre–school programs include improvements
in school readiness by narrowing achievement gaps, improvements in academic performance,
reductions in referrals to special education, improved vocabulary acquisition, improved self–esteem,
stimulated intellectual curiosity, improved social skills, reductions in dropout rates, reductions in
incarceration rates, and most importantly remediation of the negative effects of poverty (Hustedt &
Barnett, 2011; Karoly, Kilburn, Bigelow, Caulkins, & Cannon, 2005). In a study by the RAND
Corporation, early childhood education is the first and most critically important step toward school
readiness, especially for children living in economically disadvantaged homes
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Early Childhood Education And Education
First, taking ED580 and spending time with the children has made it clear to me that early childhood
(bilingual) education is what I'd love to pursue as a future career. Actually, I have long been
interested in early childhood education and was intended to choose that as my major for graduate
school; however, my parents urged me to choose a "broader" major such as TESOL so that I can
have more career choices after graduation. Although I was not willing to, I finally compromised not
to my parents, but to the reality. In China, people have the deeply–rooted misunderstanding that
preschool teachers are just babysitters; as a result, the requirement of educational level for preschool
teachers is rather low, namely vocational high school. It may sound crazy if someone with a mater
degree wants to be a preschool teacher. Thus, preschool teachers together with early childhood
education are largely undervalued in China. I always know that it is silly to undermine the
importance of early childhood education, but I do not have powerful evidence to back me up to
change people's thought. Now, I think I can confidently explain to others that because human
development is accumulative and progressive, early inventions on the children's dysfunctions may
have the power to change their life trajectories and their fates. Keeping in mind how powerful early
childhood education is and how influential preschool educators can be, I become clearer about on
what I'd love to devote my time and effort

The Importance Of Education On Early Childhood Education
When a child is growing up, their environment plays a very important in role on the skills that they
obtain. Some of the skills to prepare them for their future would be the emergent literacy skills
which include phonological awareness, alphabet knowledge, print concepts, narrative awareness,
vocabulary, and oral language. These skills can be obtained through the home environment and early
childhood education settings. Emergent literacy skills are developed before kindergarten and they
predict the child's later success in reading. There are some factors that could affect if the child is
able to obtain literacy skills. Socioeconomic status is a major factor that could set back a child from
obtaining the skills. Socioeconomic status would affect what resources the child would have
available at home and if the parent or guardian is able to give the child the necessary language and
literacy exposure because they are always at work. There are also some other factors such as a child
having a language impairment and disadvantaged literacy experiences.
The purpose of this study was to find out if a professional developmental program targeting early
childhood educators that teach preschool would be effective for teaching the children in low income
areas to enhance their emergent literacy skills. Early childhood settings such as the home
environment or daycare are important sources of emergent literacy because of the multiple
opportunities that there could be for shared book reading

Early Childhood Education : My Philosophy Of Education
Early childhood education is a program that benefits children from ages three to five. During early
childhood education children develop many different characteristics. Early childhood education also
benefits a child's social development, emotional development, physical development, and cognitive
development. Science research has proven that learning and mental development begins right after
the child is born. Their first 3 years of life is when the essential brain and neural development
occurs. The purpose of early childhood education is to prepare young children for their transition
into elementary school. My philosophy of education is inspired by Jean Piaget, Maria Montessori,
and Howard Gardner. Jean Piaget had the theory of cognitive development. Early childhood
education is placed in the preoperational stage. Jean's proposition was that children develop
intelligence through their own direct experiences. I will demonstrate this in my classroom by
converting what we are learning into different objects and groups around the room. This will help
the children adapt to new knowledge to what they already know.
Maria Montessori's theory was using sensorial learning. I will demonstrate this theory in my
classroom by using sensory–based materials that are self–correcting. A couple of examples would be
having a letter for the children to trace with marbles and using cards with pictures of certain things
that begin with certain letters. The Montessori method is used to educate

Early Childhood Education Essays
EDUCATIONAL THRORISTS
Early Childhood Curriculum
Contents
Introduction 2
Principles and Philosophy 2
Common and Differences 2
Contributions 3
Personal Reflections 4
Bibliography 5
Introduction
In this assessment I will be talking about the principles and philosophy of Frobel and Montessori,
what they have in common and differences, there contributions to Siolta and my own thoughts in
relation to early childhood education and their impact on the learning environment
Principles and Philosophy
Froebel believed that the kindergarten's primary focus should be on play–the process by which he
believed children expressed their inner thoughts, needs, and desires so that's why Froebel's emphasis
on play. For Froebel play is facilitated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both believe the environment cannot create a person, but it does give them scope and direction,
materials and purpose to do so. Both believe that it is the role of the adult's job is nurture, assist,
watch, encourage, guide, and induce the children, rather than to delay, command or restrict. (hardy,
2013) (Notes, 2013)
The difference between Montessori's and Froebel's philosophies are montessori children spend most
of their time working with natural materials under the individual guidance of the adult, while
kindergarten children are usually engaged in free play and in group work or games with an
imaginative background and appeal. Other Differences is that Froebel is best known for his gifts and
occupations to guide and structure play. Gifts are wooden boxes and cubes, cylinders, triangles, as
well as knitted balls and various geometric shapes. Children used the gifts for making pattern and
block play, building their imaginations through play. The occupations involved is clay moulding and
paper folding to increase their fine motor skills and focus their attention and that Maria Montessori
utilizes specific materials that have specific purposes for example real work activities instead of
play. The materials include natural life materials such as brooms, dishes, wooden dressing frames

and cleaning materials. Children, following this learn self–mastery and confidence and that Frobal
believed in imaginary play. (hardy, 2013) (Notes,

The Importance Of Early Childhood Education
Health promotion is very important to early childhood education to improve the well–being of
children and parents' health and behaviours. "It is important for early childhood educators to
recognized their essential role as health promotors" (Pimento & Kernested 2015, P. 4). There are 12
social determinants in daily life for childhood programs, however I have identified that social
support networks are most important determinants of health. Likewise, educators and families are
both mutually directly and indirectly supporting children to improve their healthy development and
education (Pimento & Kernested, 2015, P.34). In early childhood, educators have very important
role in daycare which is communication. That means, that we need to communicate with family
(parent, grandparent), children and coworkers to share the daily basic tasks and any other ideas or
information for improving environments and supports. It is especially important that we support
mothers who have very limited knowledge about their first–born baby, such as lack of information
about breastfeeding, sleeping routine, formula ratios, nutrition, healthy eating habits, or any parental
skills. Not only that, we can also help parents to get benefits and support from the government such
as financial support, subsidized daycare, and community information resources on healthy nutrition
food.
I am a full time ECE student at Humber and also work part time with kids. My schedules involve
many stresses and time

Early Childhood Education Rationale
Rationale:
Early Childhood Education and services should respect multiple cultural ways of knowing, seeing
and living. They can achieve this by celebrating the benefits of diversity and having an ability to
understand and honour differences. This is evident in everyday practice when educators demonstrate
an ongoing commitment to developing their own cultural competence. In the early childhood
environment adding a range of diverse resources is one small aspect of inclusion and diversity.
Children need to be listened and observed by educators during interaction with resources. Resources
need to be discussed and explored with children (DEEWR, 2009). research shows that children's
quality early learning experiences lead them to academic success and well–being later in the life
(Sylva, Siraj–Blatchford,Taggart, Sammons, Melhuish, Elliot and Totsika, 2006; Clarke, 2009).
Broad range of ideas in the early childhood is connected with the principle of equity and diversity
and professionals need to address issues of inequality and promote the richness if diversity and
differences. To support children's learning and development, educators need to form strong bond
with families and communities (DEEWR, 2009). Moreover, children achieve better outcome in
learning throughout the life when their diverse strengths and capabilities are identified and
supported (Freeman, and Bochner, 2008; Rodger, Braithwaite and Keen, 2004; Changying, 2010).
The convention empathises the importance of

Early Childhood Education And Care
Early childhood education and care is defined as the educational programs and strategies geared
towards children from birth to the age of eight, these cover both prior–to–school learning and the
early years of primary school (Ailwood, Boyd, Theobald 2016).
Early childhood settings are often known to be long day cares, occasional care, family day care,
preschools and kindergartens (Early Years Learning Framework 2009 page 8). These environments
are safe, caring, welcoming environments that promote learning in a child's mind by encouraging
the use of real life scenarios. Lev Vygotsky observed this in his own daughter, he once said that
"play is defined by the presence of an imaginary situation, where children change the meaning of
actions and subjects to give them a new sense" (Colliver and Fleer 2016).
In education pedagogy's today, there are many theories that are involved in the way we teach
children every day. Theorists such as Doctor Maria Montessori, Howard Gardner, Erik Ericson and
Burrhus Frederic (B.F) Skinner have influenced modern day education and the standard curriculum
by introducing and encouraging their theories, theories such as operant conditioning by B.F Skinner,
or Howard Gardner's theory of the multiple intelligences. Each of these play their own roles in every
classroom in the form of teaching plans and disciplinary methods.
Focusing on the concept of cognitive development and how it relates with play–based learning,
research shows that play can be

As a human being in a culturally diverse society how do we fathom the idea of being children
turning into prospering adults? What are the cultural values we learn to become acceptable in our
perspective communities? The main idea of how one overcomes cultural differences and steps into a
productive society is how we examine culture across culture.
How we learn to function in our selection of cultures is called enculturation. "This is the process by
which youngsters learn and adopt the ways and manners of their specific culture. "(page 64)
Enculturation starts at a very young age and can be affected by agents involving enculturation. This
could include ultimately anything such as families, environments, and peers. Preschools can be
considered the "heart of enculturation" because of their examination among a cross culturally
perspective when dealing with binding together as one entity between staff and students. Preschool
in Three Cultures Revisited: China, Japan, and the United States is quite literally a revisited outlook
among a study of cross–cultural schools. The new study sheds a new light on early childhood
education and the linkage to historical dimensions. Therefore, this study is not considered a
repetition of the first, but rather a morally extension that provides the viewed with a cultural persona
of continuity and change within the preschools in China, Japan, and the United States. By adding
two preschools for each of the three cultures, they add a

Technology Into Early Childhood Education
Matters to Consider when introducing Technology into Early Childhood Education
Introduction
Earlier research was more concerned with weather or not technology; including computers were, in
fact, beneficial to children's learning. Current research is concerned with how technology can be
used to support children's learning and development (Morrison, 2009). Acronyms like PC, CD,
DVD, PDA, DSL, eBay, and .com, are part of our professional vocabulary right alongside ECE...
technology has changed the way we teach children (Donohue, 2003). This author takes the position
that technology is beneficial to early childhood education. This paper will outline how technology is
beneficial to early childhood education through an analysis of contemporary ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
It needs to be acknowledged that technology and media are social icons, and, most importantly,
children are active consumers of these products (Weddell, 2001). There is little wonder why
technology is being viewed as becoming, if not already, common place in the educational setting.
Zevenbergen (2010, p. 1) states, "This generation has been immersed in technology since their
emergence into the world. Their homes have computer technology in all facets of gadgetry–the
remote control for the television, the programmable microwave, the mobile phone computers, digital
games (such as Xbox, as well as those on the computer)".
Early childhood is a period of growth and rapid development. During this time, many children
attend preschool, where they have access to technology as a learning tool (Chen & Couse,
2010). There is increasing interest and belief in the need to start this education [technology] at an
earlier age, possibly as soon as children begin formal schooling or even nursery school or
kindergarten (Stables, 1997). In a survey conducted by Flynn et, al. (2010), the results showed more
than half of the educators surveyed think that children should be introduced to technology between
ages 3 and 4. Perhaps one reason the findings would indicate this is due to the motivational

If you ask any adult what memory stands out from their early childhood school years, the majority
will tell you recess and just being outdoors. That was the time that children could run wild, scream
and make noises or set quietly under the tree near the corner of the fence. The experiences from that
childhood ritual spur an interest in the environment; revive past memories of opportunities
experienced with friends and the potential of the skills learned for future personal development
(Waite 2010). Today outdoor learning and the lessons that it encompasses has become an overlooked
tool for early childhood educators. Though the use of outdoor learning is seen as important to early
childhood education, the use of it has not grown. Being aware of what hinders early childhood
educators using outdoor education environments can revitalize this experience in today's children.
The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) is a leading organization
with a purpose of advancing an environment of learning. NAEYC standards promote the use of
outdoor experiences on a daily basis for its fresh air, to learn about living and non–living systems
and, discovery investigation (Cooper 2015). Each state may have its own accreditation that interacts
with the Quality Rating Improvement System. As not all state accreditation programs are the same,
there is a discrepancy between programs and qualifications. The standards, which gauge the
program attributes, may

While there are still many people who do not believe in the pivotal role that early childhood
education plays in the psychosocial, cognitive development of children at the ages of three to five in
particular, such benefits are well documented and illustrated by several psychoanalysts, leaving very
little space for doubt. Perhaps one of the earliest most cited works is that of the Swiss psychologist
and developmental biologist Jean Piaget (1896–1980). Based on his observations of how children
make sense of the world around them, Piaget developed a four–stage model explaining how the
mind processes new information encountered during cognitive development, which includes the
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational stages. He posited that all
children progress through these four stages in the same order beginning at infancy. While Piaget's
work on cognitive development and constructivist learning theory is widely cited in the field of
education and is even the basis upon which many preschool programs are modeled, the German
psychoanalyst, Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development garnered similar attention as it
further illustrated the psychosocial development stages and classified them in eight distinctive
categories, ranging from birth to the end of life. The third stage of Erikson's theory (1959), the
Preschoolers' stage (three to five years), is of particular interest in the field of early childhood
education cognitive research as it

Early Childhood Special Education
Understanding the Letters
There are two primary laws that protect the rights of children with disabilities, and it clarifies the
procedures taken in early interventions. One of these laws is the Individual with Disabilities
Education Improvement Act of 2004 or IDEA. The 2004 IDEA made and added several changes to
the 1997 act. As with passage of prior federal laws, these amendments have resulted in litigation,
new laws, and further amendments relevant to early childhood special education (Gargiulo, 2003).
The amendments in IDEA include what is referred as an IEP or an Individualized Educational Plan;
it is a legal document that describes the child's needs and how the school and specialized highly
qualified teachers will provide the support to help the child succeed in school.
Another important legal term in Special Education is FAPE or Free Appropriate Public Education.
FAPE protects the rights of children with disabilities to receive a free education with no cost to the
parents, and it should be appropriate according to the specific needs of the child. Under FAPE,
children with disabilities have to the right to be educated under public supervision, meaning that the
school that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children with disabilities have the same rights as children without a disability to a proper education.
Knowing that the human brain develops rapidly in the first years, early interventions are crucial to
help children develop and learn abilities that will help them all throughout their lives. As Early
Childhood educators we should understand how these two important laws work, in order for us to
have a good communication with our families to better help each one of our students develop all
their abilities in a nourishing and respectful

Multicultural Education And The Early Childhood Education
Abstract
Multicultural education should be made to become an important component in the early childhood
education. We live in a country which is culturally diverse. The cultural, racial and ethnic
composition of preschools in the United States is becoming very diverse. Because of this diversity
multicultural education needs to be implemented within early childhood education. Early childhood
educators need to be educated in my academy in order for them to be able to foster the children's
knowledge and to be aware of their cultural differences. The reason of this case study is see how we
can educate our preschool teacher's to be able to understand and implement multicultural education
in their classrooms. "The implementation of multicultural education requires teachers to examine
their own values, knowledge, and teaching practices about diversity to avoid biased multicultural
education." (Brown & Marchant, 2002). Multicultural education should be made to become an
important component in the early childhood education. The present day trend in demography in a
large number of countries is among the increasing heterogeneity that leads to having cultural
conflicts and tensions. People across the world should accept the fact that there is need for them to
co–exist in unity and harmony. This can only be realized if there is genuine acceptance and respect
for differences. The focus of this case study is to look at implementing multicultural

Early Childhood Education Observation
While walking through the front gates of County elementary school, you see children of all ages
playing while they wait for the school bell to ring. Walking to the classroom that I will be observing
you see students with their parent's line up waiting to get signed in. The students are to be signed in
by a parent or guardian for safety precautions, and shows that the child was signed into school. As a
visitor, I am to sign myself in, this shows I was in the classroom, at what time was I there, and
reason for visiting the classroom. Introducing myself to Mrs. Smith the classroom teacher, and Mrs.
Brown the teaching assistant; I explained that I will be observing the classroom. Mrs. Smith
informed me that the name of the program ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reading/listening area located into the corner has different types of books, a little theater puppet
stand setup for the children to interactive and play out a scene from a book, and there is also a radio
with headphones for the children to listen to books being read to them by CD or cassette. Next to
that is the math area had many different materials the child is able to learn from such as chain links,
counting blocks, numbers with rods, geo boards, patterning beads, and there are also board games
and matching games that help learn math. Next to the math area is the manipulative area that
contains different puzzles, instruments, shoe lacing cards, and many other life lessons to learn. Next
is the computer station, there are two computers that the children will use. There are a few programs
that are used during computer time, starfall.com, bailey's book house, dragon tails, and Dora the
explorer. The programs are easy to use, and talk back to the students instructing them where and
what to press. The programs teach different curriculums such as math, science, English, Spanish,
and colors. The block area which holds different shapes, animals, linking toys, foam blocks, and
color names. Writing table has different cups of colors with markers, or crayons, and color pencils.
There are blank pieces of paper and coloring booking for them to use also. The science area with

An Early Childhood Education Professional
Autobiography On November 1st, 1995, the Palm Beach Post published a front page story about Bill
Clinton's latest remarks in a Whitehouse press conference. However, what the Palm Beach Post
didn't publish, and consequently what most of the county didn't see that morning, was the fact that I
was born.
As an individual and an educator, in the next five years, I aspire to have been at my school and in
my long term classroom for at least 3 years, have a developed and well practice filing system of
observations and assessment records, a fool proof method for grading, a knack for detailed and daily
lesson planning, as well as having an established parent conferencing style.
Competency Goal #1 On my personal path to becoming an Early ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Likewise, it is self–evident that we desperately need the research of those who are advancing this
field of knowledge. After all, educators who are well informed are well prepared to do the task of
teaching.
Competency Goal #2 In the course of establishing a developmentally appropriate classroom for
learning with healthy and respected students, there are several things I will and must do. In chief,
there will be two things that I will have the utmost concern for in my future classroom: child safety
and respectful behavior. Within the pursuit of a healthy environment, it is clear that the well–being
of students comes as a tangent to having their attention for learning. On this token, establishing a
healthy classroom must be systemically established by systematic rules. For example, it will be an
immediate priority to search for, remove, and replace when possible materials in my classroom that
are sharp, easily swallowable, too heavy, too disruptive, and/or too toxic for children to exercise
necessary caution around. Similarly, maintaining classroom cleanliness is another key goal. As for
the risks, children that are in messy classrooms risk slips and falls around untidied, areas as well as
unnecessary exposure to germs. To avoid this, I will be sure to inspect the classroom at the
beginning and end of the day for tidiness, while also having a liberal supply of soap and water. For
the purpose of establishing

Observation In Early Childhood Education
Observation
In order to be a good educator, it is critical to observe children during their learning experiences.
Observations allow the educator to determine what the child knows, can do and understand (Early
Childhood Australia, 2012, p.1). Observations help the educator to implement experiences, which
are of interest to the children helping to build on their knowledge. According to Curtis & Carter
(2013, p. 16) educators have many demands and distractions; therefore learning to pay attention
requires systematic study and ongoing practice. It was nice to conduct an experience with two
children, however, I feel that in an early childhood setting there would be many distractions that I
would have to overcome.
Observing Liliana and Ella ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When interacting with the children I was sure to stand back and observe them allowing them to
engage with one another. Only when the children asked for help or included me in the experience
did I contribute. By doing this I felt that I was able to offer both Liliana and Ella the time required to
engage in the experience and with one another. Liliana took photos of Ella and I and we all reflected
on what was happening (Curtis & Carter, 2013, p.15). This continued throughout the experience
with us discussing what could be seen and what the children were doing allowing us to all reflect on
the experience and the chance for me to enhance their learning.
Interpretation
Interpreting what is happening throughout the experience is essential, allowing the educator to
reflect on the experience. According to the DEEWR (2009, p. 17) interpretation allows educators to
collect rich and meaningful information, which describes their progress and identifies the children's
strengths, skills, and understanding. By conducting observations during the experience, I was able to
interpret what was happening in the experience at a later time.
I used observations, which included jottings, photographs and recorded the experience. By using a
variety of different observations I was able to interpret what the

An Early Childhood Education Student
I, Nimra Khan, am an Early Childhood Education student, who got the opportunity to work with
children in a Kindergarten setting. By getting the chance to observe children and interact with them,
I learned a great deal about how important appreciative inquiry is. It taught me to be objective and
open–minded, and how crucial it is to acknowledge and appreciate that each child is unique in its
own way. Children are highly underestimated in their abilities and skills and it is important to
recognize how intelligent they are in different ways by detailed observations and interactions.
Unlike any other role, working with children requires you to be present at all times, because it is the
spontaneous moments that occur that matter the most. Interacting with adults can leave such a great
impact on a child, and this works both ways. In my setting, one thing that was undermined was how
necessary it is to collaborate regularly with the families of children, which I will discuss further on
in this paper.
Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory describes the range of interacting influences that affect a
developing child (Papalia....pg 32). The contextual systems identified by him are the microsystem,
mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem and chronosystem. The first four systems are like hollow
cylinders that fit inside one another, encasing the developing person. The fifth, the chronosystem,
adds the dimension of time. (Papalia.... Pg 32) In this assignment, I will focus on the first four

High–Quality Early Childhood Education Brightens a Child's Future
We are part of a global community that's becoming increasingly competitive. Every day, advances in
technology sweep us off our feet. Smartphones keep us connected. Drones make life more
convenient. Virtual reality frees us from the stressors of our day–to–day living. From a global
perspective, we have it all. However, from the perspective of an American, the future may not be so
bright, unless early childhood education is in your child's future.
The Need for Early Childhood Education
In 2015, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) released a telling
500–page report that analyzed the educational systems of 46 nations. Historically, the United States
ranked second when it came to adults who had some college education. However, in 2015, the US
ranked fifth. Even more troubling, only 41% of 3–year–olds and 66% of 4–year–olds are enrolled in
preschool within the US, but more than 70% are enrolled in the other nations the OECD analyzed.
Children Learn Better in Learning Centers
Study after study demonstrates that early childhood education is essential to a child's development.
In most studies, it's easy to ascertain that a child's first few years on earth shapes who they become
in the future. During these years they are exposed to the fundamentals of life, including language
development, social skills, and behavioral skills, all of which prepare them for school and the life
they'll lead as

Early Childhood Education And Education
Introduction
Early Childhood Education (ECE) is also nursery education and is a branch of education theory
which relates to the teaching of young children (formally and informally) up until the age of about
eight. Infant/ toddler education, a subset of early childhood education, denotes the education of
children from birth to age two. The history of early childhood care and education refers to the
development of care and education of children between zero and eight years old throughout history.
Early childhood education has a global scope, and caring for and educating young children has
always been an integral part of human societies. Arrangements of fulfilling these societal roles have
evolved over time and remain varied across cultures, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Young children, for all intents and purposes, have become asocial and political community. The
welfare and education of children have become fair game for those seeking to win votes or
sympathy for a particular cause. Consequently, teachers are finding themselves in the midst of a
social revolution between forces competing for the hearts and minds of parents and their children.
On the one side we have those that advocate for custodial care and on the other those that promote
learning. Both sides have caused sufficient upheaval in the profession such that what teachers of
young children should know and be able to do has taken new meaning.
Early childhood educators face insurmountable challenges in meeting their professional obligations.
Aside from the traditional roles that teachers have assumed, they are now expected to serve as
curriculum specialists, diagnosticians, health care providers, family counselors, adult educators,
program managers, child development experts, child advocates, mental health specialists, nutrition
specialists, and many others too numerous list. At the same time, the teaching profession is
confronting new notions of pedagogy and more intense scrutiny by professional groups.
Because the early years have now become a cause and celebre for many people and groups, there is
no shortage of

Building relationships with families and communities is an important part of early childhood
education because it aims to incorporate everyone that is involved in young children's lives.
Families should be an integral part of the classroom. A child's family is the most important thing in
their lives and their first teachers. In early childhood settings families, should feel welcomed and
comfortable. This means welcoming them into the classroom to spend time, share their interests,
join in celebrations and field trips.
There are so many benefits for family involvement and building respectful, reciprocal relationships
with families. Families can gain confidence in themselves and their child's education, you create a
connection between school and home and children can see that the important people in their lives
are working together and trust each other.
Early Childhood teachers have a responsibility to the children they care for and their families to
establish a safe, secure, and nurturing environment. By doing this, teachers are building a positive
community for the children to learn and explore. Teachers can do this by having an attitude of
acceptance and respect, learning the values, and traditions each child in their classroom and to allow
the children to see themselves reflected in the classroom. We as teachers need to acknowledge and
celebrate the diverse cultures with in our community and families we are working with.
When I first began my studies at River

Recent research conducted by neurologists seemingly allude that early childhood education presents
a vital role in developing a child's brain. Children are majorly expected to attend this stage of
education at the age of 6years where they receive quality care at a specified age before joining the
next stage (AL–Othman, Gregory, Jessel & Khalil, 2015). In most countries, pre–kindergarten
education which is also early childhood education is perceived as a necessary stage of learning for
every child. Countries such as the US recognize early childhood education as both significant and
mandatory education stages since the enactment of the California legislature in 2006. Seemingly,
researchers connote that children who undergo early childhood development exhibit a higher IQ
compared to those who fail to attend (AL–Othman, Gregory, Jessel & Khalil, 2015). Furthermore,
other studies articulate that pre–kindergarten studies enhance their behaviors and further increases
their level of understanding in other stages of learning compared to those who do fail in undertaking
such programs. Notably, it's true to attest to the fact that the benefits of introducing a child to pre–
kindergarten stage affably outweighs the negative impacts perceived ("Importance of Early
Childhood Education", 2017). Some other benefits involved in early childhood development are
further expounded below
Surprisingly, childhood specialists clarify that children learn at their best when they are not pushed
hard

Early Childhood Education And Development
During this class, we have discussed many topics from the importance of Early Childhood
Education, through all of the developmental stages and into the roots of behavioral issues. I'd have
to say out of all the topics, the importance of Early Childhood Education and how children develop
and learn from week 2 is what has stuck out the most to me. I have even found myself explaining
the importance to friends, with information I have learned from this course. For example, in a recent
conversation I had with a friend of mine from Australia discussing global topics, I mentioned that I
was interested in how important early childhood education and development is. I also went into
detail about how your brain is constantly creating new neurons based on your experiences and that is
what has made you who you are today. We continued the chat by discussing how unfortunate it is
that children who aren't privileged enough to get an early childhood education, such as pre
kindergarten, aren't as likely to have high success rates in life and could potentially suffer from
disorders. These same children are also subject to low levels of education, knowledge, income, and
have a higher risk of going to jail. I mentioned how critical it was for children to not only have
academic education and development but also social, emotional and physical starting around the
ages of two or three. He asked replied back by asking what kind of activities were best for
development, in my opinion. In my answer

The Importance Of Education In Early Childhood Education
Picture # 5: post–secondary education for caregivers
The reason why I chose a picture of graduate students is that post–secondary education is a very
important element of quality of childcare. Post–secondary education is essential to establish better
quality child care. "Childcare staffs with specific education in early childhood education are more
responsive and provide more developmentally appropriate care. Children in the care of trained staff
exhibit more cooperative behavior, higher levels of language skills and general knowledge, and
greater task persistence". (http://childcarecanada.org/sites/default/files/fs2.pdf/ what does research
tells us about quality in child care)
The training and education of teachers affect the quality of the care through the knowledge, skills,
and competencies which implemented and encouraged by them. Research shows that the skills and
staff knowledge are essential in bringing high–quality care and outcomes. "Staff training in early
childhood education is one of the most important predictors of quality of child care. Research shows
that there is a strong relationship between high quality and staff with postsecondary training in early
childhood education". (http://findingqualitychildcare.ca/high–quality–child–care/factors–that–set–
the–stage–for–quality). Ability to develop a professional learning environment and a good
understanding of child development, be responsive to children are important skills of trained
caregivers. Good vocabulary and ability to understand children's ideas, problem–solving and
development of targeted lesson plans and leadership skills also play a big role in maintaining a
quality childcare program. It is believed that high–quality pedagogy is the result of a qualified staff.
Better quality leads to a better learning experience. "More specialized staff education and training
on ECEC are strongly associated with stable, sensitive and stimulating interactions. Other elements
of high staff quality include staff's content (curriculum) knowledge and their ability to create a
multi–disciplinary learning environment".
http://www.oecd.org/education/school/49322232.pdf/research brief: Qualifications, Education, and
professional development matters
Picture #

Reflection On Early Childhood Education
As I reflect on the past eight weeks, my insights on Early Childhood Education have given me a
better understanding of issues and trends in Early Childhood Education. As I mastered this course, I
have also become more knowledgeable and understanding of the needs of children and families in
my community. Another way that I have been strengthened was through discussions and sharing
blogs with my colleagues. On the other hand, researching professional early childhood education
topics and viewing multimedia presentations were beneficial to my professional growth as well. I
felt that the multimedia were definitely the meat to this course. Therefore, I am broadened with
information than before. As an early childhood educator, and regarding ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This knowledge would allow me to learn and to be able to understand their individual needs.
Referring to Brooks–Gunn & Duncan, 1997), a study proved that "poor children suffer higher
incidences of adverse health, developmental, and other outcomes than without poor children" (p.
57). However, I also learned through this study that the "duration of poverty is an important factor in
the lower scores of poor children on their measures of cognitive ability" (p. 61). Overall, this means
that children of poverty are at a higher risk of failure, because of a lack of skills. Therefore, this
could be devastating to their well–being. As an early childhood educator, it is important that I be a
supporter for the children and families whom are less fortunate. When I think about analyzing issues
and trends in the early childhood field considering intended and unintended consequences, I think
about how young children, families and the community can be affected. When a society invests
resources into a child's well–being there will be positive consequences, which are constructive and
intentional. For example, when a state spends more money for public education per child, he or she
will predictably reap positive benefits such as higher test scores and better health indicators.
Conversely, when society fails to expend resources toward a child's betterment, there are unintended
consequences. These can be considered the impact

Benefits Of Early Childhood Education
INTRODUCTION Early childhood education has not always been the top priority in the education
world. Although, research has proved that it should be the top priority as the benefits of Early
Childhood Education are innumerous. Extensive neuroscience research has discovered that the brain
is build over time and it is built from the bottom up. Early childhood experiences directly affect the
quality brain development. Establishing a sturdy foundation through a high quality early childhood
education experience, will dramatically develop child's brain. As a result, they will have a brighter
future. In this essay, I will propose a plan for the children of 2020 and how to ensure the best early
childhood education experience. I personally believe that racially, culturally, linguistically and
developmentally responsive practices parental involvement are critical to the sturdy foundation that
is essential to the positive early childhood experience.
RACIALLY, CULTURALLY, LINGUISTICALLY, AND DEVELOPMENTALLY RESPONSIVE
PRACTICES I believe that racially, culturally, linguistically responsive practices are essential to
creating a fruitful learning experience for any child at any age. With that said, it is exceptionally
important for children in the early childhood age group to be taught appropriately. Due to the way
the brain develops, children are very susceptible to new information. When taught repetitively over
a period of time, it then becomes part of who they are and their own

The Benefits of Early Childhood Education
The writer of Proverbs 22:6 wrote: "Train a child in the way he should go, and when he is old he
will not turn from it". Early Education has benefits that can follow well into adult hood. Early
childhood education is the organized practice of educating those who are in early childhood.
According to the NAEYC (National Association for the Education of Young Children), early
childhood spans the human life from birth to age eight (Early Childhood Education, para. 1).Before
1960, educating young children was primarily dealt with in the home. Today most children spend a
large part of their day away from their parents. Most attend a center based program until
kindergarten. Attendance at a center–based ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two studies that have followed preschooler to adulthood (High/Scoop Perry and Abecedarian) have
proven that early education provides benefits to adult career success. The High/Scoop Perry
researchers followed two groups for 40 years and found that children that participated in early
childhood education programs were more likely to be employed (76% vs. 62%). The educated
children have a high percentage of home owners (37% vs. 28%). Studies have also shown an
increase in median annual earnings ($20,800 vs. $15,300).
The economy can also benefit for children being enrolled in early childhood educational programs.
Adults that were once in early childhood programs are more productive adults and earn better
wages. Due to this increase it will create increased tax revenue and decrease dependency on welfare
and other government programs. Early childhood education helps prepare children to succeed in
school and become better adults; they are more likely to earn more, pay more taxes and commit
fewer crimes. For every dollar that is invented in educating children taxpayers can save up to $13.00
for every dollar spent. There is also increase in parent productivity. Parents that otherwise had no
childcare option would gain the opportunity to enter the work force. Investing in early education
increases economic development in the form of jobs and the sell of goods and services. In the
diagram below the High/Scope Perry researchers conclude that, 40 years after being enrolled in

Early Childhood Education
Introduction This research report presents an analysis of and conclusions drawn from the
experiences and perspectives of two educators that work in the early childhood setting. The main
objective is to identify key elements and issues in relation to the families, diversity and difference.
In particular how an early childhood educator implements, different approaches to honour culture
and diversity, and to advocate for social justice in an early childhood settings. As such, it allows an
insight into the important role that families and their background plays in the everyday lives of the
children and educators within early childhood settings. In today's ever–changing growing society it
is essential for educators to be flexible to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Julie– educator 2 is a white Australian female in her late 20's. She is a qualified group leader
currently working in a Kindy room with children aged 2.5– 2.5 years; she is also assistant director
(2IC) of her centre that she has worked at for the past ten years. The interview was a one on one
scenario, conducted in her staff room after work, the interview was recorded. Both educators signed
a letter of consent to participate in this research project, allowing the interviewee to explore the
educators' experiences and personal beliefs in relation to diversity and difference with the families
and children in their centres.(As seen in Appendix 1 & 2). Key aspects and issues in relation to
families, diversity and difference were considered essential data to be analysed for this research
report. Results and Discussion There is a significant importance placed on educators abilities to
understand and implement diversity within educational centres, both Mary and Julie seem to have an
in depth understanding of what diversity is and why it is so essential in early childhood settings.
Mary and Julie share a common perspective about diversity established by their words such as
individual, different, recognise, respect, value and promote. Holman (1998) believed that by
accepting the differences of those surrounding us, we recognize and uphold the strength of those
differences.

An ELC assists families by offering support and caring for children due to work commitments,
lifestyle and family needs. Situated off Ranford road, and near a local primary school, Goodstart
Early Learning Canning Vale– Campbell road (GELCVCR) offers care for children aged six weeks
to five years, who live within this vicinity. According to Idcommunity (2016) records showed that in
2016 63% of people worked full time and 36% worked part–time out of the 11,089 residences that
live within the Canning Vale area. With such a high number of residences working in the area
Goodstart Campbell road helps provide care to families who require assistance. According to Baxter
(2015, p. 2) early childhood education holds a key place in local communities as it helps provides
opportunities for families to engage in the labour market. GELCVCR allows families this
opportunity.
Hours may vary depending on the individual LDC, FDC, OSHC and ELC. GELCVCR is licenced to
open from 6:45 am until 6:15 pm, Monday to Friday (Personal Communication, 2017). A local
member of the community stated; 'I work from 8 am until 4 pm, five days a week, Goodstart allows
me to drop my child off and get to my workplace with enough time' (Personal Communication,
2017). Offering flexibility to families means that children get access to nationally recognised early
learning programs, which support children's learning and wellbeing (Goodstart Early Learning
[GEL], 2014).
GELCVCR is licenced to have 95 children aged

Early Childhood Education ( Ece )
Early childhood education (ECE) is an area of educational theory which relates to the teaching of
young children up until the age of about eight, with a specific focus on developmental education,
most prominent before the start of required education. Although, parents are seen as a child 's first
teacher and therefore an essential part of the early learning process. There are five developmental
domains of childhood development which include physical, social, emotional, cognitive skills, and
language skills. These domains play an important part in a child growing up. When a child develops
physically he tends to gain control of motor skills. A child's social skills help them to be able to get
along well with others. His emotional connections develop when children relate to other people and
share their feelings. The way, in which a child communicates helps with his language, including
how they present their feelings and emotions. Cognitive skills include problem solving, creativity,
imagination and memory really helps a child to organize his memory. The role of the administrator
is different from that of the teacher in program and curriculum planning because the role of an
administrator is to ensure the quality of a childhood program. Administrators may include center
directors and assistant directors, curriculum coordinators, teacher supervisors, and program
managers (Gadzikowski, 2013). Their role is more like the master planner and

History Of Early Childhood Education
Introduction
Early Childhood Education (ECE) is also nursery education and is a branch of education theory
which relates to the teaching of young children (formally and informally) up until the age of about
eight. Infant/ toddler education, a subset of early childhood education, denotes the education of
children from birth to age two. The history of early childhood care and education refers to the
development of care and education of children between zero and eight years old throughout history.
Early childhood education has a global scope, and caring for and educating young children has
always been an integral part of human societies. Arrangements of fulfilling these societal roles have
evolved over time and remain varied across cultures, often reflecting family and community
structures as well as the social and economic roles of women and men. Historically, such
arrangements have largely been informal, involving family, household and community members.
Early childhood education is a board term used to describe any type of educational program that
serves children in their preschool years, before they are old enough to enter kindergarten. Early
childhood education may consist of any number of activities and experiences designed to aid in the
cognitive and social development of preschoolers before they enter elementary school. How and
where early childhood education is provided can be very different from one state to the next or even
from one school to the next within the same

The center I have worked at for 20 years is accredited by the National Association for the Education
of Young Children (NAEYC). I have learned what NAEYC stands for and what we need to do, as
early childhood educators to give the children the best possible care and early education. We follow
NAEYC's standards on diversity, culture and developmentally appropriate practices in many ways at
the center I currently work in. By working with parents, communication, trying to use the child's
home languages, having an open–door policy, and volunteers are just a few ways my center uses
DAP and show cultural diversity. NAEYC wants early childhood programs to have a welcoming
environment for children and families. For the centers to show respect to the diversity of the
children's home lives and that it supports the child's and the family's cultural identities. For the
children to achieve a second language and to maintain the child's home language. They strongly
believe that; "Linguistic and cultural diversity is an asset, not a deficit, for young children" (Position
statements on Linguistic and Cultural Diversity, 2009). NAEYC also wants early childhood
programs to use developmentally appropriate practices (DAP). The DAP approaches teaching young
children by using research so educators and caregivers understand how children learn and develop.
By doing this it gives children the best possible way of learning and developing. We as early
childhood educators and caregivers

In the past decade, the spotlight has been cast on the importance of children attending preschool.
This topic has taken part in both political and social debates, where it is questioned if preschool
really does benefit a child's thought processes and ability to grasp on to intellectual concepts at a
quicker rate. As a strong supporter of early childhood education, I have taken it upon myself to
enforce this idea into the brains of millennials that are prone to believe that early childhood
education is an unnecessary and an expensive luxury. Despite the sudden rise in people that belittle
the importance of early childhood education in our society, I have committed my life to supporting
and educating children being that they are our most valuable resource. Choosing to become both an
early childhood educator and advocating that preschool become a requirement for all American
children has allowed me to combine my love for children and education into a profession that will
both benefit society and allow me to lead a life I am content with.
Children are the light to my life. Even though I do not have children of my own, I often feel very
connected to them. I have always had the patience and love for them regardless of who they are. My
young cousins, nieces, and nephews are always the highlight of family gatherings. It is during these
innocent and fragile years that their personalities are forming. I am a strong believer that working to
shape the future of children at a young age

Early Childhood Education Of Children
"Early roots of play as a best practice for early learning was documented by Plato, a Greek
philosopher, who insisted that play is considered a natural activity of childhood."(Ingrid Crowther,
2011, Pg. 2) Early Childhood Education is a term that refers to educational programs that are
devoted to children from birth to the age of eight. "Children of this age learn by exploring and
investigating; therefore, their environment should support and encourage this process."(Rebecca
Isbell and Betty Exelby, 2001, Pg. 11) Early childhood environments should be attractive and
exciting. These environments should allow children to work and play using proper resources,
materials, and tools.
Early childhood education often focuses on learning through play or a center–based approach to
learning. Jean Piaget was a philosopher who placed great importance on the education of young
children. Piaget believed that learning comes from within and that children construct their own
knowledge of the world through experience. "The research and theory of Jean Piaget concludes that
play meets the physical, intellectual, language, emotional and social needs of children."
(wikipedia.org)
Center–based learning means that teachers group materials for one type of focus together. There are
a variety of centers involved in an early childhood classroom including science, math, blocks,
dramatic play, music, literacy, reading, and technology. Each of these centers focuses and improves
different skills and

Essay On Early Childhood Education
Early childhood educators teach students within pre–school programs, kindergarten programs and
ultimately through the second grade. Educators influence our children in order to become fully
prepared for the future generation. It has been stereotyped that these educators may teach simple
topics; however, these particular concepts are the fundamentals toward a child's emotional and
academic growth. The use of social skills within a classroom environment potentially results in not
only the students' academic state; however, the child's emotional well being as well. I was interested
in this topic because I will be pursuing a career in early childhood education. I believe that
implementing lessons involving social–emotional development skills ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 2004, Han, Catron, Weiss, and Marciel mention an approach to the intervention of a classroom
which is that it, " may be through classroom–based behavioral programs targeting children's social
and problem–solving skills" (p.682) . Some of these advantages include an increase in student
involvement and the opportunity of working in a setting with other students. Additionally, through
these programs, educators can ultimately reduce mental health concerns within the classroom
setting. Furthermore the article mentions the differences between the parents' and the educators'
review of the child within both the home and classroom setting.
The second article that I researched was entitled, "Can Explicit Instruction in Social and Emotional
Learning Skills Benefit the Social–Emotional Development, Well–being and Academic
Achievement of Young Children?," and was written by Daniela Maree Ashdown and Michael E.
Bernard. This particular article discusses the overall effects of social and emotional learning
comprehension through the program entitled "You Can Do It!". The study was conducted in a
Catholic school including ninety–nine preparatory students and first–grade students in Melbourne,
Australia. The study was conducted within a ten week period; in which teachers taught specific
lessons in regard to the social and emotional skills of students. This particular program allows the
growth of mental health, academic improvement, and the child's well being.
Both articles

Early Childhood Education Essay
Early childhood education is one of the most important policy topics out there. Research has proven
that the early years in childhood is a critical period for opportunity to develop a child's full potential;
as well as form academic, social, and cognitive skills that determine not only success in school but
also their entire life (The White House). The right to a free, public education is guaranteed to all
children in the United States. Early education is voluntary, and therefore some children are not given
the opportunity to reach their full potential. As a staffer of the National Association for the
Education of Young Children, I believe that promoting and investing in effective and high quality
education programs that are affordable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a clear and worthy investment. The question lies in which preschool program is the most
effective. Previous reviews of programs have focused on if they contributed to later success, but a
few of them compared the programs on their effectiveness. A number of programs showed positive
results continuing to the end of kindergarten and beyond, signifying that the preschool involvement
had impacts aside from early exposure to academic content. (Johns Hopkins University, 37). Also,
several programs had effects on oral language skills, which are emphasized in most preschools. Of
the 27 programs evaluated, six showed strong indication of effectiveness and five had moderate
evidence of effectiveness. The results for these programs were on language, literacy and/or
phonological awareness. For some of the studies the significant effects were seen at the end of
preschool (Direct Instruction, Interactive Book Reading), and for others at the end of kindergarten
(Curiosity Corner, ELLM, Ready Set Leap!) (Johns Hopkins University, 35). It is programs that
actually show results that improve academic and cognitive strength. That is why it is important to
support and fund programs like these. On the other hand, there are some that believe early education
does not improve student achievement or growth. This is because research has shown that it benefits
educationally disadvantaged children while the same effect is not seen in

The prominence of early childhood education in children's lives is now beyond questions. An initial
start to life is well recognized as the foundation to future development. Not only have the children
who participate in early childhood program get benefit but also the families and community.
"It has been shown that children who attended early childhood centres of high quality were more
successful at school, remained at school longer, and continued to achieve more after they had left
school. They grew up feeling a sense of belonging in their community and society and were more
able to take control of their own lives (Early Childhood Development, 2001).
Children who attend early childhood program become more confident and competent in day to day
activities and tend to be more successful in their later school. Further, parents' and community have
lots of various opinions on what quality indicators an early childhood education should have, but I
have selected three major indicators such as stable staffing and consistent care giving, partnership
with parents and families, and a planned curriculum, to discuss in detail.
In my opinion, stable staffing and consistent care giving is a therapy which goes hand in hand. A
care giver is a trusted adult friend, role model or teacher who can give the children safe boundaries
and build trust in others. Stable staffing and care giving involves not only writing care plans but also
meeting their social and emotional needs, so that

Values of Early Childhood Education
Values of Early Childhood Education in the Public Schools System: It all begins long before first
grade
Presented by: Ashley Austin
April 14, 2009
EDFL 568
Jackson State University
Research Proposal The purpose of my proposed study is to analyze the values of early childhood
education in the public schools system. There are several things that I hope to accomplish by
conducting this research. This research will further illustrate how a sound foundation on certain
skills enhances the readiness for those students entering kindergarten. This research will also
provide possible solutions for kindergarten retention rates in the public schools system. I plan to
investigate the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the speech and language section students need to ask meaning of words. This determines whether
or not the child will be involved in the learning process in a classroom setting. The student must
describe pictures and experiences. They must use appropriate verb tenses and grammar. This will
ensure a core of knowledge for the kindergarten curriculum. Also, the student must recognize simple
jokes, riddles, and absurdities. (Gisler and Eberts). The student's gross motor coordination should
also be an important factor in determining the child's readiness for kindergarten. They must be able
to walk downstairs using alternate feet, and hop on one–foot; this is to check the child's balance and
ability to walk. They must jump along a six– foot line with both feet. The student needs to be able to
walk scissor steps across a line. Last, but not least, student must be able to begin to skip alternating
feet. These evaluations are done in a few states nationwide. These evaluations do take place in
certain districts in the state of Mississippi and are administered by properly trained educators. This
needs to become a nationwide standard. (Williams) The next part of the evaluation should include
fine motor coordination including using scissors to cut a straight line. It seems like an easy task but
as a kindergarten teacher witnessing it first hand everyday; it is hard for students to complete this
task.

Aboriginal Early Childhood Education
Despite the challenges and changes that still need to be made to insure no Aboriginal Child is left
behind, there are changes currently being made that show the benefits of a culturally responsive
program and bring hope to the future of Aboriginal early childhood education. The Aboriginal Head
Start early childhood education program is slowly expanding. As well other programs have
developed, like Awasisk Cultural Development Program in Prince George, British Columbia that
uses Metis curriculum and Mannawasis AHS programs that teaches both Cree and English (Nguyen,
2011). I believe that these programs are the foundation for a future where all Aboriginal children
have an opportunity to be educated through their cultural traditions and language. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe that our culture helps to shape our identity and therefore I believe that early childhood
education should reflect the culture of the children attending the program, while teaching other
cultures to promote diversity and inclusion. Aboriginal Head Start programs are contributing back to
the communities through culturally responsive education, which reinforces Aboriginal identity.
Nguyen (2011) argues that Aboriginal early childhood education needs to provide children with a
"sense of who they are and where the come from, which will impact community self–government
and self–determination" (p.231). Similarly, Greenwood et al. (2007) points out that early childhood
education should socialize children into their heritage and ancestry through programs that reflect
their community and nation. The Aboriginal Head Start programs foster the education of both
Aboriginal culture and language into the program in hopes that this inspires children to learn their
respective language and participate in their communities (Nguyen,

Early Childhood Education Research

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Jenny Calhoon

More from Jenny Calhoon (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Early Childhood Education Research