This document summarizes an experimental study on the effect of changing the grade of concrete on composite structural members. Beams and columns were cast using rolled steel sections like angles and pipes as reinforcement, with varying grades of concrete from M20 to M30. The beams and columns were tested to determine failure loads and deformations under flexure and axial compression. Test results showed that using rolled steel sections as reinforcement was advantageous even with variations in concrete grade. Failure loads generally increased with higher concrete grades. The modulus of elasticity was also calculated from load-deflection data and compared for the different grades and member types. The results and comparisons were used to determine the effect of changing concrete grade on the behavior of composite members.
This document summarizes a master's thesis that experimentally and numerically studied the pull-out behavior of steel fibers in concrete. Experiments were conducted on straight and hooked steel fibers under various lateral pressures. The experiments showed large variations in results partly due to local crushing of the cement matrix. A numerical model was developed using an interface damage model and contact simulation to model fiber-concrete bonding. The model studies the influence of heterogeneous concrete properties on hooked fiber pull-out behavior by varying cement, aggregate, and interface strengths and toughnesses. Simulated results agreed with experiments, showing local concrete fracture influences pull-out behavior.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document summarizes a study on the flexural behavior of beams made of hollow concrete blocks with reinforcement. Four reinforced concrete masonry beams were constructed and tested. The results showed that the moment capacity of the beams increased with higher percentages of tensile reinforcement. Cracks initially formed in the middle of the beams where bending moments were highest. Cracks propagated through the mortar joints which are the weakest points. The failure loads from testing matched closely with values calculated from ultimate limit state theory. In conclusion, reinforced hollow concrete block masonry can effectively resist bending forces when properly designed.
Experimental study on strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams using deflected structural steel
reinforcement and the conventional steel reinforcement are conducted in this study. The reinforcement quantity
of both categories was approximately equalised. Mild steel flats with minimum thickness and corresponding
width are deflected to possible extent in a parabolic shape and semi-circular shape are fabricated and used as
deflected structural steel reinforcement in one part, whereas the fabrication of ribbed tar steel circular bars as
conventional reinforcement on the another part of the experiment for comparison in the concrete beams. All the
beams had same dimensions and same proportions of designed mix concrete, were tested under two point
loading system. As the result of experiments, it is found that the inverted catenary flats and their ties, transfers
the load through arch action of steel from loading points towards the supports before reaching the bottom
fibre at the centre of the beam as intended earlier. Thereby the load carrying capacity and the ductility ratio
has being increased in deflected structural steel reinforced beams when compared with ribbed tar steel
reinforced concrete beams, it is also observed that the failure mode (collapse pattern)is safer.
Keywords --Arch profile, Conventional steel reinforcement, Cracks, Collapse, Deflected structural steel,
Ductility ratio.
This document discusses estimating the shear modulus of elastomeric bridge bearings using operational modal analysis. Two bearings were tested - an old bearing that had been in use for over 35 years, and a new bearing to replace it. Modal analysis was performed on the bearings to extract their dynamic characteristics and estimate shear modulus. The results showed shear moduli of 1.3-1.8 MPa for the new bearing and 0.6-0.8 MPa for the old bearing, indicating a reduction in properties after years of use. Natural frequencies were around 5-10% lower for the old bearing, while damping was 10-50% lower. The estimated shear moduli were within the ranges specified by bridge design
This document presents an experimental and analytical study comparing the structural behavior of composite concrete slabs with profiled steel decking. 18 full-scale slab specimens were tested under different shear span lengths to evaluate the longitudinal shear bond strength between the concrete and steel deck. The experimental results were compared to analytical calculations using the m-k method and partial shear connection method from Eurocode 4. The m-k method was found to provide a more conservative estimate of load-carrying capacity than the partial shear connection method, with generally good agreement between experimental and analytical values.
Waste Metal For Improving Concrete Performance And Utilisation As An Alternat...IJERA Editor
Waste material disposal is considered as a difficult issue to adopt in current world. Waste metal, which has been
recognised as a major problem in the environment and resource deficiency, could have important implications in
the concrete construction industries. Waste metal utilisation in construction of reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
works is immerging in recent time. Construction industries are looking for cost effective structural materials and
utilisation of renewable materials. Metal waste such as chips of tin, still and other metal fragments which is
abandoned and spread in the environment could be utilize as a replacement of traditional steel reinforcement bar
in the RCC. In this experiment, three different types of waste metal have been compared with commercial 40, 60
and 72 graded steel reinforcement bar. Compressive strength class of C25 concrete was used in the experiment
and mechanical properties of concrete incorporating different waste metal were investigated in the first stage.
Finally, three-point bend test on short beam was performed to compare their performances. Smaller metal
fragments has shown better performance through micro crack bridging in concrete during loading stage and
hence better than ordinary reinforcement concrete structure in some extent.
The document analyzes the fractured surfaces of friction stir welded aluminum alloy plates using image processing techniques. It finds that specimens with higher percentages of metal transferred by the first mode of transfer (layer-by-layer deposition due to tool shoulder action) tend to have higher tensile strengths. A linear correlation is observed between the extent of first mode transfer seen in fractured surfaces and the ultimate tensile strength of the welds. The study aims to quantitatively determine the effect of the first mode of transfer on weld strength.
Parametric Study of Square Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected To Co...IJERA Editor
The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member. This study presents on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial load by changing parameters. The parameters are thickness of steel tube, Grade of concrete and length of column. The study was conducted using ANSYS 13 finite element software. All the columns are 60 X 60 mm in size. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm for thickness variation. The grades of concrete infill are M25, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70 used for grade variation. Lengths of columns are taken as 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 mm for length variation. Buckling load is compared with Euro code 4 (1994).
This document summarizes a master's thesis that experimentally and numerically studied the pull-out behavior of steel fibers in concrete. Experiments were conducted on straight and hooked steel fibers under various lateral pressures. The experiments showed large variations in results partly due to local crushing of the cement matrix. A numerical model was developed using an interface damage model and contact simulation to model fiber-concrete bonding. The model studies the influence of heterogeneous concrete properties on hooked fiber pull-out behavior by varying cement, aggregate, and interface strengths and toughnesses. Simulated results agreed with experiments, showing local concrete fracture influences pull-out behavior.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is publis...researchinventy
This document summarizes a study on the flexural behavior of beams made of hollow concrete blocks with reinforcement. Four reinforced concrete masonry beams were constructed and tested. The results showed that the moment capacity of the beams increased with higher percentages of tensile reinforcement. Cracks initially formed in the middle of the beams where bending moments were highest. Cracks propagated through the mortar joints which are the weakest points. The failure loads from testing matched closely with values calculated from ultimate limit state theory. In conclusion, reinforced hollow concrete block masonry can effectively resist bending forces when properly designed.
Experimental study on strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Strength and flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams using deflected structural steel
reinforcement and the conventional steel reinforcement are conducted in this study. The reinforcement quantity
of both categories was approximately equalised. Mild steel flats with minimum thickness and corresponding
width are deflected to possible extent in a parabolic shape and semi-circular shape are fabricated and used as
deflected structural steel reinforcement in one part, whereas the fabrication of ribbed tar steel circular bars as
conventional reinforcement on the another part of the experiment for comparison in the concrete beams. All the
beams had same dimensions and same proportions of designed mix concrete, were tested under two point
loading system. As the result of experiments, it is found that the inverted catenary flats and their ties, transfers
the load through arch action of steel from loading points towards the supports before reaching the bottom
fibre at the centre of the beam as intended earlier. Thereby the load carrying capacity and the ductility ratio
has being increased in deflected structural steel reinforced beams when compared with ribbed tar steel
reinforced concrete beams, it is also observed that the failure mode (collapse pattern)is safer.
Keywords --Arch profile, Conventional steel reinforcement, Cracks, Collapse, Deflected structural steel,
Ductility ratio.
This document discusses estimating the shear modulus of elastomeric bridge bearings using operational modal analysis. Two bearings were tested - an old bearing that had been in use for over 35 years, and a new bearing to replace it. Modal analysis was performed on the bearings to extract their dynamic characteristics and estimate shear modulus. The results showed shear moduli of 1.3-1.8 MPa for the new bearing and 0.6-0.8 MPa for the old bearing, indicating a reduction in properties after years of use. Natural frequencies were around 5-10% lower for the old bearing, while damping was 10-50% lower. The estimated shear moduli were within the ranges specified by bridge design
This document presents an experimental and analytical study comparing the structural behavior of composite concrete slabs with profiled steel decking. 18 full-scale slab specimens were tested under different shear span lengths to evaluate the longitudinal shear bond strength between the concrete and steel deck. The experimental results were compared to analytical calculations using the m-k method and partial shear connection method from Eurocode 4. The m-k method was found to provide a more conservative estimate of load-carrying capacity than the partial shear connection method, with generally good agreement between experimental and analytical values.
Waste Metal For Improving Concrete Performance And Utilisation As An Alternat...IJERA Editor
Waste material disposal is considered as a difficult issue to adopt in current world. Waste metal, which has been
recognised as a major problem in the environment and resource deficiency, could have important implications in
the concrete construction industries. Waste metal utilisation in construction of reinforced cement concrete (RCC)
works is immerging in recent time. Construction industries are looking for cost effective structural materials and
utilisation of renewable materials. Metal waste such as chips of tin, still and other metal fragments which is
abandoned and spread in the environment could be utilize as a replacement of traditional steel reinforcement bar
in the RCC. In this experiment, three different types of waste metal have been compared with commercial 40, 60
and 72 graded steel reinforcement bar. Compressive strength class of C25 concrete was used in the experiment
and mechanical properties of concrete incorporating different waste metal were investigated in the first stage.
Finally, three-point bend test on short beam was performed to compare their performances. Smaller metal
fragments has shown better performance through micro crack bridging in concrete during loading stage and
hence better than ordinary reinforcement concrete structure in some extent.
The document analyzes the fractured surfaces of friction stir welded aluminum alloy plates using image processing techniques. It finds that specimens with higher percentages of metal transferred by the first mode of transfer (layer-by-layer deposition due to tool shoulder action) tend to have higher tensile strengths. A linear correlation is observed between the extent of first mode transfer seen in fractured surfaces and the ultimate tensile strength of the welds. The study aims to quantitatively determine the effect of the first mode of transfer on weld strength.
Parametric Study of Square Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Subjected To Co...IJERA Editor
The Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) member has many advantages compared with the conventional concrete structural member. This study presents on the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns under axial load by changing parameters. The parameters are thickness of steel tube, Grade of concrete and length of column. The study was conducted using ANSYS 13 finite element software. All the columns are 60 X 60 mm in size. The thickness of the tube is taken as 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm for thickness variation. The grades of concrete infill are M25, M30, M40, M50, M60 and M70 used for grade variation. Lengths of columns are taken as 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100, and 2400 mm for length variation. Buckling load is compared with Euro code 4 (1994).
Dynamic behavior of composite filled circular steel tubes with light weight c...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. composite circular steel tubes- with light weight concrete as infill for three different grades of light weight concrete say M20,M30 and M40 are tested for ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under cyclic loading. steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and constant thickness. From this research study it is expected that ,regression models which were developed with minimum number of experiments based on taguchi’s method predicted the axial load carrying capacity very well and reasonably well at ultimate point. Cross sectional area of steel tube has most significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity also it is observed that, as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased. Keywords: Composite Columns, Hallow Steel Tubes, Light Weight Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, light weight concrete
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
This document summarizes analytical studies on concrete filled steel tubes. A finite element model of a rectangular concrete filled steel tube short column was created using ANSYS software. The model was validated against experimental data. Both eigenvalue and nonlinear buckling analyses were performed to determine the ultimate axial load capacity of the column. The eigenvalue analysis provides the theoretical buckling strength, while the nonlinear analysis is more accurate as it considers factors like imperfections and plastic behavior. The results from the ANSYS model were used to develop an approximate formula for calculating the ultimate load of rectangular concrete filled steel tube short columns based on material properties.
The document presents a finite element analysis of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) beams subjected to flexure. A numerical model was developed using ANSYS to predict the flexural behavior and moment capacity of circular and rectangular CFT beams. The model considered the material properties of steel and concrete, and incorporated the interaction between concrete and steel. Results of the numerical analysis for moment capacity were compared to experimental data. For circular CFT beams, the predicted capacities matched well with experimental values. The analysis showed rectangular CFTs can provide good confinement of the concrete core.
This is my M.Tech Project presentation. The project was carried out at R.V College of Engineering and B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore. In this project, the axial load carrying capacity of CFST Columns was studied and the experimental results were compared with Eurocode-4 and AISC-LRFD-2005. The flexural capacity of CFST frames was also carried out.
Study of Linear and Non Linear Behavior of In filled FrameIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings often incorporate masonry infill panels as partitions to separate spaces
within a building or as cladding to complete the building envelope. However, the properties and construction
details of infilled panels can have a significant influence on the overall behavior of a structure. An infilled frame
typically consists of a steel or reinforced concrete frame with plain or reinforced brick masonry, block-work
infilling which restraint against lateral loads is provided by the composite action of the infill and the frame. With
the advancement of computational technology and ever going increasing trend of research activities, the demand
for inelastic design is increasing day by day. Since the brick masonry wall possesses highly heterogeneous, nonlinear
studies are inevitable. In this work, a study of non-linear behavior of reinforced concrete infilled frame
with brick masonry are carried out under lateral and combined loads using ANSYS software.
Concrete filled steel tubes subjected to axial compressioneSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete-filled steel tubular columns have excellent earth-quake resistant properties such as high strength and ductility and large energy absorption capacity. For concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST), local buckling commonly observed in bare steel columns is effectively prevented, giving a higher capacity. However if the concrete core and the steel tube are loaded simultaneously the steel tube expands more than the concrete core under moderate loads since Poisson’s ratio is higher for the steel section. The objective of this paper is To evaluate the accuracy of codal design approach by comparing experimental results with the analytical results obtained using EC4, ACI-318 and AISC-LRFD, for prediction of load carrying capacity of CFST columns under axial compression. Based on this the experimental programme is conducted on concrete filled steel tubes of length 300mm, thickness 1 to 3mm for circular, square and rectangular cross section with three different grades of concrete.200 T capacity Compression testing machine is used for experimental investigation.. The experimental results are compared with analytical results obtained by stated code of practices. From this it is concluded that EC4 gives conservative results. From which it is observed that EC4 gives conservative results with experimental results and it is concluded that EC4 provisions may be used for further analytical study to develop an expression to predict the section capacity CFST columns. As the grade of concrete increases the load carrying capacity is also increases. This paper presents the details of study carried out and the conclusions arrived. Keywords: CFST, high strength, local buckling, analytical, ACI-318, EC4, AISC-LRFD.
Flexural characteristics of sfrscc and sfrnc one way slabseSAT Journals
Abstract Fibre reinforced concrete with steel fibres attracted the attention of engineers and researchers during the last five decades. In recent times self-compacting concrete has been accepted as a quality product and are widely used. A large number of studies are available with respect to several parameters viz., load deflection behavior, toughness, flexural strength, ductility, effects of beam dimensions, concrete filling sequence, flexural toughness parameters, crack control etc. of fibre Reinforced Concrete. The present study aims to study the flexural behavior of SFRSCC and SFRNC slabs with steel fibres. Keywords: Self compacting concrete1, Fibre reinforced concrete2, Steel fibre reinforce normal concrete3, Steel fibre reinforce4, Self-compacting concrete5.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Alok B. Rathod for the degree of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering at Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan’s Sardar Patel College of Engineering in Mumbai, India. The report reviews the development of concrete-filled steel tubular structures, including their material properties and behavior under various loads. It summarizes research on their static, dynamic, and fire performance, as well as construction and durability. Design criteria from different codes are examined and examples of CFST applications in buildings, bridges, and other structures are provided.
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
The document provides an overview of corrosion of steel in concrete. It discusses how steel is usually protected from corrosion by the alkaline environment of concrete but can corrode due to carbonation or chloride attack breaking down the protective layer. The corrosion process involves steel dissolving at the anode and oxygen being consumed at the cathode. This leads to a volume increase and the formation of rust, causing cracking and spalling of concrete. It also describes "black rust" that can occur in low-oxygen conditions without visible damage. The document aims to explain the basics of corrosion mechanisms to help understand investigation and repair techniques.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes dynamic finite element models of double-skin composite steel plates subjected to impact loading. A rigid penetrator impacts composite panels made of steel skins separated by a concrete core with shear stud connectors.
2) Results show that the panels have good energy absorption capacity due to the ductility of the lower steel plate and stiffness provided by lower shear studs. Increasing the upper or lower plate thickness, or concentrating more studs in the center, increases the energy absorbed before perforation.
3) The failure patterns are investigated. Under impact, the upper plate initially perforates and moves upward due to inertia effects. The upper studs increase plate stiffness. Concrete failure is more localized than under static
The document summarizes a numerical study on the behavior of concrete-filled steel tube columns under axial loads. A finite element model was developed using ABAQUS to simulate the composite action between the steel tube and concrete core. The model considers the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of confined concrete and elastic-plastic behavior of steel. The results of the model were validated by comparing ultimate loads to experimental data, with a maximum difference of 5-10%. Analytical calculations from codes like ACI and Eurocode were also compared to the experimental and numerical ultimate loads.
This document provides an introduction and literature review on concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns. Some key points:
1) CFST columns utilize the advantages of both steel and concrete by using a steel hollow section filled with concrete. They are widely used in building construction.
2) Previous research has shown CFST columns have improved structural performance due to confinement of the concrete core by the steel tube. They also have construction advantages due to their simple erection sequence.
3) The literature review covers the behavior of CFST under different load cases like axial, bending, and combined loads. It also discusses design concepts, analytical methods, and codes/standards for CFST columns.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of built-up steel-concrete composite columns with angle sections under axial and eccentric loading. The study included testing composite columns with conventional concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, and additional reinforcement. Load-deflection behavior, moment-curvature relationships, and load-moment interaction diagrams are presented and discussed. Key findings include the concrete carrying most of the load and failing in compression before steel yields, and fiber reinforced and reinforced specimens exhibiting higher load capacities than conventional concrete specimens.
Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam ColumnsIJERA Editor
The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable materials for construction. In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized and codified this type of columns. In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite columns using different parameters.
The document provides a product datasheet for the AUBTM-23 Bluetooth V2.0 Class 2 module. Key specifications of the module include Bluetooth V2.0+EDR compliance, support for profiles like A2DP and HFP, and interfaces like UART, USB, PCM and I2C. The module is designed to enable cable replacement in applications such as wireless headsets, speakers, car kits and multimedia dongles.
Jonathan Nyoni has over 13 years of experience managing nonprofits and is seeking a position as a Certified Public Accountant. He has a Bachelor's degree in Accounting from Southern New Hampshire University and an Associate's degree in Accounting from Community College of Vermont. His professional experience includes positions in packaging, shipping, customer service, and caregiving. He is a public speaker and author of two published books.
Dynamic behavior of composite filled circular steel tubes with light weight c...eSAT Journals
Abstract An experimental and analytical investigation of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns is presented. composite circular steel tubes- with light weight concrete as infill for three different grades of light weight concrete say M20,M30 and M40 are tested for ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under cyclic loading. steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and constant thickness. From this research study it is expected that ,regression models which were developed with minimum number of experiments based on taguchi’s method predicted the axial load carrying capacity very well and reasonably well at ultimate point. Cross sectional area of steel tube has most significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity also it is observed that, as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased. Keywords: Composite Columns, Hallow Steel Tubes, Light Weight Concrete Filled Steel Tubes, light weight concrete
System shear connector jakarta digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
This document summarizes analytical studies on concrete filled steel tubes. A finite element model of a rectangular concrete filled steel tube short column was created using ANSYS software. The model was validated against experimental data. Both eigenvalue and nonlinear buckling analyses were performed to determine the ultimate axial load capacity of the column. The eigenvalue analysis provides the theoretical buckling strength, while the nonlinear analysis is more accurate as it considers factors like imperfections and plastic behavior. The results from the ANSYS model were used to develop an approximate formula for calculating the ultimate load of rectangular concrete filled steel tube short columns based on material properties.
The document presents a finite element analysis of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) beams subjected to flexure. A numerical model was developed using ANSYS to predict the flexural behavior and moment capacity of circular and rectangular CFT beams. The model considered the material properties of steel and concrete, and incorporated the interaction between concrete and steel. Results of the numerical analysis for moment capacity were compared to experimental data. For circular CFT beams, the predicted capacities matched well with experimental values. The analysis showed rectangular CFTs can provide good confinement of the concrete core.
This is my M.Tech Project presentation. The project was carried out at R.V College of Engineering and B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore. In this project, the axial load carrying capacity of CFST Columns was studied and the experimental results were compared with Eurocode-4 and AISC-LRFD-2005. The flexural capacity of CFST frames was also carried out.
Study of Linear and Non Linear Behavior of In filled FrameIJERA Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings often incorporate masonry infill panels as partitions to separate spaces
within a building or as cladding to complete the building envelope. However, the properties and construction
details of infilled panels can have a significant influence on the overall behavior of a structure. An infilled frame
typically consists of a steel or reinforced concrete frame with plain or reinforced brick masonry, block-work
infilling which restraint against lateral loads is provided by the composite action of the infill and the frame. With
the advancement of computational technology and ever going increasing trend of research activities, the demand
for inelastic design is increasing day by day. Since the brick masonry wall possesses highly heterogeneous, nonlinear
studies are inevitable. In this work, a study of non-linear behavior of reinforced concrete infilled frame
with brick masonry are carried out under lateral and combined loads using ANSYS software.
Concrete filled steel tubes subjected to axial compressioneSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete-filled steel tubular columns have excellent earth-quake resistant properties such as high strength and ductility and large energy absorption capacity. For concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST), local buckling commonly observed in bare steel columns is effectively prevented, giving a higher capacity. However if the concrete core and the steel tube are loaded simultaneously the steel tube expands more than the concrete core under moderate loads since Poisson’s ratio is higher for the steel section. The objective of this paper is To evaluate the accuracy of codal design approach by comparing experimental results with the analytical results obtained using EC4, ACI-318 and AISC-LRFD, for prediction of load carrying capacity of CFST columns under axial compression. Based on this the experimental programme is conducted on concrete filled steel tubes of length 300mm, thickness 1 to 3mm for circular, square and rectangular cross section with three different grades of concrete.200 T capacity Compression testing machine is used for experimental investigation.. The experimental results are compared with analytical results obtained by stated code of practices. From this it is concluded that EC4 gives conservative results. From which it is observed that EC4 gives conservative results with experimental results and it is concluded that EC4 provisions may be used for further analytical study to develop an expression to predict the section capacity CFST columns. As the grade of concrete increases the load carrying capacity is also increases. This paper presents the details of study carried out and the conclusions arrived. Keywords: CFST, high strength, local buckling, analytical, ACI-318, EC4, AISC-LRFD.
Flexural characteristics of sfrscc and sfrnc one way slabseSAT Journals
Abstract Fibre reinforced concrete with steel fibres attracted the attention of engineers and researchers during the last five decades. In recent times self-compacting concrete has been accepted as a quality product and are widely used. A large number of studies are available with respect to several parameters viz., load deflection behavior, toughness, flexural strength, ductility, effects of beam dimensions, concrete filling sequence, flexural toughness parameters, crack control etc. of fibre Reinforced Concrete. The present study aims to study the flexural behavior of SFRSCC and SFRNC slabs with steel fibres. Keywords: Self compacting concrete1, Fibre reinforced concrete2, Steel fibre reinforce normal concrete3, Steel fibre reinforce4, Self-compacting concrete5.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Alok B. Rathod for the degree of Master of Technology in Structural Engineering at Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan’s Sardar Patel College of Engineering in Mumbai, India. The report reviews the development of concrete-filled steel tubular structures, including their material properties and behavior under various loads. It summarizes research on their static, dynamic, and fire performance, as well as construction and durability. Design criteria from different codes are examined and examples of CFST applications in buildings, bridges, and other structures are provided.
Experimental investigation on triple blended scc filled steel tubes with and ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Concrete filled steel tubular columns are gaining its popularity in engineering practice. However, local buckling is the main criteria which effects on strength and ductility for the composite columns. In order to enhance their overall performance, one of the most effective measures is to provide stiffeners for the steel tubes. In the present research, experimental studies have been devoted to investigating the behavior of self-compacting Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) stub columns strengthened by single or double stiffeners. A total of 36 stub columns specimen under monotonic compression load were tested in order to discover the best configuration of column system where (specimen having zero stiffeners, single stiffener, double stiffeners) each for hollow steel and with SCC in-filled are tested for 7 days, 28 days and 56 days strength with circular cross-sections of dimensions 300mm height x100mm diameter x 2mm thickness. The experimental results indicated that the use of Stiffeners strengthen the CFST has a significant effect on the overall behavior of CFST such as enhancement on its strength and ductility. Also the Stiffeners confinement delays local buckling of steel tube, prevents a sudden strength reduction caused by the local buckling of the steel tube, and increases lateral confinement of the concrete core. It is found that the best configuration of Stiffeners in the Steel tubes is providing it in transverse direction with single and double stiffeners at a height of h/2 and h/3 respectively.
The document provides an overview of corrosion of steel in concrete. It discusses how steel is usually protected from corrosion by the alkaline environment of concrete but can corrode due to carbonation or chloride attack breaking down the protective layer. The corrosion process involves steel dissolving at the anode and oxygen being consumed at the cathode. This leads to a volume increase and the formation of rust, causing cracking and spalling of concrete. It also describes "black rust" that can occur in low-oxygen conditions without visible damage. The document aims to explain the basics of corrosion mechanisms to help understand investigation and repair techniques.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes dynamic finite element models of double-skin composite steel plates subjected to impact loading. A rigid penetrator impacts composite panels made of steel skins separated by a concrete core with shear stud connectors.
2) Results show that the panels have good energy absorption capacity due to the ductility of the lower steel plate and stiffness provided by lower shear studs. Increasing the upper or lower plate thickness, or concentrating more studs in the center, increases the energy absorbed before perforation.
3) The failure patterns are investigated. Under impact, the upper plate initially perforates and moves upward due to inertia effects. The upper studs increase plate stiffness. Concrete failure is more localized than under static
The document summarizes a numerical study on the behavior of concrete-filled steel tube columns under axial loads. A finite element model was developed using ABAQUS to simulate the composite action between the steel tube and concrete core. The model considers the nonlinear stress-strain behavior of confined concrete and elastic-plastic behavior of steel. The results of the model were validated by comparing ultimate loads to experimental data, with a maximum difference of 5-10%. Analytical calculations from codes like ACI and Eurocode were also compared to the experimental and numerical ultimate loads.
This document provides an introduction and literature review on concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns. Some key points:
1) CFST columns utilize the advantages of both steel and concrete by using a steel hollow section filled with concrete. They are widely used in building construction.
2) Previous research has shown CFST columns have improved structural performance due to confinement of the concrete core by the steel tube. They also have construction advantages due to their simple erection sequence.
3) The literature review covers the behavior of CFST under different load cases like axial, bending, and combined loads. It also discusses design concepts, analytical methods, and codes/standards for CFST columns.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of built-up steel-concrete composite columns with angle sections under axial and eccentric loading. The study included testing composite columns with conventional concrete, fiber reinforced concrete, and additional reinforcement. Load-deflection behavior, moment-curvature relationships, and load-moment interaction diagrams are presented and discussed. Key findings include the concrete carrying most of the load and failing in compression before steel yields, and fiber reinforced and reinforced specimens exhibiting higher load capacities than conventional concrete specimens.
Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam ColumnsIJERA Editor
The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable materials for construction. In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized and codified this type of columns. In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite columns using different parameters.
The document provides a product datasheet for the AUBTM-23 Bluetooth V2.0 Class 2 module. Key specifications of the module include Bluetooth V2.0+EDR compliance, support for profiles like A2DP and HFP, and interfaces like UART, USB, PCM and I2C. The module is designed to enable cable replacement in applications such as wireless headsets, speakers, car kits and multimedia dongles.
Jonathan Nyoni has over 13 years of experience managing nonprofits and is seeking a position as a Certified Public Accountant. He has a Bachelor's degree in Accounting from Southern New Hampshire University and an Associate's degree in Accounting from Community College of Vermont. His professional experience includes positions in packaging, shipping, customer service, and caregiving. He is a public speaker and author of two published books.
This document summarizes and compares the perspectives of three authors - Jeremy Harmer, David Nunan, and H. Douglas Brown - on teaching listening skills. It discusses how listening is an active process of making sense of what we hear. The authors developed similar principles for English teachers to use when planning listening activities, such as considering students' proficiency levels and using authentic language. While the authors categorized listening differently, they agreed on its importance for developing speaking skills through imitation. Teachers should encourage students to respond to what they hear in order to develop listening as a communication skill.
All that we know of God is that which we see in ourselves.Rhea Myers
This document contains a collection of short quotes and passages on a variety of topics including technology, society, networks, and the future. It discusses concepts like the importance of a universal space for sites to interact, being aware of common context between human and non-human agents, and how early adoption can provide advantages in software systems. The collection aims to provide food for thought on emerging issues.
This document summarizes the concept of resilience from theory to practice. It discusses resilience at the macro, meso, and micro levels and defines resilience as the ability of a system to resist, absorb, accommodate, and recover from hazards. The document then provides an example of Istanbul's efforts to enhance resilience through the Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project, which strengthened emergency management, conducted seismic risk mitigation of priority buildings, and enforced building codes.
Soni Computer Corporation is a computer tech support company founded in 2010 that provides remote support for Windows 7 and 8 computers. They can remove viruses within 15 minutes using specialized programs and have been developing their own anti-virus software since 2010. Soni is focused on providing the best tech support and is licensed by Microsoft as one of the highest rated support companies.
Haneen AbuFarha successfully completed the Cherie Blair Foundation for Women's Mentoring Women in Business Programme and is now officially certified as a mentee alumni of the foundation. The certificate confirms that she participated in and finished the mentoring programme for female businesswomen run by Cherie Blair's non-profit organization.
If you're having a bad day, know this. the mayfly lives only one day, and som...Rhea Myers
This document contains a collection of short quotes, passages, and thoughts on various topics ranging from technology and the future to art, relationships, and time. It discusses issues like control shifting to users, collective phenomena, paying for design and printing of words, greasing wheels and digging deeper to increase engagement, and integrating podcasting relationships. The document concludes by thanking the viewer and providing contact details for further information.
The world equally needs builders, explorers, directors and negotiators.Rhea Myers
This document touches on several topics including:
1. The importance of different roles in society such as builders, explorers, directors and negotiators.
2. Quotes about the future potential of the internet and persistence.
3. Brief discussions around issues like defect-free software, social media policies, mapping insignificant places, and the influence of media.
4. Mentions engaging on public platforms, shifting from push to pull communications, and recognizing the role of both human and non-human agents in information creation.
This document provides tips and exercises for developing flexible thinking and future-proofing yourself against changes. It recommends reinventing yourself, focusing on bringing value, and being the best. Various exercises are presented to train different types of thinking and strengthen mental abilities like noticing details or making connections. Principles of creating memorable messages are outlined. The conclusion encourages developing both logical and creative thinking skills to be adaptive.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of shape of cross-section on the performance of concrete filled steel fluted columns. Twenty-six concrete filled steel fluted columns with different cross-sectional shapes (triangular and rectangular flutes) and L/D ratios were tested. It was found that:
1) Rectangular fluted columns performed better than triangular fluted columns, supporting more load by 1-10%.
2) The moment of inertia was increased by 17-40% for rectangular fluted columns and 9-23% for triangular fluted columns, compared to plain columns.
3) The development length (width) of the fluted columns was 14-34% greater than plain
IRJET- Improvement of Performance of Concrete using Straight and 3D Steel...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the effects of adding different types of steel fibers to concrete. Straight steel fibers, single closed loop fibers, and double closed loop fibers were added to concrete mixes in amounts from 0.5% to 2% by weight of cement. Specimens were tested to determine their compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. It was found that the addition of steel fibers increased the mechanical properties of concrete up to an optimal fiber content of 1-1.5%. Double closed loop fibers provided the best improvement to strength, increasing compressive strength by up to 42.6% and split tensile strength by up to 62.4% compared to plain concrete. The study
Investigations on Properties of Concrete using Steel Fiber Reinforced as Part...ijtsrd
Scope of using alternate materials as partial replacement of Coarse Aggregate is being searched for Concrete without sacrificing strength or increasing strength from economical and other aspects like using industrial waste for its efficient use. Investigations were done on M 25grade concrete by replacing coarse aggregate partially by steel fiber to get maximum strength. This Study presents the satisfactory results on various strength tests of concrete containing steel fiber as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate and would help to resolve solid waste disposal problem. However, further research work is still necessary in order to have a more in depth understanding. Hitesh Malviya | Pratiksha Malviya ""Investigations on Properties of Concrete using Steel Fiber Reinforced as Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22861.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/22861/investigations-on-properties-of-concrete-using-steel-fiber-reinforced-as-partial-replacement-of-coarse-aggregate/hitesh-malviya
IRJET- Effect of Relative Stiffness of Beam-Column Joint on Internal Forces i...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the effect of relative stiffness of beam-column joints in reinforced concrete structures. It presents research analyzing the behavior of partially restrained beam-column connections using the STAAD.Pro software. The study varies the grade of concrete to change the relative stiffness of the joint and observes the impact on internal forces. It calculates section properties and compares results from two methods - considering the full cross-sectional area versus accounting for the moment of inertia of steel reinforcement. The objectives are to study how relative joint stiffness and concrete/steel properties affect flexural and compressive strengths.
This document presents an experimental study that analyzed the behavior of recycled aggregate concrete filled steel tube (RACFST) columns under different loading conditions. Eighteen RACFST specimens were tested with two concrete grades (30 MPa and 40 MPa) and three diameter-to-thickness ratios (25.283, 32.598, 38.948). The test results showed that the diameter-to-thickness ratio had a greater influence on the compression behavior than other factors like concrete strength or loading rate. The stiffness of RACFST specimens was strongly influenced by the ratio compared to the influence of concrete strength or loading rate. A finite element model was also developed and verified using the experimental results.
IRJET- Effects of Different Parameters on Inelastic Buckling Behavior of ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study that analyzed the buckling behavior of composite concrete-filled steel tube columns with different parameters. The study used finite element analysis to model composite columns with double I-beam cross sections. It investigated the effects of eccentric loading, slenderness ratio, and distance between steel profiles on buckling capacity. The results showed that filling steel sections with concrete delays steel yielding and increases column capacity. Greater concrete surface area and lower slenderness ratio also led to higher strength due to increased confinement effects.
SUGGESTING DEFLECTION EXPRESSIONS FOR RC 2-WAY SLABSIAEME Publication
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study.
This study investigated the compressive strength of reinforced concrete columns wrapped with different hybrid fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) configurations. Four 150x380mm concrete columns were tested: one unconfined control column and three wrapped with different combinations of glass, basalt, and jute FRP. The column wrapped with two layers each of basalt, glass, and jute FRP (CBGJ) achieved the highest compressive strength, reaching 1000kN and exceeding the unconfined column's strength by 25%. Analysis of the load-displacement and load-strain behaviors showed that the CBGJ wrapping configuration resulted in higher displacement and strain values compared to the other specimens. The results indicate that hybrid FRP wrapping can significantly
Experimental Testing Of Partially Encased Composite Beam ColumnsIJERA Editor
The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural
applications. There can be little doubt that, within engineering circles, composites have revolutionized
traditional design concepts and made possible an unparalleled range of new and exciting possibilities as viable
materials for construction.
In addition to the well-known advantages of composite columns, partially encased composite columns offered
simplified beam-to-column connection as well as reduced or omitted shuttering thus achieved more cost
effective construction. Some companies have patented these new types of partially encased composite column
made of light welded steel shapes; moreover, the Canadian Institute of Steel construction CISC has recognized
and codified this type of columns.
In This paper, Partially Encased Composite Beam Columns is introduced; experimental studies are made on five
partially encased beam columns to investigate the behavior of eccentrically loaded partially encased composite
columns using different parameters
This paper involves an experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of curved beams and comparison of its results with conventional beams. Curved beams of size 1200 x 150 x 100 mm with varying initial curvature as 4000mm, 2000mm and the concrete strength as M40 is considered. Various reinforcement are provided in the curved beams to predict which reinforcement detail would give more resistant over maximum loading. The material properties of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the compressive strength of concrete cube were found out. A total of 12 specimens of curved beams were casted with various combination of reinforcement along with three control specimens. The beams are tested under two point loading both horizontally and vertically. The deflection and maximum moment carrying capacity are investigated to understand its strength. Also analytical modelling is done to determine the ultimate moment carrying capacity using Finite Element Software ABAQUS to compare with the experimental model.
IRJET- Behaviour of Cold Form Steel under Point Loading & Statically Defi...IRJET Journal
This document presents an analytical and experimental study on the behavior of cold-formed steel (CFS) channel sections under point loading. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS to analyze CFS channel sections with various stiffener configurations. Experimental testing was also performed on CFS channel sections with and without stiffeners. The results found that CFS channel sections with rectangular stiffeners and lips had the highest load carrying capacity and lowest deformation compared to other section configurations based on both analytical and experimental analysis. In particular, the rectangular stiffened CFS channel section with a 30mm lip was found to have a load carrying capacity of 42.25kN and deformation of 3.06mm from experimental testing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IRJET- State of Art Review of Experimental Pull Out TestsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes experimental pull-out tests that have been conducted from 1982 to 2018 to evaluate the bond-slip properties between steel reinforcement bars and concrete. It reviews 12 studies that tested specimens with varying bar diameters, concrete strengths, embedment lengths, and under monotonic and cyclic loading. The studies measured bond stress-slip response and failure modes. In general, test results showed that bond strength increases with smaller bar diameter, higher concrete strength, and confinement. Cyclic loading degrades bond strength and stiffness compared to monotonic loading. Splitting was a common failure mode, while pullout occurred in confined specimens.
Effect of steel ratio and mineral admixtures on crushing load of short columnseSAT Journals
of type of lateral reinforcement as a confining material and also the
effect of mineral admixtures on compressive strength of concrete in the column composite. For this, the work is carried out in two
phases. In the first phase, Short columns were casted by varying volumetric ratio and spacing of lateral reinforcement. The effect
of spacing, volumetric ratio on ultimate load carrying capacity of short columns is studied. And in the second phase, Short
columns with different types of mineral admixtures like fly ash and GGBS are developed. All the columns were tested in the
Universal Testing Machine of 1000 kN capacity. The effect of these admixtures on ultimate load capacity of short columns is
studied. Also, modes of failures, crack pattern, stress-strain patterns are also studied in both stages. The test results indicate that
with increase in volumetric ratio of steel, the strength and ductility of column increases and the columns in which 20% GGBS is
replaced shows high strength. From the modes of failure it is observed that the short columns shows brittle fracture and zone of
rupture is observed at top and bottom ends of the columns and this zone of rupture is decreases with the decrease in spacing of
ties. The spacing of ties is strongly influencing zone of rupture in all type of columns is observed in this study.
Keywords: Short Column, Volumetric Ratio, Fly Ash, GGBS, Mode of Failure
The document compares the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams and prestressed concrete beams. It discusses the materials and specifications used, including concrete grades of M20 for reinforced concrete and M35 for prestressed concrete. An experimental program is described that involved casting and testing beams of both types with the same cross-section but different reinforcement. The results showed that prestressed concrete beams had 12.4% higher moment resistance and 60% less ultimate deflection compared to reinforced concrete beams. Prestressed beams also had a higher cracking moment and shear failure rather than flexural failure. Overall, the prestressed concrete beams exhibited better structural behavior than the reinforced concrete beams.
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL RIGID FRAME WITH IMPERFECT BRACE MEMBERSIAEME Publication
Model of a steel rigid frame made of thin-walled box section with existence of I-section brace member with initial overall and local imperfection adopted to investigate buckling effects on steel structural behavior as it was subjected to earthquake excitation. In order to take into account of the influence of local deflections on structural response, shell elements were employed to model brace member as well as base columns. Cross sections components with relatively high amplitude of
buckling parameters were considered in different case studies to make it susceptible to develop local deflection. Beam elements were also utilized to develop models with the same specification. FEM method applied to conduct nonlinear time history analysis using earthquake record in in-plane and
out-of-plane direction
Seismic behavior of steel rigid frame with imperfect brace membersIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the seismic behavior of steel rigid frames with imperfect brace members. A finite element model was developed using shell elements to model base columns and portions of brace members, in order to account for local buckling effects. Nine frame specimens were analyzed with I-section brace members having varying slenderness ratios. Nonlinear time history analyses were conducted under earthquake ground motions applied in both longitudinal and transverse directions. Results were compared between models using shell elements and beam elements to investigate the impact of local deformations. It was found that ignoring local deformations led beam element models to not accurately predict maximum responses, particularly for components with higher buckling susceptibility.
The Study of Flexural and Ultimate Behavior of Ferrocement Lightweight Beam b...IRJET Journal
1. The study examines the flexural and ultimate behavior of ferrocement lightweight beams using autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) blocks.
2. Six beams were tested - three reinforced concrete beams and three ferrocement beams. Testing involved applying a single point load until failure and recording the first crack load, ultimate load, and deflections.
3. Test results found that ferrocement beams gave early warning of failure through initial cracking compared to sudden failure in reinforced concrete beams. Ferrocement beams also experienced greater deflections than reinforced concrete beams under the same loads.
This document provides information on steel structures and design of steel structures. It includes common steel structures like trusses, bridges, towers, tanks and chimneys. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of steel structures. It also covers structural steel sections and properties, stress-strain behavior, connections using rivets, bolts and welds. The document discusses the limit state design method for steel structures as per Indian standards. It provides details on loads, load combinations, strength and serviceability limit states. Overall, the document serves as a reference for the design of steel structures.
Effect of depth to thickness ratio and length to depth ratio on hollow sectio...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Similar to IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
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Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
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channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
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Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
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in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
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source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
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Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
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Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
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Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
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Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
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IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN : 2278-067X, p-ISSN : 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 2, Issue 6 (August 2012), PP. 35-41
Effect of Change in Grade of Concrete on the Composite
Members of a Framed Structure
Vidula S. Sohoni1, M.R.Shiyekar2
1
Bharati Vidyapeeth University College of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra -411043,India
.2 Sinhagad College of Engineering Pune-411052, Maharashtra, India
Abstract––The past few decades have seen outstanding advances in the use of composite materials in structural
application. Composite members are widely used in structural systems to achieve additional rigidity. R.C.C.members with
conventional Torsteel reinforcement may now be replaced by composite members with rolled steel sections like angle
sections, galvanized iron pipe sections.Experimentally as well as analytically these members prove to be a better
alternative to conventional members and are more advantageous especially at the beam-column junction and in high rise
earthquake-resistant structures.The present paper aims at studying the effect of change in grade of concrete on the
behavior of composite members.Beams and columns using rolled steel sections as reinforcement were cast using varying
grades of concrete and tested. Results of failure loads and deformations in flexure and axial compression show that use
of rolled steel sections as reinforcement proves to be advantageous even for variations in grades of concrete.
Keywords––Composite Members, Grade of Concrete, Rolled Steel Sections,Stiffness,Poisson,s Ratio
I. INTRODUCTION
In civil engineering, composite materials have revolutionized traditional design concepts and made possible an
unparalleled range of new existing possibilities as viable material of construction. Numerous varied structural members may
be used today to meet performance and functional requirements in structures.Composite members in which conventional
torsteel reinforcement is replaced by rolled steel sections like angle sections, galvanized iron pipe sections are proving to be
a better alternative for high rise structures and especially at the beam column junctions.Use of these composite members
may add to the ductility of the joints and thus helps to improve the overall response of the structure for earthquake resistance.
This increase in ductility may be achieved by increasing the ductility of the brittle matrix. Addition of steel fibres
to the matrix is one of the measures for this[1].Ductility may also be increased by using composite members. Ductility using
ultra high strength members may be increased for compression members but for flexural members the increase is
unfound[2]. Effect of compressive strength and tensile reinforcement ratio on flexural behavior of high-strength concrete
beams has been investigated[3].This effect is with reference to the load-deflection behavior and displacement ductility .The
results show that flexural rigidity increases as concrete compressive strength increases. Ductility may also be increased by
using composite members.Use of variety of rolled steel sections proves to be advantageous for this and may be considered as
a good alternative[4]. Through innumerable attempts, the elastic properties of all the structural materials have been worked
out and quantified by the I.S. codes[5] and are known fairly accurately. However, it remains to be seen how concrete
responds to embedding of fabricated steel sections, in view of elastic properties. This forms the core of the proposed study.In
the present study , the effect of change in grade of concrete on flexural strength, deformations of flexural members and
compressive strength and axial deformations of compression members is to be studied.For this study, the cross sectional
dimensions of the members , percentage of tension reinforcements is kept the same and grade of concrete is varied.
II. DEFINITION OF THE STUDY
Deciding the combinations of composite members by using rolled steel sections as reinforcement..
Deciding the various grades of concretes to be considered .
Investigating experimentally the behaviour of composite members for various grades.
Comparison of the experimental results of various grades.
Arriving at a conclusion for the properties of the composite members based on change in grade of
concrete.
III. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM
A. Step 1: Identify various combinations of rolled steel sections to be used as reinforcement.Identify
various grades of concrete and accordingly carrying out the mix design and thus arrive at proportions of
ingredients for these grades.Casting the cubes for these grades and also casting the required number of
beams and columns of every combination.
B. Step 2: Tesing cube specimens to arrive at the crushing strength.Testing beam specimens for flexure and
arrive at failure loads and deformations.Testing column specimens for compression and arrive at failure
loads and deformations.
35
2. Effect of Change in Grade of Concrete on the Composite Members of a Framed Structure
C. Step 3: Compare the experimental results for various grades and thus to know the effect of change in grade of
concrete on composite members. Calculation of Modulus of Elasticity for all specimens and all grades.Arriving at
the conclusions to know the effect of change in grade of concrete.
IV. METHODOLOGY
A. Identified Combinations of Composite Members
Following three types of members are considered for experimental work.
1)Type’N’members: Members with Normal i.e. conventional torsteel reinforcements.
2)Type ‘A’ members: Members with rolled steel Angle sections as reinforcements.
3)Type ‘P’ members: Members with Pipe sections as reinforcements.
In preparing these member specimens, cross sectional area , percentage steel is kept same.Following grades of
concrete are considered.Grade M 20 ,Grade M 25I,Grade M 30.
Following number of specimens were cast and cured for 28 days before testing.
Table I: No.of specimens cast
Member Type of Member Grade of Concrete Total
M 20 M 25 M 30
Cubes - 03 03 03 09
Beams Type ‘N’ 03 03 03 09
Type ‘A’ 03 03 03 09
Type ‘P’ 03 03 03 09
Columns Type ‘N’ 03 03 03 09
Type ‘A’ 03 03 03 09
Type ‘P’ 03 03 03 09
B. Testing the specimens
1) Cubes:Cubes were tested under compression testing machine to know and verify the grade of concrete used.Average of
the strength was taken as the crushing strength of cubes and hence the grade of concrete used.
2) Beams:The beams were tested on UTM for two point loads under middle third loading arrangement.The load was
applied gradually.The deflection under the two point loads were recorded with the help of dial gauge.Maximum deflection
and ultimate load were noted down.
3) Columns:The columns were tested under UTM for axial compression.The load was applied gradually. The deformation
under the axial load was recorded. Maximum failure load and corresponding deformation was recorded.
C. Comparing the Results for Various Grades ,Calculation of Modulus of Elasticity and Conclusions: Results obtained
for various grades were compared and percentage variation is compared .For this comparison, Type’N’ members are
considered as the basis and grade-M 25 is considered as the basis. For beams , Modulus of Elasticity is found out from the
value of deflection for middle third Loading and corresponding failure load.For columns, Modulus of Elasticity is found out
from the value of axial deformations and corresponding failure load in axial compression. Based on the results of
comparative study, conclusions may be arrived at about the effect of change in grade of concrete on behavior of composite
members.
V. SUMMARY OF THE BEAM SECTIONS
Size of the beam: 150mm x150mm x750mm
Table II: Summary of the Beam Sections
Details I) Type ‘N’ sections II) Type’A’ III)TYPE ’P’sections
sections
Main 2 #12 2 ISA 20x20x3 2 pipes 25mm outer diameter, thickness
Reinforcement 1.5mm
Percentage Steel 1.32% 1.31% 1.28%
(pt)
Hanger Bars 2 # 8mm 2 #8 mm 2#8mm
Stirrups 2legged#8mm 2legged 2legged #8mm@200mmc/c
@200mmc/c #8mm@200c/c.
VI. COLUMN SPECIMENS
Column specimens were cast by considering the three types of reinforcements as vertical bars by keeping the sizes
and percentage of steel ,the same. Summary of column specimens is as follows.Size of the column: 230 mm x230 mm
x850mm
36
3. Effect of Change in Grade of Concrete on the Composite Members of a Framed Structure
Table III: Summary of the Column Sections
Details I) Type ‘N’ sections II) III)
Type’A’sections Type
‘P’
section
s
Main 5 #12 4ISA 25x25x3 Pipe
Reinforcem 90mm
ent od
2mm
thick
Percentage 1.06% 1.06%
Steel (pt) 1.04%
Links 2legged#8mm@180 2legged#8mm@ No
mmc/c. 180mmc//c. links
VII. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN AND PROPORTIONING THE INGREDIENTS
Design of the mix was carried out to achieve the required characteristic strength for various grades .Mix design
referring to I.S.10262 -1970 was carried out for following design data.
A. Degree of Quality Control = Good
Type of Exposure = Mild,
B . Type of Cement = O.P.C.
Specific Gravity of Cement = 3.15,
C. Type of Aggregates = Crushed Stones.
Max.Size of Aggregates = 20 mm
Grading of Aggregates-Coarse Aggregates = Zone II
Fine Aggregates = Zone I
Considering above mentioned data and assuming the characteristic strength as per the grade to be designed, mix
design was carried out. The decided proportions as obtained by mix design were used while preparing the concrete of
respective grade during casting.
Table IV: Proportions of Ingredients obtained
Grade of Concrete
M 20 M 25 M 30
Target 20 25 30
Strength
In N/mm2
Water 0.4 0.426 0.5
Cement 1.0 1.0 1.0
Fine 1.25 1.41 1.507
Aggregates
Coarse 2.3 2.82 3.15
Aggregates
VIII. LOADING ARRANGEMENT FOR BEAMS
The beams were tested on Universal Testing Machine(UTM) for middle third loading by applying two point loads.
IX. TESTING OF CUBES
Age at Time of Testing =28 Days
Table V: Cube Test Results
Specimen Grade Of Concrete
No.
M 20 M 25 M 30
1 24.8 28.77 33.572
2 25.34 28.55 32.264
3 27.03 28.25 33.136
Average 25.72 28.52 32.99
Compressive
strength in
N/mm2s
37
4. Effect of Change in Grade of Concrete on the Composite Members of a Framed Structure
X. TESTING OF BEAMS
Table 6: Test Results for Beams
Grade of Type of Av. Maximum Av.Maximum
Concrete Beam Load Capacity Deflection
In kN In mm
Type’N’ 67.36 1.61
M 20 Type’A’ 88.34 1.953
Type’P’ 88.7 1.13
Type’N’ 75 1,45
M 25 Type’A’ 95.66 1.756
Type’P’ 95.66 1.0
Type’N’ 84.2 1.27
M 30 Type’A’ 109.6 1.6
Type’P’ 111 0.896
Fig.1 Beams-Variation in Av.Maximum
Loading Capacity with Grade of
Concrete-
120
Av. Max.Loading Capacity in kN
100
80
60 Type'N'
Type'A'
40
Type'P'
20
0
M 20 M 25 M 30
Grade of Concrete
XI. TESTING OF COLUMNS
Table 7: Test Results for Columns
Grade Type of Av. Maximum Av.Maximum
of Column Load Capacity Axial Deformation
Concrete In kN In mm
Type’N’ 976.58 0.433
M 20 Type’A’ 976.58 0.426
Type’P’ 1065.36 0.31
Type’N’ 1242.92 0.443
M 25 Type’A’ 1242.92 0.42
Type’P’ 1176.44 0.303
Type’N’ 1242.92 0.386
M 30 Type’A’ 1242.92 0.35
Type’P’ 1154.14 0.203
38
5. Effect of Change in Grade of Concrete on the Composite Members of a Framed Structure
Fig.2 Columns-Variations in
Av.Max.Loading Capacity with Grade
of Concrete
1400
Av Max Loading Capacity in kN
1200
1000
800
600 Type 'N'
400 Type'A'
Type'P'
200
0
M M M
20 25 30
Grade of Concrete
XII. COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS
For the comparison of maximum load capacity and deflection, grade M 25 is taken as the basic grade. Also Type ‘A’ and
Type’P’ members are compared By considering Type ‘N’ members as the basic members.Following table gives the
comparison of beam test results.
Table 8: Comparison of Beam Test Results
Grade of Ratio of Characteristic Ratio of Actual Ratio of Maximum Load Capacity Ratio of Max
Concrete Strengths Crushing Strengths for Beams Deflections for Beams
M 20 20/25 = 0.8 25.72/28.52 = 0.901 N-Type 67.36/75= 0.89 1.61/1.45=1.11
A -Type 88.4/98.66=0.896 1.953/1.756=1.11
1/0.8=1.25 1/0.901=1.11 P-Type 88.7/98.95=0.896 1.13/1.0=1.13
M 25 25/25 =1 28.52/28.52 =1 N-Type 75/75=1 1.45/1.45=1
A -Type 98.66/98.66=1 1.756/1.756=1
P-Type 98.95/98.95=1 1.0/1.0=1
M 30 30/25 =1.2 32.99/28.52 =1.156 N-Type 84.2/75=1.122 1.27/1.45=0.87
A -Type 109.6/98.66=1.111 1.6/1.756=0.911
1/1.2=0.833 1/1.156=0.865 P-Type 111/98.95=1.121 0.896/1.0=0.896
On the same basis, test results for columns are also compared.Following table gives the comparison of column test results.
Table 9 : Comparison of Column Test Results
Grade of Ratio of Characteristic Ratio of Actual Ratio of Maximum Load Capacity Ratio of Maximum
Concrete Strengths Crushing Strengths for Columns Axial Deformations
for Columns
M 20 20/25 = 0.8 25.72/28.52 = 0.901 N-Type 976.58/1242.92 0.443/0.443=1
=0.786
1/0.8=1.25 1/0.901=1.11 A -Type 976.58/1242.92 0.426/0.42=1.019
=0.786
P-Type 1065.36/1176.44 0.31/0.303=1.023
=0.905
M 25 25/25 =1 28.52/28.52 =1 N-Type 1242.92/1242.92 0.443/0.443=1
=1
A -Type 1242.92/1242.92 0.42/0.42=1
=1
P-Type 1176.44/1176.44 0.303/0.303=1
=1
M 30 30/25 =1.2 32.99/28.52 =1.156 N-Type 1242.92/1242.92 0.386/0.443=0.87
=1
1/1.2=0.833 1/1.156=0.865 A -Type 1242.92/1242.92 0.35/0.42=0.833
=1
P-Type 1154.14/1176.44 0.202/0.303=0.67
= 0.98
39
6. Effect of Change in Grade of Concrete on the Composite Members of a Framed Structure
XIII. DETERMINATION OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY FOR BEAMS AND
COLUMNS
A. Beams
For the third point loading , the deflection values below the point load are measured. Analytically, this deflection can also
be obtained as
δ = (11/972) × ( w l4 /EI ) + ( 23/648) × ( W l3 /EI )
Using this equation, and values of δ obtained experimentally, modulus of elasticity for R.C.C. for all the three grades and all
the three types can be found out. For all the cases,
Self- weight of the beam (w) = 25 × 0.15 ×0.15 =0.5625 kN/m
Moment of Inertia (I) = (0.15) × (0.15)3 /12 = 4.218 ×107 mm4
B. Columns
Modulus of Elasticity E for R.C.C.for the column section is calculated .Axial Deformation δ = P L /A E.
This gives E = PL/A δ = (P/A) / ( δ/ L)
Using this expression for Modulus of Elasticity E for R.C.C., calculations are done for all the grades and all the types of
columns .The obtained values of E for columns are then compared with the values of E obtained for same types of beam
sections.
Table 10: Values of Modulus of Elasticity obtained
Type of Grade of Modulus of Modulus of
Member Concrete Elasticity Elasticity
From Beam From Column
Sections Sections
ERCC in N/mm2 ERCC in N/mm2
M 20 3.56 x 104 3.542 x 104
Type’N’ M 25 4.72 x 10 4
4.51 x 104
4
M 30 5.61 x 10 5.174 x 104
4
M 20 3.85 x 10 3.683 x 104
Type’A’
M 25 4.94 x 104 4.75 x 104
4
M 30 5.79 x 10 5.70 x 104
M 20 6.64 x 104 5.522 x 104
Type’P’ M 25 7.43 x 104 6.24 x 104
M 30 10.54 x 104 9.135 x 104
XIV. INFERENCES
A. Load Carrying capacity and Deformations
It is observed that both for beams and columns, with the change in grade of concrete, there is a proportionate
increase or decrease in the values of maximum load carrying capacity and corresponding deformations. This amount of
increase or decrease is same for all the types of members.
B.Modulus of Elasticity
It is observed that the value of Modulus of Elasticity for all the members also vary in proportion with the grade
of concrete.
C. Comparison of Beam Sections
It is observed that the load carrying capacity for beam sections is more in Type’A’ and Type’P’beams when
compared with Type’N’ beams. The percentage increase is almost the same for all the grades of concrete.This indicates that
use of Type’A’ and Type’P’ beams is advantageous with the same proportion irrespective of the grade of
concrete.Following table shows the percentage increase in load carrying capacity and corresponding percentage reduction in
deflection and percentage change in the value of Modulus of Elasticity.
Table 11 : Comparison of various grades and types of beams
Grade of Concrete M 20 M 25 M 30
I)Percentage Increase in Load Carrying Capacity
As compared with Type ‘N’ Beams
i)Type’A’ Beams +31.23 +31.54 +30.17
ii)Type ‘P’Beams +31.68 +31.93 +31.83
II)Percentage Change in Maximum Deflection
As Compared with Type ‘N’Beams
i)Type’A’ Beams +21.30 +21.10 +20.62
ii)Type ‘P’Beams -29.81 -31.03 -29.45
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7. Effect of Change in Grade of Concrete on the Composite Members of a Framed Structure
D. Comparison of Column Sections
For column sections , for variation in the grade of concrete, Type ‘A’ and Type ‘P’ sections prove to be more
suitable because though there is a reduction in load carrying capacity, it is at a much higher value of axial deformation.
Following table shows the details.
Table 12: Comparison of Various Grades and Types of Columns
Grade of Concrete M 20 M 25 M 30
I)Percentage Increase in Load Carrying Capacity As compared with Type ‘N’ Columns
i)Type’A’ Columns 0 0 0
ii)Type ‘P’Columns +9.09 -5.34 -7.14
II)Percentage Change in Maximum Deflection As Compared with Type ‘N’Beams
i)Type’A’ Columns -3.84 -5.19 -9.32
ii)Type ‘P’Columns -30.02 -31.6 -47.66
XIII. CONCLUSIONS
Composite sections with rolled steel angle sections as the reinforcement in place of conventional tor steel
reinforcement may prove to be more effective in terms of -
a). Load carrying capacity in flexure .
b). Deflection and hence stiffness properties.
c) Increased value of Modulus of Elasticity ERCC indicates increase in ductility and hence more suitability for
earthquake resistant constructions.
d). Though the grade of concrete is changed, use of rolled steel sections in place of conventional torsteel
reinforcement proves to be more suitable for multistoried buildings and earthquake resistant construction.
REFERENCES
[1]. A.Bentur and S. Mindess, Concrete beam reinforce d with conventional steel bars and steel fibres :properties in static loading ,
The international Journal of Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete , Vol. 5, Number 3,1983.
[2]. Sung-Woo Shin, Satyendra K.Ghosh.,Jaine Moreno, Flexural Ductility of Ultra-High Strength Concrete Member, Structural
Journal,Vol.86,Issue 4.1989.
[3]. Samir A.Ashour ,Effect of compressive strength and tensile reinforcement ratio on flexural behavior of high-strength concrete
beams , www.sciencedirect.com,1998
[4]. Vidula S. Sohoni, Dr.M.R.Shiyekar -Concrete-Steel Composite Beams of a Framed Structure For Enhancement in Earthquake
Resistance , The International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,Vol.3 ,Issue 1,January-June 2012.
[5]. I.S. 456-2000, Code of Practice for plain and reinforced concrete structures.
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