E waste

1Department of ECE –Avinashilingam Institute

Power Generation
 Power generation is the process of generating electric power from
other sources of primary energy
 There are various methods to generate electricity
 The selection of electricity production modes and their economic
viability varies in accordance with demand and region
2Department of ECE -Sudar

Fossil fuels
3
Fossil energy sources, including oil, coal and natural gas, are non-
renewable resources that formed when prehistoric plants and animals
died and were gradually buried by layers of rock. Over millions of years,
different types of fossil fuels formed -- depending on what combination
of organic matter was present, how long it was buried and what
temperature and pressure conditions existed as time passed.
Department of ECE -Sudar

Fossil fuels
 We are using fossil fuels that were made more than
300 million years ago
 Fossil fuels contain high percentages
of carbon and include coal, petroleum,
and natural gas.
 They are not renewable; they can’t really be made
again
 We can save fossil fuels by
 Conserving energy
 Using alternative energy sources
Disadvantages:
 Biggest air polluter
 Burning fossil fuel emits CO2

More money and research will go into developing alternative
energy sources
Nuclear power
 Non-renewable potential energy
stored in the nucleus of an atom
Disadvantages:
Radiation harms the cells of body
Disposal of nuclear waste is
expensive

Hydropower
Renewable gravitational energy of
moving water
Disadvantages:
High installation cost
Wind energy
Renewable Kinetic energy from
moving air
Disadvantages:
High installation cost

Solar power
Disadvantages:
 High installation cost
Solar
Renewable radiant energy from the sun
photovoltaic (PV) cells present in the solar panels
on roof tops
PV cells convert light energy to electricity

Solar Roadways

Many career opportunities will be involved
with the research and development of
alternative energy sources
Geothermal energy
Renewable heat energy beneath the
Earth’s surface
Advantages:
Sustainable and reliable

Power Sector at a Glance
India-2014 Tamilnadu-2014
Thermal 1,72,286.09 MW
Hydro 40,730.09 MW
Renewable (12%) 31,692.14 MW
Nuclear
Total
4,780.00 MW
2,49,488.31MW
Thermal 10411 MW
Hydro 2182 MW
Renewable 8075 MW
Nuclear 524 MW
Total 21192MW

Development of Energy in
Tamil Nadu
year Installed
capacity
(MW)
Annual gross
generation
(MU)
Purchases
(MU)
Percapita
consumption
(KWH)
2000-
2009
10214 66966 37984 1000
2009-
2010
10214 27860 45027 1080
2010-
2011
10237 25639 49351 1040
2011-2012 10364 27942 49877 1065

Installed Capacity in MW-2013

Category wise consumers in lakhs

Clothes washer = 350-500
Dishwasher = 1200-2400

Fans
Ceiling = 65-175
Window = 55-250
Furnace = 750
Coffee maker = 900-1200

Water heater = 4500-5500
Clothes iron = 1000-1800

Hair dryer = 1200-1875
Vacuum cleaner = 1000-1440

Active
73%
Standby
24%
Sleep
3%
Percentage of Total Energy
Consumed in Each Operating
Mode

Electricity
Consumption
Country
total
(TWh)
Industry Transport
Commercial
/Public
Services
Agriculture
/Forestry
Fishery Residential other
World 16,816 41.7% 1.60% 23.4% 2.50% 0.025% 27.4% 3.43%
China 2,842 67.8% 1.05% 5.4% 3.12% 0.000% 15.5% 7.19%
India 602 46.4% 1.93% 8.0% 17.92% 0.000% 20.7% 5.05%
USA 3,814 24.0% 0.20% 35.0% 0.00% 0.000% 36.2% 4.59%
Indonesia 129 37.2% 0.00% 23.9% 0.00% 0.000% 38.9% 0.00%
Brazil 410 48.1% 0.39% 23.7% 4.49% 0.000% 23.3% 0.00%
Pakistan 70 27.5% 0.01% 14.2% 12.50% 0.000% 45.9% 0.00%
Bangladesh 32 56.3% 0.00% 6.0% 3.37% 0.000% 32.9% 0.00%
Nigeria 19 20.0% 0.00% 24.7% 0.00% 0.000% 55.3% 0.00%
Russia 725 49.6% 11.45% 20.6% 2.14% 0.037% 16.1% 0.00%20Department of ECE -Sudar

Japan 964 31.5% 1.95% 36.4% 0.09% 0.000% 29.8% 0.23%
Mexico 200 61.3% 0.55% 10.3% 4.05% 0.000% 23.7% 0.00%
Philippines 49 34.6% 0.23% 28.7% 2.30% 0.311% 33.8% 0.00%
Vietnam 68 51.8% 0.75% 8.1% 0.97% 0.000% 38.4% 0.00%
Ethiopia 3.1 38.0% 0.00% 23.6% 0.00% 0.000% 37.7% 0.74%
Egypt 112 33.4% 0.00% 15.4% 4.13% 0.000% 39.2% 7.84%
Germany 526 46.1% 3.14% 22.6% 1.66% 0.000% 26.5% 0.00%
Turkey 159 45.4% 0.60% 25.6% 3.54% 0.102% 24.8% 0.00%
DR Congo 6.1 63.4% 0.00% 3.1% 0.00% 0.000% 33.5% 0.00%
Iran 164 33.2% 0.15% 19.0% 12.92% 0.001% 32.3% 2.50%
Thailand 135 42.4% 0.04% 35.6% 0.21% 0.000% 21.3% 0.54%
France 433 32.6% 3.06% 25.0% 0.88% 0.028% 35.9% 2.57%
UK 342 33.2% 2.47% 28.6% 1.19% 0.000% 34.5% 0.00%
Italy 309 45.8% 3.50% 26.8% 1.81% 0.022% 22.1% 0.00%
South Korea 407 51.0% 0.55% 32.5% 1.61% 0.449% 13.8% 0.00%
Electricity
Consumption
Country
total
(TWh)
Industry Transport
Commercial
/Public
Services
Agriculture
/Forestry
Fishery Residential other

How to Reduce Energy Consumption
Turn off computers when they are not in use.

Unplug all unused items

Turn off lights when they are not in use

power Calculation

Problems of Power Dissipation
38
• Continuously increasing
performance demands
 Increasing power dissipation of
technical devices
 Today: power dissipation is a main
problem
 High Power dissipation leads to:
 High efforts for cooling
 Increasing operational costs
 Reduced reliability
 Reduced time of operation
 Higher weight (batteries)
 Reduced mobility

Three factors that can reduce power dissipation are:
Voltage
Physical Capacitance
Switching Activity
Low Power Design Space

Power Dissipation
 Power dissipation is a measure of the rate at which energy is
dissipated, or lost, from an electrical system
 When an electric current does work on a conductor, the internal
energy of that conductor increases, causing its temperature to
rise above the ambient temperature
 This causes energy to dissipate away from the conductor into
the surroundings, through the process of heat transfer
 The rate of this heat transfer (joules per second) is termed
'power dissipation' (in watts)

Mechanisms of power dissipation
 Mechanisms of power dissipation are usually divided into two
classes:
 dynamic and
 static power dissipation
 Dynamic power dissipation occurs when the circuit is operational
 Static power dissipation becomes an issue when the circuit is inactive
or in a power-down mode

Dynamic Power Dissipation
 Dynamic power dissipation can be further subdivided into three
mechanisms:
Switched
Short-circuit
Glitch power dissipation
 This depends upon the activity, timing, output capacitance, and
supply voltage of the circuit

Switched power dissipation
Repeated charging and discharging of the output
capacitance
Necessary to transmit information in CMOS circuits

Short circuit Power Dissipation
 Short circuit current occurs during signal transitions when both
the NMOS and PMOS are ON and there is a direct path
between Vdd and GND- crowbar current
 Accounts for more than 20% of total power dissipation
 As clock frequency increases- transitions increase consequently
short circuit power dissipation increases

Glitch Power Dissipation
 Glitches are temporary changes in the value of the output –
unnecessary transitions
 They are caused due to the skew in the input signals to a gate
 Glitch power dissipation accounts for 15% – 20 % of the
global power

Static Power Dissipation
 Power dissipation -device is in standby mode
 As technology scales this becomes significant- Leakage power
dissipation
Reverse biased p-n junction
Sub threshold leakage
Channel punch through

Effects of Power Dissipation
 Power dissipation affects:
Performance
Reliability
Packaging
Cost
Portability

Miniaturization
 Miniaturization is the trend to manufacture smaller mechanical,
optical and electronic products and devices
 Advantages:
- Lower material costs
- Higher production output
- Potentially faster operation
 Disadvantages:
- Increased complexity in circuit design (may lead to poorer
performance)
- Increased engineering/R&D costs
- Not serviceable after manufacture

MINIATURIZATION

TECHNOLOGY SCALING

56
Portable Devices

Portable device
A Portable device -easily be carried.
Examples:
 Smart Phone
 Lap Top
 i-pad
 Tablets

OLDEST MOBILE & LATEST MOBILE

BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT IN PORTABLE
DEVICES

BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT
Turn off the mobile phone
Stop searching for the signal
Do not follow the method of full charge and
discharge
Avoid putting your mobile phone in vibrating
function

BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT
Turn off your phones backlight
Avoid using unnecessary features
Turn off Bluetooth
Avoid using animated pictures or videos for
background
Avoid placing the battery under direct sunlight

Electronic Waste (e-waste)
are not fit for their original
intended use.
E-wastes contain toxic and
potentially hazardous
Substance.

COMPONENT CONSTITUENT
Printed circuit boards Lead and cadmium
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) Lead oxide and Cd
Switches & flat screen
monitors
Mercury
Computer batteries Cadmium

Inefficient recycling processes result in substantial loss
of material value
Effective recycling processes involve initial investment
Huge gap between generation &
recycling of E-Waste
Lack of producer responsibility for
take back products.

Consumer recycling
Corporate recycling
Sale
Take back
Exchange
Scrapping/recycling
Donations/Nonprofits

More than 4.6 million tones of e-waste ended up in
landfills .
Toxic chemicals in electronics products can leach into
the land over time and released into the atmosphere.
Regulations have been introduced to prevent
electronic waste being dumped .

This releases heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and
mercury into the air.
Mercury released into the atmosphere can bio
accumulate in the food chain.
 If the products contain PVC plastic, highly toxic
dioxins and furans are also released.

A good way to increase a product's lifespan.
 Many old products are exported to developing
countries.
The hazardous chemicals in e-waste electronics can
harm workers in
 recycling yards
 neighboring communities
 environment.

EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
LEAD:
 Damages both the central and peripheral nervous systems
 High blood pressure, damage to the kidneys and liver
MERCURY:
 Attacks the central nervous and endocrine systems
 Harmful to mouth, teeth and gums
ARSENIC:
 Arsenic causes severe damage to the digestive tract .
CADMIUM:
 Repeated exposure can damage the lungs, kidneys and liver.

CURRENT SCENARIO IN INDIA
Mumbai 11,017 tones
Delhi 9,730 tones
Bangalore 4,648 tones
Chennai 4,132 tones
Kolkata 4,025 tones
Ahmadabad 3,287 tones
Hyderabad 2,833 tones

To preserve the earth’s natural resources which are limited
To prevent environmental pollution on releasing hazardous toxins
into the environment
To eliminate landfill
Generates employment opportunity
Extracting precious metals

Sectors treating
E- Waste
Formal
Extraction of
metals
Non- formal
Collection
Disassembly
Segregation

Economic benefits
Environmental benefits
Social benefits
Due to alarming growth of electronics, Central Government under sections 6,
8 and 25 of environment protection act in 1986 was put forth
Law on e-waste management and handling rules came into effect from May 1,
2012
Sale of electronic scrap to any unlicensed vendor is illegal

2004– Bangalore is a hub for e-waste recycling in India
Saahas (organization has made an initiative to treat e-waste called “ India
Assessment on e-waste”
Both informal and scrap dealers were in par
Retrieved materials—plastic, wires, CRT, and PCB
The initiative was to improve the technology of informal sector
HAWA – establishment of Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
Equipment Quantity
Personal Computers 6,558.9
Printers 53.71
Televisions 76.91
Mobile phones 54.35

Process of E-waste grading

Each one of us has a role to play!
 Encourage and facilitate organized recycling systems
 Should subsidies recycling and disposal industries
 Collect fee from manufactured/consumers for the disposal of toxic
material
 Incentive schemes for garbage collectors and general public for
collecting and handling over e-waste
 Awareness program on e-waste for school children and general
public
 The total e-waste in India has been estimated to be 1,46,180 tones
per year 87Department of ECE -Sudar

E waste

More Related Content

Similar to E waste

More from sudarmani rajagopal

Recently uploaded

E waste