EFFECT OF HOT-SPOTTED CELL ON PV MODULE PERFORMANCEIAEME Publication
In this paper, the effects of the hot-spotted cell on PV module were evaluated. The
experimental observation was based on 100 kW PV array composed of 20 PV modules.
It was found that an increasing number of hot-spotted solar cells in a PV module would
likely increase its output power loss. It was also noticed that most of the PV modules
affected by hot-spotted PV string are relatively affected by high-temperature levels,
dust, and Partial shading due to trees or tall vegetation. Furthermore, the average
performance ratio (PR) and degradation rate (DR) of all examined PV modules were
analyzed. PR was observed to have a higher value of 0.78 in a non-hot-spotted PV array,
whereas low PR of 0.65 was observed in a hot-spotted PV array. High DR of 3.13/year
was observed in hot-spotted PV array; while low DR of 1.48/year was found in a module
with no hot-spot. It was evident that the mean PR is significantly reduced due to the
existence of hot-spots in the PV modules. DR was also increased due to hot-spot in the
PV array. Hence, it is important to select materials that have the highest thermal
stability to avoid mild hot spot situations that will lead to immediate damage of the
panel. Hot-spot study analysis will help increase PV lifetime power output by detecting
and preventing hot spotting before it permanently damages the PV panel.
Drivers and Barriers in the current CSP marketLeonardo ENERGY
This webinar will provide a general view of drivers and barriers for CSP development, with a particular focus on the structure of the CSP Value Chain. From a technical point of view, the main key performances will be reviewed for the different technologies.
EFFECT OF HOT-SPOTTED CELL ON PV MODULE PERFORMANCEIAEME Publication
In this paper, the effects of the hot-spotted cell on PV module were evaluated. The
experimental observation was based on 100 kW PV array composed of 20 PV modules.
It was found that an increasing number of hot-spotted solar cells in a PV module would
likely increase its output power loss. It was also noticed that most of the PV modules
affected by hot-spotted PV string are relatively affected by high-temperature levels,
dust, and Partial shading due to trees or tall vegetation. Furthermore, the average
performance ratio (PR) and degradation rate (DR) of all examined PV modules were
analyzed. PR was observed to have a higher value of 0.78 in a non-hot-spotted PV array,
whereas low PR of 0.65 was observed in a hot-spotted PV array. High DR of 3.13/year
was observed in hot-spotted PV array; while low DR of 1.48/year was found in a module
with no hot-spot. It was evident that the mean PR is significantly reduced due to the
existence of hot-spots in the PV modules. DR was also increased due to hot-spot in the
PV array. Hence, it is important to select materials that have the highest thermal
stability to avoid mild hot spot situations that will lead to immediate damage of the
panel. Hot-spot study analysis will help increase PV lifetime power output by detecting
and preventing hot spotting before it permanently damages the PV panel.
Drivers and Barriers in the current CSP marketLeonardo ENERGY
This webinar will provide a general view of drivers and barriers for CSP development, with a particular focus on the structure of the CSP Value Chain. From a technical point of view, the main key performances will be reviewed for the different technologies.
A sample of shoppers was selected and asked questions regarding co.docxannetnash8266
A sample of shoppers was selected and asked questions regarding consumer behavior. One of the questions asked was "Do you enjoy shopping for clothing?" Information regarding the responses is below:
· Total Responses: 500
· Males: 136 responded "yes" and 104 responded "no"
· Females: 224 responded "yes" and 36 responded "no"
Construct a contingency table summarizing the above results and answer the following questions:
1. What is the probability a shopper likes to shop for clothing?
2. Given a shopper is male, what is the probability the shopper likes to shop for clothing?
3. Given a shopper is male, what is the probability the shopper does not like to shop for clothing?
4. Given a shopper is female, what is the probability a shopper does not like to shop?
Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 873–886
www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
Technical and economical evaluation of solar
thermal power generation
Theocharis Tsoutsosa,∗, Vasilis Gekasb, Katerina Marketakib
a Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), 19th km Marathon Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece
b Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Crete, Greece
Received 23 July 2002; accepted 24 July 2002
Abstract
This article presents a feasibilty on a solar power system based on the Stirling dish (SD)
technology, reviews and compares the available Stirling engines in the perspective of a solar
Stirling system.
The system is evaluated, as a parameter to alleviate the energy system of the Cretan island
while taking care of the CO2 emissions. In the results a sensitivity analysis was implemented,
as well as a comparison with conventional power systems.
In the long-term, solar thermal power stations based on a SD can become a competitive
option on the electricity market, if a concerted programme capable of building the forces of
industry, finance, insurance and other decision makers will support the market extension for
this promising technology.
2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Technical and economical evaluation; Solar electricity generation; Solar thermal power; Stir-
ling engine
1. Introduction
The electrical generating demand has increased in the island of Crete due to the
economic growth during recent years. The rate of this increase becomes dramatical
during the summer. Conventional fossil fuel plants generate the electricity and this
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.:+30-1603-9900; fax:+30-1603-9904.
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Tsoutsos).
0960-1481/03/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 6 0 -1 4 8 1 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 5 2 - 0
874 T. Tsoutsos et al. / Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 873–886
energy production cost is very high (Table 1); this cost can be higher in other Greek
islands [1].
The power generation should be increased over the next years in order to satisfy
the power demand. The new power plants should be environmentally since there
already exist some conventional foss.
Solar Cells: when will they become economically feasibleJeffrey Funk
The cost of solar cells are rapidly falling through increases in efficiency and reductions in cost per area. But the installation costs have become the largest part of solar cells costs and their costs are not falling. How can these costs be reduced. These slides discuss the potentially installation costs for perovskite and organic cells, along with a general discussion of costs and efficiency. this general discussion covers roll to roll printing and a wide number of solar cells (e.g., quantum dots, cadmium telluride, cadmium indium gallium selenide).
General incentives:
Import tax exemption for goods which can not be produced inland
Corporate tax exemption as highest priority.
Obligation to purchase electricity: EVN must purchase all electricity generated from renewable energy sources in 20 years
Land use fee exemption for renewable energy projects
Free Environmental protection fee
Specific policy:
Decision No.18/2008/QD-BCT dated 18/7/2008 on avoided cost tariffs for small hydro projects (for Small Hydro power plants)
Decision No. 37/2011/QD-TTg dated 29/6/2011 on support mechanism for wind power projects
Circular No.32/2012/TT-BCT dated 12/11/2012 on development wind power projects and power purchase agreement for wind power projects
Implementing:
Incentive mechanisms for solar energy are developed by support from Gov. of Spain
Incentive machanisms for biogas/wastes/biomass was developing by support from GIZ.
Digital image processing- Compression- Different Coding techniques sudarmani rajagopal
Image Compression- Different coding Techniques such as Huffman coding, Bit plane and Arithmetic coding are discussed. By using these coding techniques compression of data or image can be achieved.
Raspberry Pi is a small single board computer. By connecting peripherals like Keyboard, mouse, display to the Raspberry Pi, it will act as a mini personal computer.
A sample of shoppers was selected and asked questions regarding co.docxannetnash8266
A sample of shoppers was selected and asked questions regarding consumer behavior. One of the questions asked was "Do you enjoy shopping for clothing?" Information regarding the responses is below:
· Total Responses: 500
· Males: 136 responded "yes" and 104 responded "no"
· Females: 224 responded "yes" and 36 responded "no"
Construct a contingency table summarizing the above results and answer the following questions:
1. What is the probability a shopper likes to shop for clothing?
2. Given a shopper is male, what is the probability the shopper likes to shop for clothing?
3. Given a shopper is male, what is the probability the shopper does not like to shop for clothing?
4. Given a shopper is female, what is the probability a shopper does not like to shop?
Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 873–886
www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
Technical and economical evaluation of solar
thermal power generation
Theocharis Tsoutsosa,∗, Vasilis Gekasb, Katerina Marketakib
a Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES), 19th km Marathon Avenue, 19009 Pikermi, Greece
b Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, Crete, Greece
Received 23 July 2002; accepted 24 July 2002
Abstract
This article presents a feasibilty on a solar power system based on the Stirling dish (SD)
technology, reviews and compares the available Stirling engines in the perspective of a solar
Stirling system.
The system is evaluated, as a parameter to alleviate the energy system of the Cretan island
while taking care of the CO2 emissions. In the results a sensitivity analysis was implemented,
as well as a comparison with conventional power systems.
In the long-term, solar thermal power stations based on a SD can become a competitive
option on the electricity market, if a concerted programme capable of building the forces of
industry, finance, insurance and other decision makers will support the market extension for
this promising technology.
2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Technical and economical evaluation; Solar electricity generation; Solar thermal power; Stir-
ling engine
1. Introduction
The electrical generating demand has increased in the island of Crete due to the
economic growth during recent years. The rate of this increase becomes dramatical
during the summer. Conventional fossil fuel plants generate the electricity and this
∗ Corresponding author. Tel.:+30-1603-9900; fax:+30-1603-9904.
E-mail address: [email protected] (T. Tsoutsos).
0960-1481/03/$ - see front matter 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 9 6 0 -1 4 8 1 ( 0 2 ) 0 0 1 5 2 - 0
874 T. Tsoutsos et al. / Renewable Energy 28 (2003) 873–886
energy production cost is very high (Table 1); this cost can be higher in other Greek
islands [1].
The power generation should be increased over the next years in order to satisfy
the power demand. The new power plants should be environmentally since there
already exist some conventional foss.
Solar Cells: when will they become economically feasibleJeffrey Funk
The cost of solar cells are rapidly falling through increases in efficiency and reductions in cost per area. But the installation costs have become the largest part of solar cells costs and their costs are not falling. How can these costs be reduced. These slides discuss the potentially installation costs for perovskite and organic cells, along with a general discussion of costs and efficiency. this general discussion covers roll to roll printing and a wide number of solar cells (e.g., quantum dots, cadmium telluride, cadmium indium gallium selenide).
General incentives:
Import tax exemption for goods which can not be produced inland
Corporate tax exemption as highest priority.
Obligation to purchase electricity: EVN must purchase all electricity generated from renewable energy sources in 20 years
Land use fee exemption for renewable energy projects
Free Environmental protection fee
Specific policy:
Decision No.18/2008/QD-BCT dated 18/7/2008 on avoided cost tariffs for small hydro projects (for Small Hydro power plants)
Decision No. 37/2011/QD-TTg dated 29/6/2011 on support mechanism for wind power projects
Circular No.32/2012/TT-BCT dated 12/11/2012 on development wind power projects and power purchase agreement for wind power projects
Implementing:
Incentive mechanisms for solar energy are developed by support from Gov. of Spain
Incentive machanisms for biogas/wastes/biomass was developing by support from GIZ.
Digital image processing- Compression- Different Coding techniques sudarmani rajagopal
Image Compression- Different coding Techniques such as Huffman coding, Bit plane and Arithmetic coding are discussed. By using these coding techniques compression of data or image can be achieved.
Raspberry Pi is a small single board computer. By connecting peripherals like Keyboard, mouse, display to the Raspberry Pi, it will act as a mini personal computer.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. Power Generation
Power generation is the process of generating electric power from
other sources of primary energy
There are various methods to generate electricity
The selection of electricity production modes and their economic
viability varies in accordance with demand and region
2Department of ECE -Sudar
3. Fossil fuels
3
Fossil energy sources, including oil, coal and natural gas, are non-
renewable resources that formed when prehistoric plants and animals
died and were gradually buried by layers of rock. Over millions of years,
different types of fossil fuels formed -- depending on what combination
of organic matter was present, how long it was buried and what
temperature and pressure conditions existed as time passed.
Department of ECE -Sudar
4. Fossil fuels
We are using fossil fuels that were made more than
300 million years ago
Fossil fuels contain high percentages
of carbon and include coal, petroleum,
and natural gas.
They are not renewable; they can’t really be made
again
We can save fossil fuels by
Conserving energy
Using alternative energy sources
Disadvantages:
Biggest air polluter
Burning fossil fuel emits CO2
4Department of ECE -Sudar
5. More money and research will go into developing alternative
energy sources
Nuclear power
Non-renewable potential energy
stored in the nucleus of an atom
Disadvantages:
Radiation harms the cells of body
Disposal of nuclear waste is
expensive
5Department of ECE -Sudar
6. Hydropower
Renewable gravitational energy of
moving water
Disadvantages:
High installation cost
Wind energy
Renewable Kinetic energy from
moving air
Disadvantages:
High installation cost
6Department of ECE -Sudar
7. Solar power
Disadvantages:
High installation cost
Solar
Renewable radiant energy from the sun
photovoltaic (PV) cells present in the solar panels
on roof tops
PV cells convert light energy to electricity
7Department of ECE -Sudar
9. Many career opportunities will be involved
with the research and development of
alternative energy sources
Geothermal energy
Renewable heat energy beneath the
Earth’s surface
Advantages:
Sustainable and reliable
9Department of ECE -Sudar
10. Power Sector at a Glance
India-2014 Tamilnadu-2014
Thermal 1,72,286.09 MW
Hydro 40,730.09 MW
Renewable (12%) 31,692.14 MW
Nuclear
Total
4,780.00 MW
2,49,488.31MW
Thermal 10411 MW
Hydro 2182 MW
Renewable 8075 MW
Nuclear 524 MW
Total 21192MW
10Department of ECE -Sudar
38. Problems of Power Dissipation
38
• Continuously increasing
performance demands
Increasing power dissipation of
technical devices
Today: power dissipation is a main
problem
High Power dissipation leads to:
High efforts for cooling
Increasing operational costs
Reduced reliability
Reduced time of operation
Higher weight (batteries)
Reduced mobility
Department of ECE -Sudar
39. Three factors that can reduce power dissipation are:
Voltage
Physical Capacitance
Switching Activity
Low Power Design Space
39Department of ECE -Sudar
44. Power Dissipation
Power dissipation is a measure of the rate at which energy is
dissipated, or lost, from an electrical system
When an electric current does work on a conductor, the internal
energy of that conductor increases, causing its temperature to
rise above the ambient temperature
This causes energy to dissipate away from the conductor into
the surroundings, through the process of heat transfer
The rate of this heat transfer (joules per second) is termed
'power dissipation' (in watts)
44Department of ECE -Sudar
45. Mechanisms of power dissipation
Mechanisms of power dissipation are usually divided into two
classes:
dynamic and
static power dissipation
Dynamic power dissipation occurs when the circuit is operational
Static power dissipation becomes an issue when the circuit is inactive
or in a power-down mode
45Department of ECE -Sudar
46. Dynamic Power Dissipation
Dynamic power dissipation can be further subdivided into three
mechanisms:
Switched
Short-circuit
Glitch power dissipation
This depends upon the activity, timing, output capacitance, and
supply voltage of the circuit
46Department of ECE -Sudar
47. Switched power dissipation
Repeated charging and discharging of the output
capacitance
Necessary to transmit information in CMOS circuits
47Department of ECE -Sudar
48. Short circuit Power Dissipation
Short circuit current occurs during signal transitions when both
the NMOS and PMOS are ON and there is a direct path
between Vdd and GND- crowbar current
Accounts for more than 20% of total power dissipation
As clock frequency increases- transitions increase consequently
short circuit power dissipation increases
48Department of ECE -Sudar
49. Glitch Power Dissipation
Glitches are temporary changes in the value of the output –
unnecessary transitions
They are caused due to the skew in the input signals to a gate
Glitch power dissipation accounts for 15% – 20 % of the
global power
49Department of ECE -Sudar
50. Static Power Dissipation
Power dissipation -device is in standby mode
As technology scales this becomes significant- Leakage power
dissipation
Reverse biased p-n junction
Sub threshold leakage
Channel punch through
50Department of ECE -Sudar
51. Effects of Power Dissipation
Power dissipation affects:
Performance
Reliability
Packaging
Cost
Portability
51Department of ECE -Sudar
52. Miniaturization
Miniaturization is the trend to manufacture smaller mechanical,
optical and electronic products and devices
Advantages:
- Lower material costs
- Higher production output
- Potentially faster operation
Disadvantages:
- Increased complexity in circuit design (may lead to poorer
performance)
- Increased engineering/R&D costs
- Not serviceable after manufacture
52Department of ECE -Sudar
60. BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT
Turn off the mobile phone
Stop searching for the signal
Do not follow the method of full charge and
discharge
Avoid putting your mobile phone in vibrating
function
60Department of ECE -Sudar
61. BATTERY POWER MANAGEMENT
Turn off your phones backlight
Avoid using unnecessary features
Turn off Bluetooth
Avoid using animated pictures or videos for
background
Avoid placing the battery under direct sunlight
61Department of ECE -Sudar
64. Electronic Waste (e-waste)
are not fit for their original
intended use.
E-wastes contain toxic and
potentially hazardous
Substance.
64Department of ECE -Sudar
68. COMPONENT CONSTITUENT
Printed circuit boards Lead and cadmium
Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) Lead oxide and Cd
Switches & flat screen
monitors
Mercury
Computer batteries Cadmium
68Department of ECE -Sudar
69. Inefficient recycling processes result in substantial loss
of material value
Effective recycling processes involve initial investment
Huge gap between generation &
recycling of E-Waste
Lack of producer responsibility for
take back products.
69Department of ECE -Sudar
72. More than 4.6 million tones of e-waste ended up in
landfills .
Toxic chemicals in electronics products can leach into
the land over time and released into the atmosphere.
Regulations have been introduced to prevent
electronic waste being dumped .
72Department of ECE -Sudar
73. This releases heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and
mercury into the air.
Mercury released into the atmosphere can bio
accumulate in the food chain.
If the products contain PVC plastic, highly toxic
dioxins and furans are also released.
73Department of ECE -Sudar
74. A good way to increase a product's lifespan.
Many old products are exported to developing
countries.
The hazardous chemicals in e-waste electronics can
harm workers in
recycling yards
neighboring communities
environment.
74Department of ECE -Sudar
75. EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH
LEAD:
Damages both the central and peripheral nervous systems
High blood pressure, damage to the kidneys and liver
MERCURY:
Attacks the central nervous and endocrine systems
Harmful to mouth, teeth and gums
ARSENIC:
Arsenic causes severe damage to the digestive tract .
CADMIUM:
Repeated exposure can damage the lungs, kidneys and liver.
75Department of ECE -Sudar
76. CURRENT SCENARIO IN INDIA
Mumbai 11,017 tones
Delhi 9,730 tones
Bangalore 4,648 tones
Chennai 4,132 tones
Kolkata 4,025 tones
Ahmadabad 3,287 tones
Hyderabad 2,833 tones
76Department of ECE -Sudar
78. To preserve the earth’s natural resources which are limited
To prevent environmental pollution on releasing hazardous toxins
into the environment
To eliminate landfill
Generates employment opportunity
Extracting precious metals
78Department of ECE -Sudar
82. Economic benefits
Environmental benefits
Social benefits
Due to alarming growth of electronics, Central Government under sections 6,
8 and 25 of environment protection act in 1986 was put forth
Law on e-waste management and handling rules came into effect from May 1,
2012
Sale of electronic scrap to any unlicensed vendor is illegal
82Department of ECE -Sudar
83. 2004– Bangalore is a hub for e-waste recycling in India
Saahas (organization has made an initiative to treat e-waste called “ India
Assessment on e-waste”
Both informal and scrap dealers were in par
Retrieved materials—plastic, wires, CRT, and PCB
The initiative was to improve the technology of informal sector
HAWA – establishment of Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
Equipment Quantity
Personal Computers 6,558.9
Printers 53.71
Televisions 76.91
Mobile phones 54.35
83Department of ECE -Sudar
87. Each one of us has a role to play!
Encourage and facilitate organized recycling systems
Should subsidies recycling and disposal industries
Collect fee from manufactured/consumers for the disposal of toxic
material
Incentive schemes for garbage collectors and general public for
collecting and handling over e-waste
Awareness program on e-waste for school children and general
public
The total e-waste in India has been estimated to be 1,46,180 tones
per year 87Department of ECE -Sudar
