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Power systems (2)
1. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF
SLOAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TYPE DG
CONNECTED TO DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
Presented By:
Dr. Satish Kansal
Department of Electrical Engineering
BHSBIET Lehragaga
Power Systems
2. 2
Introduction
Objective-to meet the demand at all the locations within
power network as economically and reliably as possible.
Traditional electric power system- utilize the
conventional energy resources for electricity generation
Operation-such traditional generation systems is based on
centralized control utility generators to deliver power to widely
dispersed users through an extensive transmission and
distribution network
Present Environment- the justification for large central-station
plants is weakening due to depleting conventional energy
sources.
3. 3
Distributed Generation
Distributed Generation (DG), a term commonly used for
small-scale generations, offer solution to many of these
new challenges
Recent developments in small renewable generation
technologies such as wind turbines, photovoltaic, fuel cells,
micro turbines and so on has drawn distribution utilities’
attention to possible changes in the distribution system
infrastructure.
4. 4
The DG’s can be characterized into different types as:
Type I: DG capable of injecting real power only, like
photovoltaic, fuel cells etc.
Type II: DG capable of injecting reactive power only, e.g. kvar
compensator, synchronous compensator, capacitors
etc.
Type III: DG capable of injecting both real and reactive power,
e.g. synchronous machines,
Type IV: DG capable of injecting real but consuming reactive
power, e.g. induction generators.
5. CIGRE :Define DG as the generation, which has the
following characteristics
Not centrally planned
Not centrally dispatched at present
Usually connected to the distribution networks
Smaller then 50 MW.
International Energy Agency (IEA) :
serving a customer on-site
providing support to a distribution network,
connected to the grid
5
6. 6
Distributed Generation
Embedded Generations
Disperse Generations
depends upon many technologies
depends upon many applications
Increasing DG penetration- Growing share of
distributed generators (DGs)
Policy initiatives to promote DG throughout the world
7. Advantages of DG Integration
Reduction in line losses
Improvement in voltage profile
Deferred network extension
Improvement in system efficiency
Enhanced peak shaving capacity
System reliability and security
7
8. Motivation for the Present Work
India is fastest growing economics
availability of quality supply is very crucial for the sustained growth
Electricity demand increasing rapidly
generating capacity in 1950 is 1,712 MW
Presently 2,11,766.22 MW
per capita per year only 860.72 kWh
triple by 2020, with 6.3% annual growth.
9
9. India is in power deficient state
power deficiency is nearly 12.2% of peak demand.
In UP, MP, Maharashtra, Bihar, and Punjab; it is more than 20%.
results in power cuts, blackouts, etc.
The above mentioned causes make the Distribution Generation from
fuel cells, wind turbines, photovoltaic and small/micro hydro plants
for continuous growth of the country.
10
11. 12
DG supplying real power
loss reduction and voltage profile improvement
operational constraints
Optimal Placement of DG
12. 13
LOCATION AND SIZING ISSUES
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0102030405060708090100
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
Loss
(MW)
%DG Size Bus No.
Effect of size and location of DG on system loss
14. Results and Discussions
Test systems
33-bus with total load of 3.72 MW and 2.3 MVAr
69-bus with total load of 3.80 MW and 2.69 MVAr
Beaver conductors
base voltage is 12.66 kV.
15
16. Method
Optimum
location
Optimum DG size
(MW)
Power loss (KW)
Without
DG
With DG
Analytical Method Bus 6 3.15 210.97 115.2
PSO approach Bus 7 2.91 210.97 115.1
17
Power loss with and without DG for 33-bus system with constraints
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
0.9
0.95
1
Bus Number
VoltageProfileinp.u.
With DG
Without DG
18. 19
Method
Optimum
location
Optimum DG size
(MW)
Power loss (KW)
Without
DG
With DG
Analytical Method Bus 61 1.81 225 83.4
PSO approach Bus 61 1.81 225 83.4
Power loss with and without DG for 69-bus system with constraints
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 69
0.9
0.95
1
Bus Number
ViltageProfileinp.u.
With DG
Without DG
19. Conclusions
minimize the real power loss.
Improvement in voltage profile
minimizing the DG size
20
22. Energy source Estimated Potential Cumulative
Installed capacity/ number
Wind power 45,000 MW 18321.10 MW
Small Hydro
(upto 25 MW)
15,000 MW 3464.59 MW
Biomass Power 16,000 MW 1242.60 MW
Bagasse Cogeneration 3,500 MW 2199.33 MW
Waste to energy 2,700 MW 93.68 MW
Solar Power (SPV) ----- 1047.16 MW
Family size Biogas Plants 12 million 45.45 Lakh
Solar street lighting system ----- 1,19,634 nos.
Home lighting system ----- 6,03,307 nos.
Solar Lanterns ----- 7, 97,344 nos.
Solar photovoltaic power plants 2.92 MWp
Solar water heating systems 140 million m2
of collector area
5.63 Million m2 of collector area
Solar photovoltaic pumps ----- 7334 nos.
Biomass gasifiers ----- 153.04 MW
23
Table 1.1 Renewable Energy Potential in India AND actual progress achieved up to 30.11.2012
23. Renewable sources already contribute to about 5% of
the total power generating capacity in the country.
Prospects for renewable are steadily improving in India
(% of total installed capacity is expected to be 10% by
2020).
24
24. Solar power as a solution to the
Indian power scenario
25
29. 30
Small units in the kilowatt range.
Economical point of view less
aggressive .
No cost reduction
Covers a wide range from less than one Watt to
several megawatts.
more aggressive .
Its cost decreasing day by day
30. Photovoltaic Cell
“Photo” meaning light.
“voltaic,” which refers to producing electricity.
A device that produces an electric reaction to light,
producing electricity.
A typical PV cell made of crystalline silicon is 12
centimetres in diameter and 0.25 millimetres thick. In full
sunlight, it generates 4 amperes of direct current at 0.5
volts or 2 watts of electrical power.
31
31. Photovoltaic Module
Cells are interconnected and their
electrical connections are then
sandwiched between a top layer of
glass or clear plastic and a lower
level of plastic or plastic and metal.
An outer frame is attached to
increase mechanical strength, and
to provide a way to mount the unit.
This package is called a "module" or
"panel".
32
40. Grid Connected PV Systems is
Preferred
No use of battery reduces its capital cost
More reliable than other PV system.
To install Grid connected SPV system the
following points are taken into consideration
41
42. Grid Connected PV Systems
Estimate the solar potential available
Develop a system based on the potential estimations
made for a chosen area of 100, 200, 500 m².
Annual energy generation by designed plant.
In the last cost estimation of grid connected SPV power
plant to show whether it is economically viable or not.
43
43. Estimation of Solar Potential
The solar radiation over different months measured.
The diurnal variations, average monthly output , yearly
output are find out and related graphs are plot for
showing the variation in different season and time.
Peak variation and possible plant rating also calculated.
44
44. How Solar Radiation measured
Estimation the solar potential
Reading of solar radiation of given site.
It should have the ability to store the data which
it measure for at least three months.
45
45. METHODOLOGY
Calculated the daily energy output and monthly
energy output for different months .
For better understanding, the measured solar
radiation data sheet for the month of April 2010
has been given as a sample of Electrical
Engineering Department, IIT Roorkee site.
46
55. Condition for Grid inter facing
Phase sequence matching: For a three phase system
three phases should be 120 deg phase apart from each
other for both the system.
Frequency matching : Frequency of the SPV system
should be same as grid. Generally grid is of 50 Hz
frequency capacity, now if SPV systems frequency is
slightly higher than grid frequency (0.1 to 0.5)
synchronization is possible but SPV system frequency
should not be less than grid frequency
Voltage matching: Voltage level of both the system
should same, otherwise synchronization is not possible.
56
56. 9 kWp Grid connected PV system
Solar Panel Specification
57
58. Cost analysis for 9kWp SPV Grid
Connected Power Plant
Total cost for 50 panels : Rs.14,40000/-
Cost of 3-φ Inverter : Rs. 2,50000/-
Cost of 3-φ step up Transformer : Rs. 2,00000/-
Subtotal: Rs.18,90000/-
Multiply the subtotal above by 0.2 (20%) to cover
balance of system cost. Cost Estimate for Balance of
System: (1890000 × 0.2) Rs. 3,78000/-.
Total Estimated PV System Cost is Rs.22,68000/-.
59
60. Illustration of PSO algorithm
This presentation is for the
understanding of PSO method applied
in DG Placement.
61. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to
bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective
locations of the chosen network
For Ex. Assume
there are 3 DGs to be placed and
the number of particles be 10
33 bus data taken into consideration
then,
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
62. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to
bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective
locations of the chosen network
For Ex. Assume
there are 3 DGs to be placed and
the number of particles be 10
33 bus data taken into consideration
then,
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
Locations of 3 DGs Sizes of 3 DGs
63. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to
bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective
locations of the chosen network
For Ex. Assume
there are 3 DGs to be placed and
the number of particles be 10
33 bus data taken into consideration
then,
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
Locations of 3 DGs Sizes of 3 DGs
10 Combinations
Or
10 particles
64. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to
bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective
locations of the chosen network
For Ex. Assume
there are 3 DGs to be placed and
the number of particles be 10
33 bus data taken into consideration
then,
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
1.1MW at 5th bus
65. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to
bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective
locations of the chosen network
For Ex. Assume
there are 3 DGs to be placed and
the number of particles be 10
33 bus data taken into consideration
then,
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
0.4MW at 4th bus
66. Step 1 : Initialize random values into particles which correspond to
bus numbers(or locations of DGs) and sizes to be kept at respective
locations of the chosen network
For Ex. Assume
there are 3 DGs to be placed and
the number of particles be 10
33 bus data taken into consideration
then,
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
2.1MW at 31st bus
67. Step 2 : For each Particle (or each combination of Buses), apply DG
sizes in the particle at locations given in the particle and calculate
loss using exact loss formula.
Sizes of
DGs
Locations of
DGs
Apply Exact
Loss equation PL = 0.132
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
68. Step 2 : For each Particle (or each combination of Buses), apply DG
sizes in the particle at locations given in the particle and calculate
loss using exact loss formula.
Sizes of
DGs
Locations of
DGs
Apply Exact
Loss equation PL = 0.132
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
Apply Exact
Loss equation PL = 0.114
Apply Exact
Loss equation PL = 0.122
Apply Exact
Loss equation PL = 0.199
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. .
69. Step 2 : For each Particle (or each combination of Buses), apply DG
sizes in the particle at locations given in the particle and calculate
loss using exact loss formula.
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
Apply Exact
Loss equation PL = 0.114
70. Step 3 : Depending on the respective loss choose the minimum one as
global best.
update the personal best also.
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
Assume That the following combination has the best value i.e. lowest
PL
Then,
Global
Best
Particle
Fitness of
Global
Best
Apply Exact
Loss equation PL = 0.114
71. Step 3 : Depending on the respective loss choose the minimum one as
global best.
update the personal best also.
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
Global
Best
Particle
Fitness of
Global
Best
Apply Exact
Loss equation PL = 0.114
Personal Best is also updated similarly. The only change is that it is
compared to its own previous value of the respective Particle.
72. Step 4 : Update the velocities and positions of the Particles using PSO
update equations.
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values
After using
both
equations
and
updating,
The array
transforms
into
73. Step 5: Do steps 2,3,4 until the particles converge to a point where
Global best does not get updated.
Note : All the values are assumed. They don't correspond to original values