La politique énergétique de l’Union européenne en débat
18 ème Séance du Séminaire PSL de Recherches en Economie de l’Energie
12 janvier 2015, Ecole des Mines de Paris
The document discusses potential futures for EU energy policy across five tracks: 1) the internal electricity market, 2) the internal gas market, 3) 2030 targets, 4) energy policy governance, and 5) external energy security and policy. For each track, the document contrasts a "mini" and "maxi" option. The "mini" options focus on incremental changes while the "maxi" options call for more comprehensive reforms, including potentially establishing a new "Energy Union" framework with substantial new powers. In conclusion, the document questions whether much further change is needed, or if the EU may return to a past era of less centralized energy policy, and explores a potential "minimalist era" with the EC functioning more as an
The document discusses 5 key issues facing EU energy policy and options for the future referred to as "mini" and "maxi" options. The 5 issues are: 1) the internal electricity market, 2) the internal gas market, 3) national targets from 2020-2030, 4) governance for 2030 policies, and 5) external energy security and policy. For each issue, the "mini" option favors maintaining the status quo while the "maxi" option proposes more comprehensive EU-level frameworks and powers. The conclusion suggests there is room for different forms of an "Energy Union" across these issues, but its purpose and shape require further definition from the European Commission.
This document discusses the challenges facing the European Union's energy policy goals for 2030. It outlines three main challenges: 1) how to coordinate energy targets and policies across the 28 EU member states to ensure the EU is moving in a coherent direction, 2) establishing an appropriate governance framework for a new 2030 EU energy policy, and 3) developing a unified external energy security policy rather than allowing energy security issues to divide the EU. For each challenge, it contrasts a "mini" option of limited coordination versus a "maxi" option of a more comprehensive, binding Energy Union approach. The conclusion is that without significant changes, the EU risks having an ineffective energy policy, similar to the period before 2007, failing to adequately address energy security
The document provides an overview and analysis of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation plan. Key points:
- Horizon 2020 is the EU's €70.96 billion omnibus R&D programme for 2014-2020, replacing and expanding previous frameworks.
- The Commission initially proposed €80 billion but member states agreed only €70.96 billion. Parliament wants €100 billion.
- The programme aims to simplify funding, support innovation in companies, address challenges like climate change, and strengthen European science.
- Parliament and Council must agree the final legislation by summer 2013 for funding to begin in 2014 as planned. Parliament reports propose changes to the Commission plan.
Handbook for the introduction of Building Information Modelling by the Europe...Alvaro Urbano
The European construction sector is at the centre of a tough but also promising set of economic, environmental and societal challenges. The sector represents 9% of EU GDP and employs 18 million people. It is a driver for economic growth and home to 3 million enterprises, most of which are SMEs.
Climate change, resource efficiency, greater demands on social care, urbanisation and immigration, an ageing infrastructure, the need to stimulate economic growth, as well as constrained budgets: these are challenges faced by governments, public infrastructure owners and society as a whole. An innovative, competitive and growing construction sector is a crucial component for tackling these challenges.
Similar to other sectors, construction is now seeing its own “digital Revolution”, having previously benefitted from only modest productivity improvements. Building Information Modelling (“BIM”) is being adopted rapidly by different parts of the value chain as a strategic tool to deliver cost savings, productivity and operations efficiencies, improved infrastructure quality and better environmental performance.
Anatomy of investment agreements of the european uniondelabuw
At the end of 2013, the European Union and China announced the start of negotiations on a bilateral investment agreement. This will be the first agreement signed by the European Union as a partner, and not by its Member States. However, almost all Member States of the European Union have already signed, this type of agreement with China. This raises the question of the added value of new contracts entered into by the European Union. Is the new agreement is able to attract new investors?
The aim of this study is to demonstrate how agreements concluded by the EU countries have influenced the volume of stock of foreign direct investment. This paper proposes an analysis of BIT and FTA&EIA agreements and then conducted an empirical study based on FDI stocks of the European Union countries.
The document discusses potential futures for EU energy policy across five tracks: 1) the internal electricity market, 2) the internal gas market, 3) 2030 targets, 4) energy policy governance, and 5) external energy security and policy. For each track, the document contrasts a "mini" and "maxi" option. The "mini" options focus on incremental changes while the "maxi" options call for more comprehensive reforms, including potentially establishing a new "Energy Union" framework with substantial new powers. In conclusion, the document questions whether much further change is needed, or if the EU may return to a past era of less centralized energy policy, and explores a potential "minimalist era" with the EC functioning more as an
The document discusses 5 key issues facing EU energy policy and options for the future referred to as "mini" and "maxi" options. The 5 issues are: 1) the internal electricity market, 2) the internal gas market, 3) national targets from 2020-2030, 4) governance for 2030 policies, and 5) external energy security and policy. For each issue, the "mini" option favors maintaining the status quo while the "maxi" option proposes more comprehensive EU-level frameworks and powers. The conclusion suggests there is room for different forms of an "Energy Union" across these issues, but its purpose and shape require further definition from the European Commission.
This document discusses the challenges facing the European Union's energy policy goals for 2030. It outlines three main challenges: 1) how to coordinate energy targets and policies across the 28 EU member states to ensure the EU is moving in a coherent direction, 2) establishing an appropriate governance framework for a new 2030 EU energy policy, and 3) developing a unified external energy security policy rather than allowing energy security issues to divide the EU. For each challenge, it contrasts a "mini" option of limited coordination versus a "maxi" option of a more comprehensive, binding Energy Union approach. The conclusion is that without significant changes, the EU risks having an ineffective energy policy, similar to the period before 2007, failing to adequately address energy security
The document provides an overview and analysis of the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation plan. Key points:
- Horizon 2020 is the EU's €70.96 billion omnibus R&D programme for 2014-2020, replacing and expanding previous frameworks.
- The Commission initially proposed €80 billion but member states agreed only €70.96 billion. Parliament wants €100 billion.
- The programme aims to simplify funding, support innovation in companies, address challenges like climate change, and strengthen European science.
- Parliament and Council must agree the final legislation by summer 2013 for funding to begin in 2014 as planned. Parliament reports propose changes to the Commission plan.
Handbook for the introduction of Building Information Modelling by the Europe...Alvaro Urbano
The European construction sector is at the centre of a tough but also promising set of economic, environmental and societal challenges. The sector represents 9% of EU GDP and employs 18 million people. It is a driver for economic growth and home to 3 million enterprises, most of which are SMEs.
Climate change, resource efficiency, greater demands on social care, urbanisation and immigration, an ageing infrastructure, the need to stimulate economic growth, as well as constrained budgets: these are challenges faced by governments, public infrastructure owners and society as a whole. An innovative, competitive and growing construction sector is a crucial component for tackling these challenges.
Similar to other sectors, construction is now seeing its own “digital Revolution”, having previously benefitted from only modest productivity improvements. Building Information Modelling (“BIM”) is being adopted rapidly by different parts of the value chain as a strategic tool to deliver cost savings, productivity and operations efficiencies, improved infrastructure quality and better environmental performance.
Anatomy of investment agreements of the european uniondelabuw
At the end of 2013, the European Union and China announced the start of negotiations on a bilateral investment agreement. This will be the first agreement signed by the European Union as a partner, and not by its Member States. However, almost all Member States of the European Union have already signed, this type of agreement with China. This raises the question of the added value of new contracts entered into by the European Union. Is the new agreement is able to attract new investors?
The aim of this study is to demonstrate how agreements concluded by the EU countries have influenced the volume of stock of foreign direct investment. This paper proposes an analysis of BIT and FTA&EIA agreements and then conducted an empirical study based on FDI stocks of the European Union countries.
COGEN Europe presentation: Micro-CHP overview at EU levelCOGEN Europe
COGEN Europe had the pleasure to present latest micro-CHP developments at the Micro-CHP Workshop organized by The Spanish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technological Platform on 12 February 2016.
The Spanish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technological Platform (PTE HPC) and the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI) are organising a double event comprising the FCH JU Call2016 national InfoDay and a Workshop on m-CHP.
Ken Ducatel (DG Info Society): Local Broadband Policies in Europe - Public Ac...Frederik Temmermans
The document discusses the role of public policy in promoting broadband access and economic growth in Europe. It notes that broadband access is key to social and economic participation but that there are large gaps in access between countries and regions. While Europe leads in broadband adoption rates, it is falling behind in high-speed broadband. The document outlines EU initiatives to increase broadband access, such as investing €5 billion in broadband infrastructure and setting a target of 30% household access by 2010. Barriers to access include high prices, low coverage in rural areas, and lack of high-speed options.
The document discusses strategies for increasing voter turnout in the 2009 European Parliament elections. It notes that currently less than half of eligible EU citizens vote, with young and less educated citizens among those most likely to abstain. It recommends that the campaign focus on highlighting issues of direct relevance to citizens' daily lives that are within the European Parliament's powers. Specifically, it suggests focusing on topics like energy, security, the environment and consumer protection. The campaign also needs to be adapted to each country's political and cultural contexts to be most effective.
Programes de desenvolupament i recerca impulsats per la UE: H2020 i iniciativ...ICGCat
Presentació realitzada per Marina Martínez (CDTI, Dirección de Programas Internacionales) i Massimo Craglia (Joint Research Centre, European Commission) a la Jornada "Espècies exòtiques invasores. Projecte IASTracker" (28/01/2016)
This document discusses the EEA Grants Agreement between Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and 15 EU countries to promote bilateral cooperation. It provides an overview of the EEA Agreement and EEA Grants program, noting that Norway contributes 97% of the €1.79 billion budget for 2009-2014. For Spain, 44% of funds are allocated to environmental and climate change research and technology. The document outlines the objectives to strengthen bilateral relations and encourages Spanish organizations to partner with institutions in Norway and Iceland, providing numerous links to relevant organizations in renewable energy, research, technology, and utilities in both countries.
Who pioneered Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growthAzamat Abdoullaev
Dr. Azamat Abdoullaev proposed a strategy called "Smart Intelligent Europe" to the European Commission in 2009 to promote smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. In 2010, the European Commission adopted Abdoullaev's ideas as their Europe 2020 strategy. The Europe 2020 strategy set targets in employment, research and development spending, climate change and energy, education, and reducing poverty. However, the European Commission did not recognize Abdoullaev's authorship or provide him financial benefit for creating the strategy that they implemented. Abdoullaev can take action against the European Commission and Council at the Court of Justice of the European Union for infringement of his intellectual property rights.
COGEN Europe is a trade association that promotes cogeneration (CHP) across Europe. The document discusses COGEN Europe's role and activities, including advocating for policies that support CHP. It then summarizes the state of CHP markets and policies across Europe, finding that while CHP capacity and generation is significant, support policies vary between countries and are often insufficient or unstable. Key upcoming EU policy areas that could impact CHP are identified as the Energy Efficiency Directive, electricity market design, and the heating and cooling strategy.
This document discusses the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe. It provides an overview of the Heat Roadmap Europe project which developed roadmaps and analyses to show how the sector can be completely decarbonized using existing technologies. The document outlines the methodology used, key results which found decarbonization is cost-effective, and recommends stronger policy focus on implementing energy efficiency, supporting thermal infrastructure, and connecting climate and industrial policies. It also discusses next steps stakeholders should take to advance decarbonization.
What does BREXIT mean for my EU funding? EU Environmental Funding Webinar IES / IAQM
Simon Pascoe who represents the European network of Environmental Professionals in Brussels has over 20 years experience of working with local authorities, universities and NGOs on EU funding opportunities.
Industrial relations - International and European Framework Agreements - Chri...Eurofound
This document discusses transnational agreements like International Framework Agreements (IFAs) and European Framework Agreements (EFAs) between global unions and multinational companies. It provides data on the growth of IFAs and EFAs from 1998-2008, and analyzes their content regarding standards, rights, and inclusion of suppliers. While IFAs and EFAs have increased social dialogue, their impact is limited beyond establishing relationships and they do not establish a strong legal framework at the international or EU level. They also primarily reflect the traditions of European industrial relations.
EMCC - European market integration and next steps - Enno BöttcherInnovation Norway
Market coupling is being implemented across Europe to integrate regional electricity markets and optimize prices and flows. The document discusses:
1. How market coupling works by having EMCC buy electricity in low-price areas and sell in high-price areas, balancing supply and demand across borders and converging prices.
2. How the European market coupling landscape has developed since 2003 with different initiatives in various states. A new Price Coupling of Regions system will launch in November 2013.
3. The challenges of further integrating electricity markets at a pan-European level including developing transmission infrastructure, aligning legislation between countries, and ensuring non-discriminatory access and flexibility for different states of development.
Within a mixed economy, both public and private ownership of industry exists. The public sector provides essential services like health, education, and transportation through central and local governments, funded by taxes, with objectives other than profit like job creation and affordable prices. Some industries have been privatized in countries like the UK and China by selling state-owned assets to private owners. Privatization can increase competition and efficiency but may also result in job losses or essential unprofitable services no longer being provided. The benefits and drawbacks of both public and private ownership are debated.
Dr. Oliver Koch gave a presentation on energy policy and the internal energy market in the European Union. He discussed two major trends: the increasing Europeanization of energy markets and the rise of intermittent renewable energy sources. This presents challenges for ensuring generation adequacy and avoiding market distortions. Koch argued that pursuing further integration of the EU energy market is essential for security of supply, infrastructure planning, and lowering energy prices through competition. National policies need to be coordinated to avoid problems like loop flows that fragment the single market.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de ley para modificar la Ley 42/1997 que regula la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social en España. El proyecto busca adaptar la ley al marco constitucional actual y a la distribución actual de competencias entre la administración estatal y las comunidades autónomas. También pretende fortalecer la cooperación entre las diferentes administraciones competentes y garantizar la calidad de los recursos humanos del sistema de inspección.
This short document contains a list of three items: Test 1, Test 2, and Test 3. No other details are provided about the nature of the tests or what they involve. The document simply lists three separate tests numbered in order.
¿Transregionalización política con matices VERDES?Gobernabilidad
Verdes enfoca en la imagen de Rubén Costas más que en sus ideas políticas. Para tener éxito a nivel nacional, Verdes debe modificar su enfoque regionalista, reconocer la diversidad de Santa Cruz, y readecuar el liderazgo de Costas para incluir perspectivas más colectivas. Verdes también debe abordar desafíos como generar corrientes internas pluralistas y fortalecer su estructura organizativa.
COGEN Europe presentation: Micro-CHP overview at EU levelCOGEN Europe
COGEN Europe had the pleasure to present latest micro-CHP developments at the Micro-CHP Workshop organized by The Spanish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technological Platform on 12 February 2016.
The Spanish Hydrogen & Fuel Cell Technological Platform (PTE HPC) and the Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI) are organising a double event comprising the FCH JU Call2016 national InfoDay and a Workshop on m-CHP.
Ken Ducatel (DG Info Society): Local Broadband Policies in Europe - Public Ac...Frederik Temmermans
The document discusses the role of public policy in promoting broadband access and economic growth in Europe. It notes that broadband access is key to social and economic participation but that there are large gaps in access between countries and regions. While Europe leads in broadband adoption rates, it is falling behind in high-speed broadband. The document outlines EU initiatives to increase broadband access, such as investing €5 billion in broadband infrastructure and setting a target of 30% household access by 2010. Barriers to access include high prices, low coverage in rural areas, and lack of high-speed options.
The document discusses strategies for increasing voter turnout in the 2009 European Parliament elections. It notes that currently less than half of eligible EU citizens vote, with young and less educated citizens among those most likely to abstain. It recommends that the campaign focus on highlighting issues of direct relevance to citizens' daily lives that are within the European Parliament's powers. Specifically, it suggests focusing on topics like energy, security, the environment and consumer protection. The campaign also needs to be adapted to each country's political and cultural contexts to be most effective.
Programes de desenvolupament i recerca impulsats per la UE: H2020 i iniciativ...ICGCat
Presentació realitzada per Marina Martínez (CDTI, Dirección de Programas Internacionales) i Massimo Craglia (Joint Research Centre, European Commission) a la Jornada "Espècies exòtiques invasores. Projecte IASTracker" (28/01/2016)
This document discusses the EEA Grants Agreement between Norway, Iceland, Liechtenstein and 15 EU countries to promote bilateral cooperation. It provides an overview of the EEA Agreement and EEA Grants program, noting that Norway contributes 97% of the €1.79 billion budget for 2009-2014. For Spain, 44% of funds are allocated to environmental and climate change research and technology. The document outlines the objectives to strengthen bilateral relations and encourages Spanish organizations to partner with institutions in Norway and Iceland, providing numerous links to relevant organizations in renewable energy, research, technology, and utilities in both countries.
Who pioneered Europe 2020 strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growthAzamat Abdoullaev
Dr. Azamat Abdoullaev proposed a strategy called "Smart Intelligent Europe" to the European Commission in 2009 to promote smart, sustainable, and inclusive growth. In 2010, the European Commission adopted Abdoullaev's ideas as their Europe 2020 strategy. The Europe 2020 strategy set targets in employment, research and development spending, climate change and energy, education, and reducing poverty. However, the European Commission did not recognize Abdoullaev's authorship or provide him financial benefit for creating the strategy that they implemented. Abdoullaev can take action against the European Commission and Council at the Court of Justice of the European Union for infringement of his intellectual property rights.
COGEN Europe is a trade association that promotes cogeneration (CHP) across Europe. The document discusses COGEN Europe's role and activities, including advocating for policies that support CHP. It then summarizes the state of CHP markets and policies across Europe, finding that while CHP capacity and generation is significant, support policies vary between countries and are often insufficient or unstable. Key upcoming EU policy areas that could impact CHP are identified as the Energy Efficiency Directive, electricity market design, and the heating and cooling strategy.
This document discusses the decarbonization of the heating and cooling sector in Europe. It provides an overview of the Heat Roadmap Europe project which developed roadmaps and analyses to show how the sector can be completely decarbonized using existing technologies. The document outlines the methodology used, key results which found decarbonization is cost-effective, and recommends stronger policy focus on implementing energy efficiency, supporting thermal infrastructure, and connecting climate and industrial policies. It also discusses next steps stakeholders should take to advance decarbonization.
What does BREXIT mean for my EU funding? EU Environmental Funding Webinar IES / IAQM
Simon Pascoe who represents the European network of Environmental Professionals in Brussels has over 20 years experience of working with local authorities, universities and NGOs on EU funding opportunities.
Industrial relations - International and European Framework Agreements - Chri...Eurofound
This document discusses transnational agreements like International Framework Agreements (IFAs) and European Framework Agreements (EFAs) between global unions and multinational companies. It provides data on the growth of IFAs and EFAs from 1998-2008, and analyzes their content regarding standards, rights, and inclusion of suppliers. While IFAs and EFAs have increased social dialogue, their impact is limited beyond establishing relationships and they do not establish a strong legal framework at the international or EU level. They also primarily reflect the traditions of European industrial relations.
EMCC - European market integration and next steps - Enno BöttcherInnovation Norway
Market coupling is being implemented across Europe to integrate regional electricity markets and optimize prices and flows. The document discusses:
1. How market coupling works by having EMCC buy electricity in low-price areas and sell in high-price areas, balancing supply and demand across borders and converging prices.
2. How the European market coupling landscape has developed since 2003 with different initiatives in various states. A new Price Coupling of Regions system will launch in November 2013.
3. The challenges of further integrating electricity markets at a pan-European level including developing transmission infrastructure, aligning legislation between countries, and ensuring non-discriminatory access and flexibility for different states of development.
Within a mixed economy, both public and private ownership of industry exists. The public sector provides essential services like health, education, and transportation through central and local governments, funded by taxes, with objectives other than profit like job creation and affordable prices. Some industries have been privatized in countries like the UK and China by selling state-owned assets to private owners. Privatization can increase competition and efficiency but may also result in job losses or essential unprofitable services no longer being provided. The benefits and drawbacks of both public and private ownership are debated.
Dr. Oliver Koch gave a presentation on energy policy and the internal energy market in the European Union. He discussed two major trends: the increasing Europeanization of energy markets and the rise of intermittent renewable energy sources. This presents challenges for ensuring generation adequacy and avoiding market distortions. Koch argued that pursuing further integration of the EU energy market is essential for security of supply, infrastructure planning, and lowering energy prices through competition. National policies need to be coordinated to avoid problems like loop flows that fragment the single market.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de ley para modificar la Ley 42/1997 que regula la Inspección de Trabajo y Seguridad Social en España. El proyecto busca adaptar la ley al marco constitucional actual y a la distribución actual de competencias entre la administración estatal y las comunidades autónomas. También pretende fortalecer la cooperación entre las diferentes administraciones competentes y garantizar la calidad de los recursos humanos del sistema de inspección.
This short document contains a list of three items: Test 1, Test 2, and Test 3. No other details are provided about the nature of the tests or what they involve. The document simply lists three separate tests numbered in order.
¿Transregionalización política con matices VERDES?Gobernabilidad
Verdes enfoca en la imagen de Rubén Costas más que en sus ideas políticas. Para tener éxito a nivel nacional, Verdes debe modificar su enfoque regionalista, reconocer la diversidad de Santa Cruz, y readecuar el liderazgo de Costas para incluir perspectivas más colectivas. Verdes también debe abordar desafíos como generar corrientes internas pluralistas y fortalecer su estructura organizativa.
Este documento discute los beneficios de negocio de la computación en la nube, incluyendo ahorros de costos y mayor flexibilidad. Sin embargo, también señala que la computación en la nube introduce mayores riesgos de seguridad y dependencia de un proveedor externo. El documento define la computación en la nube y examina los modelos de servicios, implementaciones y características clave, así como consideraciones de seguridad, gobierno y aseguramiento relacionadas con el uso de servicios en la nube.
La desnutrición se clasifica según su causa (primaria, secundaria o mixta), gravedad del déficit de peso, evolución (aguda o crónica) y según la clasificación de Waterlow que combina el déficit de peso y desmedro. Los principales síntomas de la desnutrición severa son la alteración de los procesos vitales, disminución de la inmunidad y predisposición a infecciones. La desnutrición también causa retraso en el crecimiento y disminución de la estatura en los niños
2014 2015-lnd-ut4-meteor-primer ejemploIES El Rincón
El documento describe los pasos para crear un proyecto Meteor para mostrar una lista de fotos. Primero, se crea un proyecto y se organiza el código fuente en directorios para el cliente, servidor y archivos estáticos. Luego, se crean plantillas HTML para las fotos en un directorio separado y una plantilla contiene a la otra para mostrar la lista y detalles de cada foto. Finalmente, se sugiere complicar el ejemplo añadiendo más detalles a cada foto como URLs y descripciones.
Le gouvernement a lancé le 11 juillet 2012, les Assises de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche qui mettent en débat les sujets de la réussite de tous les étudiants, d’une nouvelle ambition pour la recherche et l'enseignement supérieur (rôle dans la société et dans l'économie, dans la transition écologique, dans le rayonnement international de notre pays) et de la révision de la gouvernance des établissements, des politiques de sites et de réseaux.
Le MEDEF présente des propositions, pragmatiques et indispensables, pour répondre aux enjeux auxquels est confronté l’enseignement supérieur français.
En effet, l’essor de nouvelles puissances et la massification de l’enseignement supérieur au niveau mondial accentuent la nécessité de faire émerger des universités d’excellence, capables d’attirer les meilleurs talents au service de notre pays et de nos entreprises, mais aussi de soutenir l’effort en matière de politique de recherche et d’innovation.
La ley modifica sustancialmente la regulación de las Mutuas de Accidentes de Trabajo y Enfermedades Profesionales (MATyEP) y introduce cambios en la protección por cese de actividad de los trabajadores autónomos. Las MATyEP pasan a denominarse Mutuas Colaboradoras con la Seguridad Social. La ley refuerza la transparencia, eficacia y eficiencia en la gestión, y otorga mayor relevancia a los trabajadores y empresas protegidos. También regula aspectos como la estructura y órgan
Cuatro nuevas sentencias (dos del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Madrid y dos de la Audiencia Nacional) declaran la nulidad de expedientes de regulación de empleo (ERE) presentados por empresas. Las sentencias contradicen la afirmación de que una sentencia previa del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia marcaba un "cambio de rumbo" en los despidos colectivos y respaldaba los ERE con solo 20 días de indemnización. El autor analiza los aspectos más destacados de estas cuatro sentencias recientes.
Etude d'Ernst and Young pour l'Institut Economique Molinari
OBJECTIF DE L’ÉTUDE
L’objectif de cette étude est de comparer le fardeau fiscal et social qui pèse sur le salarié moyen des 28 pays membres de l’Union européenne (UE) et de déterminer ainsi le « jour de libération fiscale et sociale » des personnes qui travaillent au sein de l’UE.
SPÉCIFICITÉ DE LA DÉMARCHE
De nombreuses études classent les pays en fonction de leur niveau de prélèvements obligatoires ou du degré de liberté économique perçu.
Très utiles aux économistes, ces travaux reposent pour autant sur des données chiffrées agrégeant la fiscalité pesant sur tous les agents économiques ou se focalisent sur des thématiques (la fiscalité du travail, la fiscalité sur la consommation...) au détriment d’une vision globale.
Ce faisant, ils occultent la part des revenus des salariés consacrée au financement des services publics et à la sécurité sociale obligatoire, ou rendent difficiles les comparaisons d’un pays à un autre.
Cette étude vise à surmonter ces difficultés, en comparant la pression fiscale et sociale réellement supportée par le salarié moyen dans chaque pays composant l’UE.
Cette pression est calculée en agrégeant les principaux impôts ou charges que supportent, directement ou indirectement, les salariés moyens. Elle prend en compte les charges sociales patronales, les charges sociales salariales, l’impôt sur le revenu et la TVA. Tous ces prélèvements obligatoires sont pris au titre du travail effectué par le salarié, sont intégralement financés par les fruits de son activité et réduisent in fine d’autant son pouvoir d’achat réel. Ils sont rapportés au salaire complet du salarié moyen, parfois appelé « super brut », calculé en additionnant les impôts et charges et ce qui reste, une fois ces prélèvements obligatoires sur le travail ou la consomma on réglés.
Cette étude permet ainsi de mesurer le coût réel des services publics et de la sécurité sociale pour le salarié moyen. Elle permet aussi d’en déduire le moment à partir duquel il recouvre la liberté d’utiliser, comme il veut, son pouvoir d’achat, en consommant ou épargnant.
Support de la présentation effectuée par Gerald Beaulieu (Chef de Projet GeoT) lors de l'atelier de sensibilisation aux processus de la diligence raisonnable organisé a Bukavu les 30 et 31 Mars 2015.
El documento resume la tramitación parlamentaria de un proyecto de ley para ordenar el sistema de inspección de trabajo y seguridad social en España. El Consejo Económico y Social emitió un dictamen positivo del anteproyecto con algunas críticas, como la omisión de los estatutos del nuevo organismo estatal de inspección. El proyecto de ley crea un organismo autónomo estatal, mejora la participación de las comunidades autónomas y sindicatos, y crea una oficina contra el fraude laboral.
El documento describe las difíciles condiciones en las que viven muchas personas y niños pobres, y enfatiza la importancia de ayudar a los demás. Señala que aunque no sepamos cómo ayudar a todas las personas que lo necesitan, debemos admirar a quienes se esfuerzan por sobrevivir y cuidar de sus familias en condiciones inimaginables. También destaca la necesidad de dar apoyo a los demás y de no pasar de largo cuando vemos a alguien que necesita ayuda.
The document discusses potential reforms to the European Union's energy policy following 10 years under the Barroso Commission. It outlines 5 tracks for potential reform: 1) the internal electricity market, 2) the internal gas market, 3) targets for reducing emissions by 2030, 4) energy policy governance, and 5) external energy security. For each track, it presents both "mini" and "maxi" options for reform, ranging from modest fixes to existing frameworks to more substantial overhauls and new comprehensive policies like an "Energy Union." The document argues that significant changes in assumptions around fossil fuel costs, renewable energy, and climate change goals warrant a re-examination of the EU's energy policy framework.
1. The document discusses options for reforming EU energy policy after 10 years under the Barroso Commission. It identifies 5 key areas that could be upgraded: the internal electricity and gas markets, approaches to meeting 2030 targets, governance, and external energy security.
2. For each area, it outlines a "mini" and "maxi" option. The mini options focus on incremental changes while the maxi options envision more comprehensive reforms, such as creating a new electricity market model or establishing a true Energy Union.
3. In conclusion, the author argues that significant changes are needed to EU energy policy or it may return to the pre-2004 era of having little EU-level energy policy. Reform could range from
1. Between 2004-2009, the EU unexpectedly developed an energy policy focused on developing the internal energy market, EU grids, and renewable energy sources (RES).
2. From 2012-2014, many of the core assumptions underlying EU energy policy derailed as fossil fuel prices decreased, nuclear issues arose, and RES subsidies fragmented the internal market.
3. Going forward from 2015-2025, the document discusses five key issues for a new EU energy policy: 1) addressing the crisis in the internal electricity market, 2) developing the internal gas market, 3) coordinating national targets from 2020-2030, 4) establishing appropriate governance for the new policy framework, and 5) managing external energy security and
The document discusses the evolution of the EU power system and market framework from 1996 to 2015 and questions whether the current framework can accommodate increasing renewable energy sources through 2030. It explores options for reframing the market to better integrate RES, including reconsidering pricing, grid access, and balancing responsibilities. The document also examines whether the proposed Energy Union could provide the missing comprehensive framework through new legislation, regulation, and policies focusing on markets, governance, supply security, sustainability, and international cooperation.
The document discusses the past, present, and future of EU energy policy.
1) From 2004-2009, the EU unexpectedly developed an energy policy focused on the internal market, EU grids, and renewable energy.
2) From 2013-2014, several core assumptions behind EU energy policy derailed, calling its framework into question.
3) For 2015-2025, the author proposes 5 keys for a new EU energy policy: 1) addressing the crisis in the internal electricity market, 2) completing the internal gas market, 3) coordinating national approaches to 2030 targets, 4) establishing governance for these approaches, and 5) improving external energy security and policy coordination.
The document discusses potential directions for EU energy policy from 2015-2025. It presents 5 key areas that a new EU energy policy could address: 1) the internal electricity market, 2) the internal gas market, 3) national targets and pathways from 2020 to 2030, 4) governance of the 2030 policies, and 5) external energy security. For each area, it contrasts a "mini" option that focuses on incremental changes within the existing framework, versus a "maxi" option that envisions more comprehensive reforms and centralized EU-level powers and frameworks.
This document discusses tensions arising in European Union energy and climate policy between 2007-2014. It summarizes that:
1. The EU's push for increased renewable energy sources created tensions with its internal power market by reducing residual demand and lowering energy prices.
2. The large volumes of variable renewable energy also influenced EU grids by changing generation locations, levels, and flow patterns, requiring increased coordination.
3. Financing the major costs of renewable energy support schemes and necessary grid reinforcements presented sustainability challenges, especially during Europe's economic crisis.
1) The EU has made progress toward establishing internal markets for electricity and gas, though both markets face ongoing challenges and limitations.
2) While electricity market integration has largely succeeded, the gas market remains more fragmented and dependent on long-term contracts.
3) Renewable energy targets have dominated EU energy policy and influenced the electricity market more than carbon reduction or efficiency goals, depressing prices and squeezing out fossil fuels like gas.
This document summarizes the four steps in the development of EU energy policy from 1986 to the present:
I. From 1986-2009, the EU focused on establishing an internal energy market and ensuring open grids for electricity trade between countries.
II. From 2007-2009, the EU developed its first "energy policy" centered around promoting renewable energy sources at the country level through national targets and support schemes.
III. From 2013-2014, some countries began calling for a "cease-fire" on renewable energy policies due to rising costs, as the EU Commission proposed guidelines to phase out non-market support and coordinate capacity mechanisms.
IV. Looking ahead to 2015-2020, the future remains unclear
The document outlines the European Commission's new "Energy Union" policy under Jean-Claude Juncker which aims to integrate the EU energy market further while increasing energy security, sustainability, and competitiveness. The policy has five pillars: 1) enhancing energy security, solidarity, and trust, 2) completing the EU's internal energy market, 3) moderating energy demand through efficiency, 4) decarbonizing the economy, and 5) boosting research and innovation. The Commission proposed legislation in 2015-2017 to strengthen regional cooperation, complete the internal market, ensure security of supply, and meet climate and renewable energy targets by 2030. The success of the ambitious Energy Union agenda will depend on overcoming political challenges to implementing these
The document discusses the achievements and challenges of the EU power market design over the past 10 years. It makes the following key points:
1. An internal EU energy market has been partially achieved through day-ahead pricing across borders and simplified cross-border grid access, however, this design assumes accurate generation forecasts and treats grid location as unimportant which may not hold true going forward.
2. Wholesale market repairs are needed, including better pricing of capacity and energy over time horizons, unsimplifying grid access rules to reflect constraints, and internalizing balancing costs.
3. The retail market is a new frontier as millions of households are both producers and consumers, and demand response could become valuable for system operation
The document discusses 3 novel regulatory challenges seen from the European Union perspective:
1) Cross-country regulation to address cross-border electricity systems and markets when authorities and operators have separate national mandates. The EU addressed this by creating groups like ACER and ENTSO-E but seamless coordination has not been fully achieved.
2) Multi-country energy transition coordination when policymakers are national. The EU set common 20-20-20 goals but individual country approaches vary after 2020. Coordination through climate pledges and reviews is needed.
3) The impact of new technologies like solar PV and batteries that empower consumers to exit grid regulation as monopolies. This raises important questions about how grid tariffs and
the European energy policy for 2020 is at a cross road. Do the existing three objectives for 2020 go ahead to a final success or not? Are they completing or contradicting each other? Energy efficiency, renewables and Green House Gas mitigation are not the various faces of the same kind...
The European Union's 20-20-20 energy policy of achieving 20% reductions in emissions, 20% renewable energy usage, and 20% improved energy efficiency by 2020 faces significant challenges and uncertainties. While the renewable energy and emissions reduction targets may be achieved through investment subsidies, this risks undermining non-renewable energy generators, burdening consumers, selecting commercial 'winners', and failing to incentivize broader decarbonization innovations. Achieving the efficiency target relies more on voluntary actions without strong mandates or investment incentives. Additionally, shifts in the global energy landscape towards cheap and abundant shale gas in North America could weaken Europe's negotiating position in future international climate agreements.
Emissions trading: The politics of designkolomytsev
This document discusses the design and politics of emissions trading schemes. It provides details on key design elements of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme such as scope, allocation of allowances, compliance, and monitoring and verification. It also discusses the various stakeholders involved in emissions trading and the debates around issues like carbon leakage and use of offsets. The document concludes by noting the post-2015 uncertainty around the future of international carbon markets and credits in the absence of a new global climate treaty.
The EU is facing three challenges with power regulation:
1) Achieving coherent cross-country rules for seamless power operation and markets across borders as both markets and systems cross national borders.
2) Ensuring a coordinated multi-country energy transition as key policymakers are national in the face of EU and international climate pledges.
3) Addressing what happens as new technologies empower consumers to exit grid regulation through technologies like solar PV and batteries.
Similar to Une nouvelle politique de l’énergie pour la nouvelle Commission européenne ? (20)
The document discusses the evolution of energy regulation over the past two centuries and outlines challenges for the future. It covers:
1) Old challenges of regulating infrastructure monopolies to ensure universal access and affordability.
2) First wave of new challenges in the 1990s of opening markets through incentive regulation and aligning market design with grid operation.
3) Latest challenges of aligning grids and markets with high renewable energy, and redefining regulation for the energy transition and digitalization including activating distributed energy resources and sector coupling.
The document discusses energy transitions on a global scale. It defines energy transitions as shifts from one dominant energy source to another that typically take decades to occur across countries. While governments are driving transitions to meet climate goals, there is no single global transition but rather many national transitions due to differing resources and goals. Key challenges of transitions include reducing fossil fuel use, increasing renewable electricity and electrifying other sectors like transport and industry in a cost-effective way while ensuring grid reliability. Opportunities exist for distributed renewable resources and new digital technologies to empower individual citizens and communities in transitions.
- There are two new business models emerging in the electricity sector: (1) greening generation through increased renewable energy sources and (2) digital products targeted at "retail-size" customers.
- Green generators depend on policy support and securing stable revenue streams prior to investment. Digital technologies help reduce costs for small players offering customized products.
- Regulated grids are impacted as they are key to renewable generation but lack incentives, and are the "delivery loop" for digital products but regulation lags behind changes. Questions remain around revenue streams for green generators and role of grids in facilitating new business models.
The document discusses how electricity systems are changing from "stupid" centralized systems to "smart" decentralized systems. It outlines four stages: 1) the traditional centralized hierarchy; 2) the addition of demand response through aggregators; 3) fully activating demand through peer-to-peer trading and energy communities; and 4) regulators adapting to these changes. While initially wary of disruptions, regulators like Ofgem now recognize flexibility and platforms as key to the new interactive system and transactive energy future.
Presentation @ Turin School of Regulation, Italy
5 September 2019
by Jean-Michel Glachant
Loyola de Palacio Chair Prof.
& Director Florence School of Regulation
European University Institute (Florence, Italy)
This document discusses 4 waves of regulation and how decentralization and digitalization are opening up new opportunities but also challenges for regulators. Decentralization is ending centralized utilities and systems through distributed generation, demand response, and storage technologies located behind meters. Digitalization allows assets to be gathered and controlled from outside the traditional sector through platforms and aggregators. However, regulators face new challenges around coordination, incentives, and protections for privacy, software, and infrastructure.
The document summarizes four waves of regulation challenges and tools. The first wave focused on submitting natural monopolies to social welfare considerations. The second wave implemented policies around universal service. The third wave coordinated unbundled grids and market design. The fourth and current wave innovates around decentralization and digitalization. These trends are interacting and presenting new regulatory coordination challenges, such as regulating activities beyond utilities and incentivizing structural business model innovations.
The document discusses electricity regulation through the lenses of three Ds: decarbonization, decentralization, and digitalization. Decentralization is changing asset ownership, operation, and decision-making through distributed generation and new platforms/integrators. Digitalization similarly changes assets and operation through smart technologies and platforms that coordinate decentralized resources. Decentralization and digitalization strongly interact by targeting behind-the-meter assets and new delivery loops. This raises challenges for regulation beyond utilities to address new business models, governance forms, and the interactions between innovation and regulation.
The document discusses the European energy packages that have established a regulatory framework for the electricity market across European Union countries. It provides the following key points:
1. The third energy package, implemented around 2009, created new EU bodies like ACER and ENTSOs that helped mutualize regulation across countries. It also gave these bodies legal duties.
2. Since then, several network codes have been developed through a comitology process and implemented at the national level to harmonize rules on issues like generator connections, demand response, and capacity allocation.
3. The network codes and guidelines cover various operational and market areas and aim to gradually establish a single EU-wide target model, though national regulators and grid operators still
The document discusses the evolution of the EU electricity market and system through four packages implemented over the past two decades. The fourth package introduced several new developments: 1) It established new EU bodies like ACER and ENTSOs to coordinate policies across countries. 2) It defined a process for these bodies to develop network codes and guidelines setting common EU rules. 3) Areas now covered by these legally binding codes include generator connections, demand connection, capacity allocation, and balancing. The codes are implemented by national regulators and grid operators.
1) The document summarizes research from the Florence School of Regulation on pillars and roadblocks towards achieving a seamless transmission system in the European Union.
2) It identifies three core pillars needed for an integrated EU electricity market: comprehensive coordination tools, principles for sharing costs and benefits, and solidarity beyond economic considerations.
3) Two specific roadblocks are discussed: redispatching actions and how to coordinate costs and decisions across borders; and ensuring capacity adequacy and effective crisis management in a interconnected system.
1) Digitalization and decentralization have been accelerating the modularization of both industry structures and regulatory frameworks in the energy sector for 25 years. This has created opportunities for more granular and specialized generation, consumption, and regulation.
2) Emerging technologies are driving generation and storage down to the individual consumer level and enabling more dynamic distribution grids and transaction platforms. This could lead to new forms of self-regulation or regulation at the distribution level.
3) If regulators cannot adapt quickly to facilitate these innovation waves, the energy sector risks fragmenting into alternative regulatory models like "innovation zoos" that constrain disruption, or a landscape dominated by specialized startups and communities operating outside existing rules.
1) Old regulation models focused on infrastructure monopolies and ensuring universal public services, but new digitalization and decentralization require new regulatory approaches.
2) Traditional regulation involved unbundling infrastructure from services and regulation from political interests to introduce incentive regulation. However, new technologies complicate coordinating these areas.
3) Future regulation may need to coordinate unbundled infrastructure rules and market design while ensuring neutral system operation. It also requires governing innovation across newly modular industry, transaction, and user structures through new regulatory forums, testing zones, and self-governing communities.
This document discusses the transformation of public services from traditional infrastructure monopolies to more digitized and decentralized systems. It outlines a 3-step story: 1) Old roots and bones of public services transitioning to new structures, 2) Waves of innovation making infrastructure modular and digital and consumers into active users, and 3) Five potential "worlds of regulation" for governing innovation. These worlds include forums, innovation zoos, communities, garage cowboys, and big e-sisters. The document argues regulators must adapt to manage these changes through reflexive governance platforms that facilitate innovation while protecting consumers and competition.
- The document discusses the pillars and roadblocks toward achieving a seamless EU transmission system.
- It outlines an analytical framework with three pillars: coordination of decisions and actions; sharing of costs and benefits; and solidarity beyond costs and benefits.
- Two roadblocks are illustrated: dealing with redispatching actions across borders efficiently, and ensuring adequate capacity and coordinated crisis management in a interconnected system.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy – CAPEL – June 2024 OEC...
Une nouvelle politique de l’énergie pour la nouvelle Commission européenne ?
1. Florence School Manifesto: a new
energy policy for a new Commission?
Paris – Ecole des mines
(12 Janvier 2015)
Jean-Michel Glachant
Directeur FSR & Professeur Loyola de Palacio
EUI - Florence
2. www.florence-school.eu
What do I think about EU energy policy future after 10 years
of Barroso‘s Commissions? Yes some simplification needed…
2
Day-ahead
market
Intraday markets
Balancing market
Reserves/
ancillary services
markets
Explicit auctions
for transmission
capacity
Implicit auctions
Market coupling
Market splitting
Capacity markets
Bilateral / OTC
Long term
contracts
Flexibility market
Baseload
product
Peak load
product
Congestion
management
3. www.florence-school.eu
QUIZZ N°1: How much to simplify: are we still
in the same world than in 2009…
What assumptions do you see as too “low key” to push for a
reformulation of our EU energy policy frame…
• 1 Scarce and pricey fossil fuel Yes too low key / or No
• 2 Fossil fuel pricey but “suppliers secure enough” Yes or No
• 3 Internal market needed to get power price convergence from CCGT
competition Yes or No
• 4 Putting a price on carbon everywhere relevant for sustainabilityYes or
No
• 5 Green revolution, green jobs, world green manufacturing leadership
Yes or No
Give your “high key / low key” rating for each assumption..
3
4. www.florence-school.eu
My QUIZZ N°1: Well we are really NOT in the
same world than in 2009…
For me: NO assumption there is too “low key” to not push for
a reformulation of our EU energy policy frame…
• 1 Scarce and pricey fossil fuel No
• 2 Fossil fuel pricey but “suppliers secure enough” No
• 3 Internal market needed to get power price convergence from CCGT
competition No
• 4 Putting a price on carbon everywhere relevant for sustainability No
• 5 Green revolution, green jobs, world green manufacturing leadership
No
You have my “high key / low key” rating for each assumption…
DO NOT WORRY: from 2009 I did not really foresee any…
4
5. www.florence-school.eu
I now select only 5 tracks of EU energy policy
upgrade… (see: even Grids, R&D, C02 are missing…)
• 1- The internal electricity market: currently a European
crisis… with any European remedy?
• 2- The internal gas market: a last mile needed, or one
thousand miles more?
• 3- 28 national ways from 20-20-20 to 2030: could it lead us
(as EU) somewhere?
• 4- The 2030-like energy policy governance: any appropriate
framework for this new 2030-like EU energy policy?
• 5- External energy (security and policy): at least some Energy
Union… or only existing Energy disunion?
+ key simplification… I only contrast a “mini” & a “maxi” option for each of
these five key issues
5
6. www.florence-school.eu
1(1) The internal electricity market: a European
crisis with any European remedy?
• 1.1/1 Wholesale market “mini”:
A few fixes added to existing Target Model … core “really reflexive market
for flexibility” + CCGT euthanasia
• 1.1/2 Wholesale market “maxi”:
A new Target Model for sustainable “technology choice-investment-
operation” of power …at least 3 components / For entry: *LT price
guarantee; **LT grid access guarantee / For operation: ***ST flexibility
responsiveness
6
7. www.florence-school.eu
1 (2) The internal electricity market: a
European crisis with any European remedy?
• 1.2/1 Retail market “mini”:
Sufficient to get “No regret” platform … as EU common standard of
operation & cyber security + mini unbundling
• 1.2/2 Retail market “maxi”:
Really need full “smart retail 3d Package like”… *EU retail market “Target
Model”, **full grid unbundling, ***“EU level” grid and ITC codes, ** **“EU
level” methodology for distribution planning and grid regulation, **
***ENTSO-E / ENDSO-E twinning & mirroring
7
8. www.florence-school.eu
2 The internal gas market: a last mile needed,
or one thousand miles more?
• Two types of shocks (US for price – Russia for volume)? And so what?
• 2.1 Gas “mini”:
To consolidate existing Target Model … a* few connections West-East,
**some capacity allocation & balancing regimes here, ***market coupling
there
• 2.2 Gas “maxi”:
No “purely” market base remedy to earthquake…hence public intervention
as *checking National Security Plans consistency; **creating EU stocks/ flows
monitoring; ***new investment vehicles for TSOs undertaking “non
commercially viable” investments as LNG T. or External interco.
8
9. www.florence-school.eu
QUIZZ N°2 28 national “target sets” from 20-
20-20 to 2030: could it lead us somewhere?
We (EU) cannot deny that our leaders (Head of EU Member States) have
quitted the demanding path open at Berlin Council in 2007 with the 20-20-
20 targets Frankly: why not? Or Frankesteinly: no thanks!
• Does this mean that we (EU) won’t make it regarding reaching in 2030 a
“secure enough” gate to 2050 decarbonisation objective?
answer by: YES we cannot / or NO we can ?
9
10. www.florence-school.eu
3 / 28 national “target sets” from 20-20-20 to
2030: could it lead us somewhere?
• End Berlin-2007 triple targets: Hence “deep renationalisation” of 2030
EU energy targets? Frankly: why not?
• 3.1 - 2030 Target “mini”:
Exiting RES priority … and scaling back to carbon containment (GHG Cap) +
some R&D and Green funding. See Stern& Calderon report for UN. NB: they
call for full fossil subsidy phasing out + progressive coal ban…
• 3.2 - 2030 Target “maxi”:
Energy efficiency target for a “coalition of the willing”…
1- doesn’t touch national energy mix;
2- has “growth support” flavor : buildings (+ “circular” & “shared” economy)
3- time come to discuss National Action Plans (see Germany) + business
models + market and regulation principles + organize financing & bankability
10
11. www.florence-school.eu
QUIZZ N°3 EU energy policy governance: any
appropriate framework for 2030-like EU policy?
We (EU) cannot deny that quitting the 20-20-20 targets also questions the
governance that we can rely on to reach a 2030 “entry gate to 2050”
• Could Commission monitor it with existing <Internal Market +
Competition> tool box? Why not?
• Does this mean that we (as EU) have already enough at the EU level till
2030 to deliver a 2030 “sustainable enough” energy system?
one single answer: YES Commission can / or NO it cannot ?
11
12. www.florence-school.eu
4 The energy policy governance: any
appropriate framework for any new EU policy?
• 28 ways to go to 2030: could Commission monitor it with existing
<Internal Market + Competition> tool box? Why not?
• 4.1 - 2030 Governance “mini”: Do not worry…
Be EU market happy… EC has all needed weaponry in InternalMarket &
Competition Policy: no need to do more than all RES in an open market; all
capacity mechanisms being DG Comp compliant; all retail market and
demand response being Internal Market & DG Comp compliant
• 4.2 - 2030 Governance “maxi”: Do not dream…
You cannot frame a demanding non-market issue like GHG sustainability
only with market-related tools … time come to discuss a new comprehensive
governance equipped with new ad-hoc policy power: a full fledge “Energy
Union” (as: market & grid regulatory powers; carbon tax and fossil subsidies;
plant & car emission caps; neighboring NAP consistency approval; etc.).
Whom? Commission? Euro-bodies? or Regional MS, NRAs, Mos &TSOs?
12
13. www.florence-school.eu
5 (1) External energy security & policy: at least
some Energy Union… or only Energy disunion?
• 5.1 External energy “mini”: BAU
Our best friends to get the max from external energy are our twin internal
markets / gas & power… … the more flows will flow and arbitrage work the
best possible we will get
• 5.2 External energy “mini+”: (Oettinger + Tusk)++
EU internal markets will give us their best only when integrating all their
external borders INSIDE internal EU frame …incl. *interconnections
planning & unbundling, **access & tariffs; ***supply bilateral agreements &
contracts compliant with Trade, IntMark & Comp. Policies; +** ** integration
between EU Internal markets and Energy Community markets
13
14. www.florence-school.eu
5 (2) External energy security & policy: at least
some Energy Union… or only Energy disunion?
• 5.3 External energy “maxi”:
only an Energy Union with due and substantial powers would put EU on
track for external energy security EU external energy security is too close
from “hard security affairs” that touch key MS sovereign powers…. The
challenges faced today by EU for energy security are as big as “European
Defense Community “and “European Coal and Steel Community” have been
in the 50’…
• Content: ALL “mini+”
[*interconnections planning & unbundling, **access & tariffs; ***supply
bilateral agreements & contracts compliant with Trade, IntMark & Comp.
Policies; +** ** integration between EU Internal markets and Energy
Community markets] + any other “external energy policy matter” (from
Energy Community to Energy Charter & Neighboring Policy)
>> In a new Treaty bidding EU MS with new rules & new laws…
>>Or a new “Pro-Treaty” being a Schengen-like alliance of the willing MS…
14
17. www.florence-school.eu
Florence School offers you full-fledged online
• A course directed by Ignacio Pérez-Arriaga (MIT & Comillas)
• 20 weeks of flexible online training
• Exclusive access to Pérez-Arriaga’s guidebook Regulation of the Power Sector
• Direct interaction with a Faculty of leading experts
• Support from the FSR Online Community
• A Certificate of attendance (both FSR & Comillas University)
1st edition 2 February – 5 July 2015
2nd edition starting on September 2015
http://florenceonlineschool.eui.eu/
18. www.florence-school.eu 18
Thank you for your attention
Email contact: jean-michel.glachant@eui.eu
Follow me on Twitter: @JMGlachant already 5 279 tweets
Remember the Journal I am chief-editor of:
EEEP “Economics of Energy & Environmental Policy”
& the Florence School online course
My web site: http://www.florence-school.eu