IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document summarizes a study that investigated different hydrolysis methods for converting wood saw dust (WSD) into fermentable sugars for ethanol production. WSD was hydrolyzed using chemical methods with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It was also hydrolyzed using enzymes from various fungal strains including Aspergillus fumigatus. The study found that treatment with 1N H2SO4 resulted in the highest saccharification yield of 5.52% (w/v), while enzymes from A. wentii yielded the highest saccharification of 0.119% (w/v) enzymatically.
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
1) Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using apple fruit extract through a green synthesis method. The apple extract reduced silver ions (Ag+) to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
2) Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM confirmed the formation and properties of spherical AgNPs around 20 nm in size with face centered cubic crystal structure.
3) FTIR analysis identified that biomolecules like proteins and ascorbic acid in the apple extract were responsible for reducing Ag+ ions and stabilizing the formed AgNPs.
4) Antimicrobial testing showed the AgNPs had effective antibacterial properties against common bacteria and antifungal activity against tested fungi strains, demonstrating their antim
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
Differential extraction and gc ms based quantification of sesquiterpenoids fr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze and quantify sesquiterpenoids extracted from immature heartwood of East Indian sandalwood trees using different solvents. The key findings were:
1) N-hexane was the most effective solvent for extracting santalols, yielding up to 92.6% of total quantified sesquiterpenoids.
2) Z-α-trans-bergamotol, Z-epi-β-santalol and Z-β-santalols were the most abundant constituents in immature heartwood.
3) Sesquiterpenoid diversity decreased with
This document summarizes a study that used the leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) to rapidly synthesize silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles formed within 8-10 minutes when a lemongrass leaf extract reacted with silver nitrate under microwave irradiation. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus as well as fungi such as C. albicans, inhibiting their growth in laboratory assays. When combined with antibiotics, the silver nanoparticles enhanced the antibiotics' effectiveness against drug-resistant microbial strains.
Identifying Active Compounds Extracted from Hypericum perforatum to Character...Cassandra Quave
This is a poster presentation given by an undergraduate researcher in the Quave Lab in April 2016.
Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) is a well known medicinal herb often associated with the treatment of anxiety and depression. However, an oleolite preparation of the flowers is also widely used in traditional medicine across Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Recent research has shown that this oleolite reduces both wound size and healing time. H. perforatum has been well characterized chemically. Many secondary metabolites have been identified including: naphthodianthrones (hypericin), phloroglucinols (hyperforin), flavonoid glycosides (hyperoside), biflavones and anthocyanidins. The phloroglucinol hyperforin and its derivatives have also been reported as being responsible for its antibacterial activity.8 However, phloroglucinols are quite unstable with light and heat, and thus should not be present in the aged oleolite preparation of H. perforatum. Additionally, hypericin can cause phototoxic skin reactions if ingested or absorbed into the skin, as evidenced by livestock that develop extreme photosensitivity after grazing on H. perforatum flowers.4 Therefore, the established chemistry presents an interesting paradox to the traditional preparation of H. perforatum. The hyperforin responsible for the antibacterial bioactivty should degrade in the sunlight as the traditional oleolite is prepared. Alternately, if hypericin is present in established bioactive levels, then the traditionally prepared oleolite should cause photosensitivity, yet none is reported. In this research, an organic and aqueous laboratory extract of H. perforatum were compared to a traditional oleolite to better understand the chemical composition of this remedy.
The document summarizes a study that investigated different hydrolysis methods for converting wood saw dust (WSD) into fermentable sugars for ethanol production. WSD was hydrolyzed using chemical methods with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It was also hydrolyzed using enzymes from various fungal strains including Aspergillus fumigatus. The study found that treatment with 1N H2SO4 resulted in the highest saccharification yield of 5.52% (w/v), while enzymes from A. wentii yielded the highest saccharification of 0.119% (w/v) enzymatically.
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic BiomassBiorefineryEPC™
Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocellulosic Biomass
YOU AGREE TO INDEMNIFY BiorefineryEPCTM , AND ITS AFFILIATES, OFFICERS, AGENTS, AND EMPLOYEES AGAINST ANY CLAIM OR DEMAND, INCLUDING REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES, RELATED TO YOUR USE, RELIANCE, OR ADOPTION OF THE DATA FOR ANY PURPOSE WHATSOEVER. THE DATA ARE PROVIDED BY BiorefineryEPCTM "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL BiorefineryEPCTM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO CLAIMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE LOSS OF DATA OR PROFITS, WHICH MAY RESULT FROM ANY ACTION IN CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS CLAIM THAT ARISES OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THE DATA.
1) Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using apple fruit extract through a green synthesis method. The apple extract reduced silver ions (Ag+) to form silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).
2) Characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM confirmed the formation and properties of spherical AgNPs around 20 nm in size with face centered cubic crystal structure.
3) FTIR analysis identified that biomolecules like proteins and ascorbic acid in the apple extract were responsible for reducing Ag+ ions and stabilizing the formed AgNPs.
4) Antimicrobial testing showed the AgNPs had effective antibacterial properties against common bacteria and antifungal activity against tested fungi strains, demonstrating their antim
This document summarizes a study on the antimicrobial activity of various fern species found in Darjeeling, India. Five fern species were found to have antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: Athyrium filix-femina, Dicranopteris linearis, Tectaria impressa, Hypolepis punctata, and Pleopeltis macromarpa. Ethanol extracts of these five species were tested against Bacillus megaterium and E. coli bacteria using the agar cup diffusion method. Dicranopteris linearis and Tectaria impressa showed similar activity against both types of bacteria. Athyrium filix-femina was more effective
Differential extraction and gc ms based quantification of sesquiterpenoids fr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze and quantify sesquiterpenoids extracted from immature heartwood of East Indian sandalwood trees using different solvents. The key findings were:
1) N-hexane was the most effective solvent for extracting santalols, yielding up to 92.6% of total quantified sesquiterpenoids.
2) Z-α-trans-bergamotol, Z-epi-β-santalol and Z-β-santalols were the most abundant constituents in immature heartwood.
3) Sesquiterpenoid diversity decreased with
This document summarizes a study that used the leaves of lemongrass (Cymbopogan citratus) to rapidly synthesize silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles formed within 8-10 minutes when a lemongrass leaf extract reacted with silver nitrate under microwave irradiation. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The silver nanoparticles showed antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as E. coli and S. aureus as well as fungi such as C. albicans, inhibiting their growth in laboratory assays. When combined with antibiotics, the silver nanoparticles enhanced the antibiotics' effectiveness against drug-resistant microbial strains.
Identifying Active Compounds Extracted from Hypericum perforatum to Character...Cassandra Quave
This is a poster presentation given by an undergraduate researcher in the Quave Lab in April 2016.
Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) is a well known medicinal herb often associated with the treatment of anxiety and depression. However, an oleolite preparation of the flowers is also widely used in traditional medicine across Eastern Europe and the Balkans. Recent research has shown that this oleolite reduces both wound size and healing time. H. perforatum has been well characterized chemically. Many secondary metabolites have been identified including: naphthodianthrones (hypericin), phloroglucinols (hyperforin), flavonoid glycosides (hyperoside), biflavones and anthocyanidins. The phloroglucinol hyperforin and its derivatives have also been reported as being responsible for its antibacterial activity.8 However, phloroglucinols are quite unstable with light and heat, and thus should not be present in the aged oleolite preparation of H. perforatum. Additionally, hypericin can cause phototoxic skin reactions if ingested or absorbed into the skin, as evidenced by livestock that develop extreme photosensitivity after grazing on H. perforatum flowers.4 Therefore, the established chemistry presents an interesting paradox to the traditional preparation of H. perforatum. The hyperforin responsible for the antibacterial bioactivty should degrade in the sunlight as the traditional oleolite is prepared. Alternately, if hypericin is present in established bioactive levels, then the traditionally prepared oleolite should cause photosensitivity, yet none is reported. In this research, an organic and aqueous laboratory extract of H. perforatum were compared to a traditional oleolite to better understand the chemical composition of this remedy.
Investigate and Compare Chemical Compositions in Ginkgo biloba ProductsCassandra Quave
Undergraduate student research student from Quave Lab. Poster presentation given April 2016.
Ginkgo, sometimes called maidenhair tree, is the only living member of the botanical family Ginkgoaceae.
Medicinal usage was recorded in Chinese Materia Medica Ben cao gang mu by Li Shizhen in 16th Century.
Historical record: Most historical reference to the medicinal use of ginkgo refers to the seed. For example, in Ben Cao Gang Mu, ginkgo seed was cited for its use in the treatment of “ asthma, coughs, irritability of the bladder, blennorrhea, and uterine fluxes” (Read 1982).
Modern usage: the highly concentrated extract of ginkgo leaf has been primarily used to enhance mental acuity and promote peripheral circulation in dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease.
External usage: effective treatment for infectious skin diseases. A specifically characterized ginkgo leaf extract contains 24% flavonol glycosides; 6% terpene trilactones; < 5ppm ginkgolic acids.
An Investigation into the Anti-Acne Activity of Botanical ExtractsCassandra Quave
This study investigated the anti-acne activity of botanical extracts from a plant used traditionally by Native Americans. Extracts of the plant's leaves and essential oils showed the highest inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria that causes acne. Further separation of the leaf extract found that the hexane and ethyl acetate partitions were even more effective at inhibiting P. acnes than the original crude extract. The leaf essential oil demonstrated stronger antimicrobial properties against P. acnes than tea tree oil. Future work will refine the most active extracts and test their safety on human skin cells.
1) A Penicillium sp. fungus produced high levels of the softwood-specific enzyme beta-mannanase when grown in solid and liquid cultures containing locust bean gum.
2) Adding a crude enzyme extract from this Penicillium sp. to a mixture of commercial enzymes improved saccharification of steam-exploded radiata pine by 7.8%.
3) Producing crude enzyme extracts on-site from native fungi is a potential strategy to lower the cost of enzymes for breaking down softwood biomass.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic Acid from Gen...IJERA Editor
The ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) (GJ) are widely used in chemical, food and medicinal
industries. Crocin and geniposide, the main constituents of GJ, have shown a diversity of biological activities
including sedative, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. We propose some new bioactive chemicals could be
derived from geniposide. The optimum transformation condition of geniposide into geniposidic acid still
remains unclear. In order to develop a reactor, the information about the inherent reaction kinetics is required. In
a microreactor (V =62.8 mL), geniposide (0.01 mole/L, 20 mL) and NaOH (0.1 equivalent/L, pH=13, 10mL)
were left to react at 80, 70, 60, 50, and 40 oC and tracked with HPLC. Results indicated that the reaction obeyed
the pseudo-first order kinetics, the corresponding pseudo-first order rate constants ( 1 k ' ) were 11.064 h-1, 8.682
h-1, 2.400 h-1, 1.021 h-1, and 0.750 h-1, and the fractional conversions were 73.4%, 60.5%, 38.6%, 43.6%, and
51.8% at 0.50, 0.50, 0.833, 1.00, and 2.00 h. The energy of activation was 8.751 kJ mol-1. Conclusively, this
transformation obeys the pseudo-first order kinetics with a low energy of activation, 8.751 kJ mol-1. The
optimum transformations at 80oC and 70oC for 0.5 h were 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively.
This document summarizes the development of an edible coating using ginger peel. Key findings include:
1) Ginger peel extracts showed good antioxidant properties in various assays. Methanolic extracts had higher antioxidant activity than ethanolic extracts.
2) An edible coating was developed by incorporating 5% ginger peel extract into a starch-based film. The coating showed improved water solubility and opacity compared to the control.
3) The ginger peel extract-based coating exhibited low antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus in assays. Further research incorporating other natural antimicrobials may improve its antimicrobial efficacy.
4) Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of using ginger peel extract, a
Kocuria marina DAGII, a carotenoid producing bacterium, was able to decolorize the toxic triphenyl methane dye malachite green (MG). Experiments showed that MG decolorization decreased with higher initial MG concentrations and increased with higher inoculum sizes of K. marina. Statistical analysis indicated the initial MG concentration had a more significant effect on decolorization than inoculum size. The bacterium's carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin may be involved in the decolorization process.
Isolation and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from phyllanthus emblica...IJSIT Editor
This study aimed to isolate and characterize polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry). PPO was purified from gooseberry extracts using ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the purified PPO had an apparent molecular weight of 100 kD. Optimum conditions for PPO activity were determined to be pH 7 and temperatures between 30-40°C. PPO showed highest activity with catechol and was inhibited by EDTA, indicating it is a copper-containing enzyme. Characterization of gooseberry PPO provides insights into browning of this fruit.
Alexander Lazarev, Ph.D. presentation at ANALYTICA Biotech ForumCompany Spotlight
1) Hydrostatic pressure is a fundamental thermodynamic parameter that can control molecular interactions and chemical reactions without adding heat. It is particularly important for complex biological molecules like proteins. (2) Pressure Biosciences has developed pressure cycling technology (PCT) that uses precise hydrostatic pressure cycling to control molecular interactions for applications in chemical analysis, biomedical research, and sample preparation. (3) PCT has been used for applications such as pathogen inactivation, cell lysis, enzyme activity control, and molecular perturbation studies combined with spectroscopy.
42.Mosquitoeslarvicidal activity of leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica)Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the larvicidal effects of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) on mosquito larvae. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/100ml on 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The 200 mg/100ml concentration resulted in the highest mortality rate of 90% for both mosquito species tested, compared to lower mortality rates at lower concentrations. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified several compounds in the methanol leaf extract including Caproic acid, oleic acid, and phy
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the effect of various physico-chemical parameters on the production of amylase by Bacillus species. 12 bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples and screened for alpha-amylase activity, with strain 1 producing the highest activity. The effects of starch concentration, pH, temperature, aeration, and inoculum size on amylase production by strain 1 were studied. Maximum production was observed at 1% starch, pH 7.0, 37°C temperature, 120 RPM aeration, and 1% inoculum size. Both organic and inorganic nitrogen were found to be essential for bacterial growth and amylase production. The results provide information on optimizing culture conditions for increased amylase yield by Bacillus
Degradation and Microbiological Validation of Meropenem Antibiotic in Aqueous...IJERA Editor
Aqueous UV, UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and UV/TiO2/H2O2mediateddegradation/oxidation of the carbapenem antibiotic, meropenem (MERO) was experimentally studied. Degussa P-25 titanium dioxide was used as photocatalyst and UV-light source was used for activation of TiO2.The nanosized titanium dioxide was immobilized on the glass support for improving the efficiency and economics of the photocatalytic processes. The immobilized film of titanium dioxide has been characterized, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) andscanning electron microscopy (SEM).The study of antibiotic degradation was conducted in the specific Batch Photocatalytic Reactor. MERO standard solution was used at 500 μg/ml concentration, which degraded up to 99% of antibiotics. Microbiological assay showed that the loss of antibacterial activity is directly proportional to the time of UV-irradiation. The experiment also showed that the UV-irradiation itself causes the degradation of antibiotics, but in very slow manner in comparison to the photocatalysis process. The experimental study showed that UV/TiO2/H2O2 system is effective and efficient for the treatment of antibiotic waste.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
Guar gum nanoparticles are smaller than 10-1000 nanometers and have properties distinct from larger particles. They can be prepared using ionic gelation and cross-linking methods. Dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the particles' size, morphology, and stability. Guar gum nanoparticles between 10-280 nm were successfully synthesized using these methods and characterized using these techniques. The particle size decreases with decreasing concentrations of guar gum and cross-linker. These nanoparticles have potential applications for targeted drug delivery.
Identification of Bioactive Compounds in the acetone extract of Daedalea eleg...AI Publications
Daedalea elegans is a Nigerian wild (non-edible) higher fungus with great potentials in the pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetics and food industry. This current study investigates the bioactive compounds that can be found in the acetone extract of D. elegans using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). There were twenty-eight compounds identified to be present in the acetone extract of the fungi under study and these are Benzoic acid (0.40%), Nonanoic acid (0.14%), Oxetane, 2,2,4-trimethyl- (0.28%), n-Decanoic acid (0.09%), Phthalimide (0.44%) Dodecanoic acid (0.24%), E-2-Hexenyl benzoate (0.21%), 2,4-Difluorobenzene, 1-benzyloxy- (0.16%), Tetratetracontane (0.55%), Isopropylphosphonic acid, fluoroanhydryde (0.28%), Benzene, (1-methylundecyl)- (0.21%), Tetradecanoic acid (0.76%), Cyclohexanepropanol, .alpha.,2,2,6-tetrame (0.56%), Pentadecanoic acid (0.71%), E-2-Hexenyl benzoate (0.32%), Pentadecanoic acid (0.97%), 1-Decanol, 2-hexyl- (0.46%), 9-Tetradecenal, (Z) (1.67), n-Hexadecanoic acid (23.59%) is the second most abundant, Phthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester (1.08%), Eicosanoic acid (0.79%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (44.64%) was the highest in quantity, Octadecanoic acid (6.98%), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (2.64%), 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8,12,16-tetramethyl-heptadeca-3,7,11,15-tetraenyl)-cyclohexanol (1.95%), 9(11)-Dehydroergosteryl benzoate (8.37%), 9(11)-Dehydroergosteroltosylate (1.28%), 4,6-Decadienal, 8-ethyl-10-[4-hydroxy-8-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3,9 (0.22%). These compounds possess activities which includes but not limited to cancer chemotherapy, antifeedant against pine weevil, antifungi agent in topical therapeutic preparation, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-convulsant, antioxidants, hypocholesterolemic, anti-androgenic, nematicide, analgesic, intermediate for food-grade additives, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes and plastic, antineoplastic agent, biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membrane to mention a few. This study has been able to show that D. elegans is a good source of bioactive compounds with great potentials that can be harnessed in various industries.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
IRJET- Study of In-Vitro and in Vivo Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanopart...IRJET Journal
This study explored the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays found that silver nanoparticles were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive, with Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting the largest zone of inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration needed to show effects was lower for gram-positive compared to gram-negative bacteria. In vivo assays in mice found that silver nanoparticles were effective in reducing symptoms and improving survivability when administered after bacterial injection.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Investigate and Compare Chemical Compositions in Ginkgo biloba ProductsCassandra Quave
Undergraduate student research student from Quave Lab. Poster presentation given April 2016.
Ginkgo, sometimes called maidenhair tree, is the only living member of the botanical family Ginkgoaceae.
Medicinal usage was recorded in Chinese Materia Medica Ben cao gang mu by Li Shizhen in 16th Century.
Historical record: Most historical reference to the medicinal use of ginkgo refers to the seed. For example, in Ben Cao Gang Mu, ginkgo seed was cited for its use in the treatment of “ asthma, coughs, irritability of the bladder, blennorrhea, and uterine fluxes” (Read 1982).
Modern usage: the highly concentrated extract of ginkgo leaf has been primarily used to enhance mental acuity and promote peripheral circulation in dementia such as Alzheimer’s disease.
External usage: effective treatment for infectious skin diseases. A specifically characterized ginkgo leaf extract contains 24% flavonol glycosides; 6% terpene trilactones; < 5ppm ginkgolic acids.
An Investigation into the Anti-Acne Activity of Botanical ExtractsCassandra Quave
This study investigated the anti-acne activity of botanical extracts from a plant used traditionally by Native Americans. Extracts of the plant's leaves and essential oils showed the highest inhibition of Propionibacterium acnes, the bacteria that causes acne. Further separation of the leaf extract found that the hexane and ethyl acetate partitions were even more effective at inhibiting P. acnes than the original crude extract. The leaf essential oil demonstrated stronger antimicrobial properties against P. acnes than tea tree oil. Future work will refine the most active extracts and test their safety on human skin cells.
1) A Penicillium sp. fungus produced high levels of the softwood-specific enzyme beta-mannanase when grown in solid and liquid cultures containing locust bean gum.
2) Adding a crude enzyme extract from this Penicillium sp. to a mixture of commercial enzymes improved saccharification of steam-exploded radiata pine by 7.8%.
3) Producing crude enzyme extracts on-site from native fungi is a potential strategy to lower the cost of enzymes for breaking down softwood biomass.
An Investigation Into The Mechanisms Underlying Enhanced Biosulphidogenesis I...iosrjce
Anthropogenic activities like mining, processes of metallurgy and other chemical industries lead to
the discharge of a high amount of sulphate into the environment that causes serious problems to human health.
This paper illustrates the employment of thermophilic sulphate reducing bacteria for biosulphidogenesis. Two
different species have been isolated from hot water spring of Vajreshwari and Ganeshpuri,Thane, Maharashtra,
INDIA.The mechanism involved in biosulphidogenesis includes production of specific protein as well as
liberation of some extracellular polymeric compound (EPS) e.g. proteins, carbohydrate, acids etc. that are
produced during the microbial cell metabolism. These compounds plays an important role in the faster
reduction of sulphate and decrease in production rate of sulphide.The isolate was found to be of genus
Bacillusand type strain was found to be subtilis Zankar and licheniformis Sonali. The strain sequence were
deposited in NCBI database with accession number KJ939324 and KJ939325 respectively. The result highlights
the potential use of these organism in biosulphidogenesis.
ABSTRACT- The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-bacterial activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate
and methanol extract obtained from the whole part of Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss (Asteraceae). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of these extracts
were determined as gallic acid and rutin equivalents, respectively. Total antioxidant activity, reducing power of these extract were evaluated as ascorbic
acid and gallic acid equivalents, respectively. ABTS free radical scavenging activity is expressed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
(TEAC). The antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated by disc diffusion method. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts showed moderate
activity against E. coli and S. aureus.
Key words: Jurinea dolomiaea; Total phenolic; Total flavonoid; Total antioxidant; Free radical scavenging activity; Antibacterial activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The Inherent Reactor Kinetics for Transformation of Geniposidic Acid from Gen...IJERA Editor
The ripe fruits of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) (GJ) are widely used in chemical, food and medicinal
industries. Crocin and geniposide, the main constituents of GJ, have shown a diversity of biological activities
including sedative, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. We propose some new bioactive chemicals could be
derived from geniposide. The optimum transformation condition of geniposide into geniposidic acid still
remains unclear. In order to develop a reactor, the information about the inherent reaction kinetics is required. In
a microreactor (V =62.8 mL), geniposide (0.01 mole/L, 20 mL) and NaOH (0.1 equivalent/L, pH=13, 10mL)
were left to react at 80, 70, 60, 50, and 40 oC and tracked with HPLC. Results indicated that the reaction obeyed
the pseudo-first order kinetics, the corresponding pseudo-first order rate constants ( 1 k ' ) were 11.064 h-1, 8.682
h-1, 2.400 h-1, 1.021 h-1, and 0.750 h-1, and the fractional conversions were 73.4%, 60.5%, 38.6%, 43.6%, and
51.8% at 0.50, 0.50, 0.833, 1.00, and 2.00 h. The energy of activation was 8.751 kJ mol-1. Conclusively, this
transformation obeys the pseudo-first order kinetics with a low energy of activation, 8.751 kJ mol-1. The
optimum transformations at 80oC and 70oC for 0.5 h were 73.4% and 60.5%, respectively.
This document summarizes the development of an edible coating using ginger peel. Key findings include:
1) Ginger peel extracts showed good antioxidant properties in various assays. Methanolic extracts had higher antioxidant activity than ethanolic extracts.
2) An edible coating was developed by incorporating 5% ginger peel extract into a starch-based film. The coating showed improved water solubility and opacity compared to the control.
3) The ginger peel extract-based coating exhibited low antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus in assays. Further research incorporating other natural antimicrobials may improve its antimicrobial efficacy.
4) Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of using ginger peel extract, a
Kocuria marina DAGII, a carotenoid producing bacterium, was able to decolorize the toxic triphenyl methane dye malachite green (MG). Experiments showed that MG decolorization decreased with higher initial MG concentrations and increased with higher inoculum sizes of K. marina. Statistical analysis indicated the initial MG concentration had a more significant effect on decolorization than inoculum size. The bacterium's carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin may be involved in the decolorization process.
Isolation and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from phyllanthus emblica...IJSIT Editor
This study aimed to isolate and characterize polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry). PPO was purified from gooseberry extracts using ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis. SDS-PAGE analysis showed the purified PPO had an apparent molecular weight of 100 kD. Optimum conditions for PPO activity were determined to be pH 7 and temperatures between 30-40°C. PPO showed highest activity with catechol and was inhibited by EDTA, indicating it is a copper-containing enzyme. Characterization of gooseberry PPO provides insights into browning of this fruit.
Alexander Lazarev, Ph.D. presentation at ANALYTICA Biotech ForumCompany Spotlight
1) Hydrostatic pressure is a fundamental thermodynamic parameter that can control molecular interactions and chemical reactions without adding heat. It is particularly important for complex biological molecules like proteins. (2) Pressure Biosciences has developed pressure cycling technology (PCT) that uses precise hydrostatic pressure cycling to control molecular interactions for applications in chemical analysis, biomedical research, and sample preparation. (3) PCT has been used for applications such as pathogen inactivation, cell lysis, enzyme activity control, and molecular perturbation studies combined with spectroscopy.
42.Mosquitoeslarvicidal activity of leaf extract of Neem(Azadirachta indica)Annadurai B
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the larvicidal effects of methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica) on mosquito larvae. The extracts were tested at concentrations of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, and 200 mg/100ml on 3rd and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The 200 mg/100ml concentration resulted in the highest mortality rate of 90% for both mosquito species tested, compared to lower mortality rates at lower concentrations. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified several compounds in the methanol leaf extract including Caproic acid, oleic acid, and phy
IJPCBS 2012, 2(1), 110-116 Kavya et al. ISSN: 2249-9504
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
Available online at www.ijpcbs.com
ISOLATION AND SCREENING OF STREPTOMYCES SP. FROM
CORINGA MANGROVE SOILS FOR ENZYME PRODUCTION AND
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
M. Kavya Deepthi1*, M. Solomon Sudhakar1 and M. Nagalakshmi Devamma2 1Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 2Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pr Taadmesihln, aInddui,a I.n dia.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the effect of various physico-chemical parameters on the production of amylase by Bacillus species. 12 bacterial strains were isolated from soil samples and screened for alpha-amylase activity, with strain 1 producing the highest activity. The effects of starch concentration, pH, temperature, aeration, and inoculum size on amylase production by strain 1 were studied. Maximum production was observed at 1% starch, pH 7.0, 37°C temperature, 120 RPM aeration, and 1% inoculum size. Both organic and inorganic nitrogen were found to be essential for bacterial growth and amylase production. The results provide information on optimizing culture conditions for increased amylase yield by Bacillus
Degradation and Microbiological Validation of Meropenem Antibiotic in Aqueous...IJERA Editor
Aqueous UV, UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2 and UV/TiO2/H2O2mediateddegradation/oxidation of the carbapenem antibiotic, meropenem (MERO) was experimentally studied. Degussa P-25 titanium dioxide was used as photocatalyst and UV-light source was used for activation of TiO2.The nanosized titanium dioxide was immobilized on the glass support for improving the efficiency and economics of the photocatalytic processes. The immobilized film of titanium dioxide has been characterized, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) andscanning electron microscopy (SEM).The study of antibiotic degradation was conducted in the specific Batch Photocatalytic Reactor. MERO standard solution was used at 500 μg/ml concentration, which degraded up to 99% of antibiotics. Microbiological assay showed that the loss of antibacterial activity is directly proportional to the time of UV-irradiation. The experiment also showed that the UV-irradiation itself causes the degradation of antibiotics, but in very slow manner in comparison to the photocatalysis process. The experimental study showed that UV/TiO2/H2O2 system is effective and efficient for the treatment of antibiotic waste.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes by Colletotrichum truncatum CP2, a fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease in chili peppers. The study found that polygalacturonase (PG) was the first cell wall-degrading enzyme detected, with higher activity levels than other enzymes. After PG degraded the cell wall, further degradation was carried out by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, and pectate lyase. C. truncatum CP2 produced higher levels of these enzymes compared to the reference fungus C. gloeosporiodes. The timing of peak enzymatic activity suggests each enzyme plays a specific
Guar gum nanoparticles are smaller than 10-1000 nanometers and have properties distinct from larger particles. They can be prepared using ionic gelation and cross-linking methods. Dynamic light scattering, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy are used to characterize the particles' size, morphology, and stability. Guar gum nanoparticles between 10-280 nm were successfully synthesized using these methods and characterized using these techniques. The particle size decreases with decreasing concentrations of guar gum and cross-linker. These nanoparticles have potential applications for targeted drug delivery.
Identification of Bioactive Compounds in the acetone extract of Daedalea eleg...AI Publications
Daedalea elegans is a Nigerian wild (non-edible) higher fungus with great potentials in the pharmaceutical, textile, cosmetics and food industry. This current study investigates the bioactive compounds that can be found in the acetone extract of D. elegans using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). There were twenty-eight compounds identified to be present in the acetone extract of the fungi under study and these are Benzoic acid (0.40%), Nonanoic acid (0.14%), Oxetane, 2,2,4-trimethyl- (0.28%), n-Decanoic acid (0.09%), Phthalimide (0.44%) Dodecanoic acid (0.24%), E-2-Hexenyl benzoate (0.21%), 2,4-Difluorobenzene, 1-benzyloxy- (0.16%), Tetratetracontane (0.55%), Isopropylphosphonic acid, fluoroanhydryde (0.28%), Benzene, (1-methylundecyl)- (0.21%), Tetradecanoic acid (0.76%), Cyclohexanepropanol, .alpha.,2,2,6-tetrame (0.56%), Pentadecanoic acid (0.71%), E-2-Hexenyl benzoate (0.32%), Pentadecanoic acid (0.97%), 1-Decanol, 2-hexyl- (0.46%), 9-Tetradecenal, (Z) (1.67), n-Hexadecanoic acid (23.59%) is the second most abundant, Phthalic acid, butyl undecyl ester (1.08%), Eicosanoic acid (0.79%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (44.64%) was the highest in quantity, Octadecanoic acid (6.98%), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (2.64%), 2,2,4-Trimethyl-3-(3,8,12,16-tetramethyl-heptadeca-3,7,11,15-tetraenyl)-cyclohexanol (1.95%), 9(11)-Dehydroergosteryl benzoate (8.37%), 9(11)-Dehydroergosteroltosylate (1.28%), 4,6-Decadienal, 8-ethyl-10-[4-hydroxy-8-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3,9 (0.22%). These compounds possess activities which includes but not limited to cancer chemotherapy, antifeedant against pine weevil, antifungi agent in topical therapeutic preparation, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-convulsant, antioxidants, hypocholesterolemic, anti-androgenic, nematicide, analgesic, intermediate for food-grade additives, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes and plastic, antineoplastic agent, biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membrane to mention a few. This study has been able to show that D. elegans is a good source of bioactive compounds with great potentials that can be harnessed in various industries.
INVESTIGATION OF IN-VITRO ANTHELMINTIC AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITIES OF ARTABOTRYS...Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan
The methanolic extract of bark of Artabotrys hexapetalus were investigated for in-vitro anthelmintic and cytotoxic activities. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity was done using the brine shrimp lethality bio-assay. The crude methanolic extract showed significant cytotoxic potential (LC50 value of 7.688 μg/ml) comparing with that of standard vincristine (0.839 μg/ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks (50 mg/ml) caused paralysis of the worms at 68.33 minutes and death at 84.0 minutes while albendazole (positive control) paralyzed and killed the worms at 17 minutes and 48 minutes respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml. The study confirms the significant anthelmintic activities of bark extract of Artabotrys hexapetalus and therefore demands the isolation of active principles through bioassay.
IRJET- Study of In-Vitro and in Vivo Antibacterial Effects of Silver Nanopart...IRJET Journal
This study explored the antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro assays found that silver nanoparticles were effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive, with Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting the largest zone of inhibition. The minimum inhibitory concentration needed to show effects was lower for gram-positive compared to gram-negative bacteria. In vivo assays in mice found that silver nanoparticles were effective in reducing symptoms and improving survivability when administered after bacterial injection.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document presents a novel fast-acting PI controller for regulating the dc-link voltage of a DSTATCOM (distribution static compensator). A DSTATCOM is used to mitigate power quality issues and compensate for nonlinear loads. Conventionally, a PI controller is used but has slow transient response. The paper proposes a fast-acting dc-link voltage controller based on the energy of the dc-link capacitor. It provides mathematical equations to design the gains of the conventional PI controller to achieve similar fast transient response as the proposed controller. Detailed simulations in MATLAB validate that the proposed controller has improved transient performance during load variations compared to the conventional controller.
This document defines and discusses the complementary perfect triple connected domination number of a graph. It begins by introducing concepts like triple connected graphs and triple connected dominating sets. It then defines a complementary perfect triple connected dominating set as a triple connected dominating set where the induced subgraph on the remaining vertices has a perfect matching. The complementary perfect triple connected domination number is the minimum cardinality of such sets. The document determines this number for some standard graph classes and establishes bounds for general graphs, exploring relationships with other graph parameters.
This document discusses different methodologies for access control and their interactions. It begins by introducing access control as a major security component for organizations to implement regulatory constraints. It then describes several common access control models in more detail, including Mandatory Access Control (MAC), Discretionary Access Control (DAC), and Role-Based Access Control (RBAC). MAC controls access based on a system-wide security policy, while DAC allows individual users some control over access permissions. The document analyzes advantages and limitations of each model and their suitability for different environments.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes the use of data mining techniques in analyzing stock market data and foreign exchange rates. It discusses how data mining can be used to discover patterns and correlations in large financial datasets that may not be apparent to analysts. Specific techniques mentioned include neural networks, clustering, regression, and decision trees. Applications include predicting stock prices, detecting credit card fraud, and modeling foreign exchange markets. The document also notes some challenges in using data mining for financial data due to the dynamic nature of markets.
This document summarizes and compares different methods for performing keyword searches in relational databases. It discusses candidate network-based methods, Steiner-tree based algorithms, and backward expanding keyword search approaches. It also evaluates methods that aim to improve search efficiency and accuracy, such as integrating multiple related tuple units and developing structure-aware indexes. The overall goal is to find an effective and efficient approach to keyword search over relational database structures.
This document discusses a study that examines the interrelationships between trust, perceived risk, and behavioral intention for technology acceptance and internet banking. The study develops an integrated model to explain how trust and perceived risk influence consumers' behavioral intention to use internet banking services. The research was conducted through a survey of 432 young Chinese consumers and analyzed the relationships between trust, perceived risk, and behavioral intention regarding the adoption of internet banking services in China.
This document summarizes a review of experimental and numerical investigations into friction stir welds of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy. It begins with an abstract and introduction discussing friction stir welding as a solid-state joining process without melting. The amount of heat conducted into the workpiece determines weld quality. Understanding heat transfer is important to improve the process. Many studies have used simulation to determine temperature distribution under different welding conditions. The objective of this research was to develop a finite element simulation of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy friction stir welding. Trend line equations would be developed to understand relationships between peak temperature and thermal conductivity, specific heat, and density. Tensile tests and hardness measurements were conducted on welded specimens
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document summarizes a review of experimental and numerical investigations into friction stir welds of AA6063-T6 aluminum alloy. It begins with an abstract and introduction discussing friction stir welding as a solid-state joining process without melting. The amount of heat conducted into the workpiece determines weld quality and tool life. The document then reviews various research using simulation to determine temperature distribution and develop relationships between input parameters and peak temperature. Experimental results for tensile strength and hardness of welded specimens are also reported and compared to simulation results.
Internet es una red mundial de computadoras conectadas entre sí que permite el intercambio de información. Los usuarios pueden acceder a contenidos como correo electrónico, sitios web, video y más a través de un navegador web. La World Wide Web fue creada en 1989 y permite a los usuarios navegar entre páginas web mediante hiperenlaces, mientras que Internet es la infraestructura subyacente de redes que hace posible la WWW.
The document discusses automation and safety considerations for the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production. VCM is flammable and toxic, and the exothermic polymerization reaction must be carefully controlled to prevent runaway reactions. Hazards include fires, explosions, and toxic emissions. A hazard assessment identifies scenarios like cooling failure, overfilling, and loss of agitation that could lead to runaway. Prevention strategies include alarms, addition of chemical inhibitors, and automatic depressurization of reactors in emergencies.
Este documento resume los principales puntos de un libro sobre los eventos del 30 de septiembre de 2010 en Ecuador, cuando hubo un intento de golpe de estado. En 3 oraciones: El libro recopila artículos que analizan el intento de golpe, incluyendo evidencias como el secuestro del presidente Rafael Correa y ataques a la asamblea nacional. También examina la respuesta nacional e internacional en defensa de la democracia y la legitimidad del rescate del presidente. El objetivo final es reflexionar sobre estos eventos y for
Isolation, Optimization, Production and Purification of Alpha Amylase from ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the isolation, optimization, production, and purification of the enzyme alpha amylase from soil bacteria. Key points:
1) The bacteria Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil samples and identified as an alpha amylase producer through starch hydrolysis screening and biochemical tests.
2) Fermentation conditions like pH and temperature were optimized for maximum enzyme production, with pH 7.0 and 37°C found to be optimal.
3) The enzyme was partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and further purified via dialysis. SDS-PAGE was used to determine the molecular weight of the purified amylase.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
This document describes research into the microbial synthesis of platinum nanoparticles using Saccharomyces boulardii and evaluation of the anticancer activity of the synthesized platinum nanoparticles. Key findings include:
1) Platinum nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using the cell free extract of S. boulardii when reacted with chloroplatinic acid.
2) Various parameters like metal salt concentration, temperature, cellmass concentration, pH, and reaction time were optimized to control the yield and properties of the synthesized nanoparticles.
3) The synthesized platinum nanoparticles showed anticancer activity against A431 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values between 57-100 μg/ml, indicating potential for use as an antic
Isolation and Characterization of Thermostable Protease Producing Bacteria fr...IOSR Journals
This study is a search for potential thermostable protease producing strain. Among nine protease
producing strains screened from soap industry effluent, one was selected as promising thermostable protease
producer and identified as Bacillus subtilis. The activity of the protease produced by this organism is stable up
to 70ºC. The optimum yield was achieved after 48 hours of culture, at 65ºC with the pH 8.0. The maximum
protease activity was observed at 65ºC and at pH 8.0.
Production and Purification of Amylase from Bacillus subtilis Isolated from SoilDr. Amarjeet Singh
In spite of progress in biotechnology and
enzymology, the enzymes have been industrialized in recent
years for the mounting up the product development in
various arena. The ultimate goal of this study comprises the
production and purification the amylase enzyme from the
bacterial strain. A powerful amylase producer, Bacillus
subtilis ISOLATE-4 was isolated, screened and identified
from the soil sample. In order to produce extracellular
amylase, various physico-chemical parameters were
optimized. During optimization, the maximal production of
amylase by the isolate at 48 hrs of incubation in 100 rpm was
found to be 6.93U/ml, 5.94U/ml, 6.0U/ml at 45ºC, pH 6 with
1% substrate concentration respectively. Ammonium
sulphate fractionation was done for rapid precipitation of the
amylase at a concentration of 60% and exposed to dialysis
showed the 25% purification fold of an enzyme. The dialyzed
product was further subjected to DEAE-Cellulose column
chromatography resulted in an increase up to 75%
purification fold than crude enzyme. The amylase enzyme
might be suitable for the liquefaction of starch, detergent,
textile and several additional industrial applications.
This document summarizes a study on the production of bioethanol from potato and carambola juice using molds and agaricus as sources of amylase enzymes. The amylase activity of molds and agaricus was investigated under varying conditions of starch concentration, pH, incubation time, and temperature. Maximum amylase activity of 173-178 U/g was obtained for molds using 1.5% starch solution at pH 5.0 and 60°C for 30 minutes. For agaricus, highest amylase production of 14-16 U/g occurred with 1.5% starch solution at pH 6.0 and 75°C for 30 minutes. Reducing sugars were produced by fermenting potato
Effect of Various Parameters on the Growth and Ethanol Production by Yeasts I...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
Two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated from date juice and grapes and grown in YEPD medium. They were characterized for alcoholic fermentation using sugarcane molasses and their growth conditions were optimized with respect to pH and sugar concentration. Results revealed a temperature of 30ºC, pH 6.0 and 6.5% sugar concentration as optimum for fermentation. Stress tolerance tests showed that date juice isolate was highly tolerant to temperature, pH and high ethanol concentration in the medium. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisiae isolated from date-juice produced 7.75% of ethanol in molasses as estimated by Conway method.
This document discusses upgrading exoglucanase production by Trichoderma reesei NRC 210 through fermentation process optimization. Batch fermentations were performed to study the effects of pH and agitation speed on enzyme production. Results showed that controlling pH from 4-5 and increasing agitation speed to 350 rpm increased exoglucanase activity by about 15-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively. Kinetic models including the Leudeking-Piret and Monod models were applied and showed good fit to experimental data, indicating growth-associated exoglucanase production and substrate consumption patterns over fermentation time. Process optimization led to improved exoglucanase yields useful for industrial applications.
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Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
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Production of Amphiphilic Surfactant Molecule From Saccharomyces Cerevisiae M...inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document compares yeast fermentation using glucose and panela (unrefined sugar) as substrates. Panela is produced from sugar cane. Yeast ferments sugars into ethanol under anaerobic conditions. Experiments were conducted with glucose and panela in bioreactors, measuring biomass, substrate COD, and pH over 5 days of aerobic then anaerobic growth. Experimental results showed biomass and substrate decreases during aerobic growth but no significant changes during fermentation. A model of the process matched experimental aerobic data but not fermentation, where no ethanol was measured. Recommendations include controlling pH and conducting replicate analyses.
Isolation of Yeasts from Raisins and Palm-Juice and Ethanol Production in Mol...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
The alternative fuels are expected to satisfy the progressive demand for energy on the wake of the negative effects of fossil fuel on the atmosphere and resultant universal warming. In this study two ethanol fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisae were isolated from Palm juice and Raisins. Both isolates were grown in Yeast extract Peptone Dextrose (YEPD) medium and characterized for alcoholic fermentation using molasses medium and optimized for pH, thermo-, osmo-, ethanol tolerance and sugar concentration. Results showed for ethanol fermentation, 31°C temperature, 6.01 pH and 6.50% sugar concentration is the prime condition. Raisin-isolate emerged as highly thermophilic and stress tolerant in nature. Under optimized conditions, S. cerevisae isolated from Palmjuice produced 9.85% of ethanol in the medium. Creation of ethanol through fermentation appears to be a potential other fossil fuel and can be used as exclusive fuel in vehicles with dedicated engines or in fuel blends.
CULTIVATION OF OSCILLATORIA SP IN DAIRY WASTE WATER IN TWO STAGE PHOTO BIOREA...civej
This paper presents an integrated approach to cultivate microalgae in dairy wastewater and to
investigate the capability of the organism for biodiesel production. The present study was carried out
using tolerant strains of microalgae collected from dairy effluent treatment plant, Kochi. Selected blue
green algal strains were mass cultured in the laboratory and acclimatized using different concentrations
of synthetic effluent. Blue green algal filaments were immobilized inside the primary and secondary
photobioreactors. The experiment was conducted in two stages including batch and continuous
treatment. The stage 1 of the experiment was designed for the reduction of physical impurities and the
nutrients. Stage 2 was designed mainly for the cultivation of blue green algae in dairy waste water by
utilizing the extra nutrients . Reduction of 94 -99.5% in phosphate was observed after 48 h of treatment
in the primary and secondary photobioreactors. The level of phosphate, total hardness, ammoniacal
nitrogen in the MSE was reduced by 97%,93 %, 81% respectively. BOD was reduced to 370mg L-1 from
1500 mg L-1 after 48 hrs of treatment in the primary reactor. COD was reduced to 85 mg L -1 from an
initial value of 1500 mg L -1 from medium strength effluent (MSE) and 90-95 % removal of COD was
also obtained from high strength effluent(HSE) during the study period. Biomass developed within the
reactor was harvested at every 15 days intervals from the secondary reactor and analyzed for lipids and
fattyacids. Presence of C14:0, C16:0,C18:0, C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids strongly supports its abilility for
biodiesel production.
Comparison of kinetic models for biogas production rate from saw dusteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on Culture Conditions for A Cellulase Production From As Pergillus UnguisIJMERJOURNAL
1) The document studies the optimal culture conditions for cellulase production by Aspergillus unguis through solid state fermentation.
2) Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various carbon sources, nitrogen sources, moisture content, duration and citrate buffer content on cellulase production.
3) The highest cellulase activity of 110.92 U/ml was achieved under the following optimal conditions: rice husk as the carbon source, yeast extract as the nitrogen source, 64% moisture content, 7 days of incubation, and a citrate buffer to byproduct ratio of 7:1.
Optimization of Cultural Parameters for Cellulase Enzyme Production from Fung...IOSR Journals
Cellulalytic fungi synthesize cellulose enzyme for biodegradation of cellulose. This depends on various condition which include the source f isolation. This study was designed to determine the optimum condition necessary for cellulose production by fungi. Cellulose activities at different temperatures, pH and nitrogen sources by Rhizopus oryzae Aspergillus niger; A. flams, P. expansum and A. oryzae in liquid medium was studied and cellulose enzyme assay carried out by dinitrosalicylic acid method. All the fungal isolates have their highest cellulose activity at 400c except Penicillium expansum whose highest value of 1.28mg/ml was obtained at 320c. Cellulase produced 6m was found to be highest in all the isolate at pH 4.0 exception P expansum which occur at pH 5.5 (1.21mg/ml). The highest value e1.45mg/ml was obtained in A niger. Highest cellulose activity for A. niger, A. oryzae & P. expansum occurred in peptone. The study shows the need to determine the best physiological condition that allow for the optimal cellulose activity of fungal isolate. This will enhance their enzyme production.
IRJET- Hydrothermal Pretreatment Enhanced Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Glucose Pr...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the use of hydrothermal pretreatment to enhance the enzymatic hydrolysis and glucose production from lignocellulosic biomass. Specifically:
- Sawdust samples from hardwood and softwood were treated with sodium hydroxide solution at 80±5°C for varying times. The 180 minute treatment yielded the highest cellulose content (84.9% for hardwood, 83.5% for softwood) and lowest lignin content.
- The pretreated samples were then hydrolyzed with crude enzymes from Trichoderma and Aspergillus niger fungi. The maximum glucose yields were 7.4% and 6% respectively.
- Total solid
Immobilization of two endoglucanases from different sourcesIJEAB
Cellulases are a important family of hydrolytic enzymes which catalyze the bond of cellulose and other related cello-oligosaccharide derivates. Industrial applications require enzymes highly stable and economically viable in terms of reusability. These costs can be reduced by immobilizing the cellulases, offering a potential solution through enzyme recycling and easy recovery. The covalent immobilization of enzymes is reported here: one is commercial cellulase from Aspergillus niger and other one is recombinant enzyme, named CelStrep it because was isolated from a new cellulolytic strain, Streptomyces sp. G12,. The optimal pH for binding is 4.6 for both cellulases and the optimal enzyme concentrations are 1 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL respectively. The support for immobilization is a poliacrylic matrix. Experiments carried out in this work show positive results of enzyme immobilization in terms of efficiency and stability and confirm the economic and biotechnical advantages of enzyme immobilization for a wide range of industrial applications.
Immobilization of two endoglucanases from different sources
Dz24798803
1. Amenaghawon N.A, Okieimen C.O, Ogbeide S.E / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.798-803
Kinetic Modelling of Ethanol Inhibition during Alcohol
fermentation of Corn Stover using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
*
Amenaghawon, N.A, Okieimen, C.O and Ogbeide, S.E
*
Department of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The inhibitive effect of ethanol on the The growth of microorganisms during
growth of fermenting organism during batch bioconversion is a complex process. The Monod
ethanol fermentation was investigated. A low order equation is usually used to relate the specific growth
kinetic growth model was adopted to simulate cell rate to the concentration of the limiting substrate.
growth. Experimental data was used to test the S
validity of the kinetic model. Results show that only max (1)
the Hinshelwood model was able to replicate to a Ks S
high level of confidence, the concentrations of
substrate, biomass and ethanol as obtained This equation is well suited for fermentation
experimentally. Results obtained by using kinetic processes where the growth of fermenting organism is
parameters estimated by the Hinshelwood model to not inhibited by toxic substances.
simulate cell growth showed that cell yield, product It is known that microbial activity during ethanol
yield, specific growth rate and specific ethanol fermentation is affected by certain factors namely, cell
production rate were all affected by ethanol death, substrate limitation, substrate inhibition and
inhibition. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on the product inhibition. . None of the models in the
specific growth rate, product yield and specific literature account for the effect of these factors at the
ethanol production rate was observed to be same time. The models of Egamberdiev &
primarily due to decreasing biomass yield. Jerusalimsky [8], Ghose & Tyagi [9], Hinshelwood
[10], Holzberg et al. [11], Hoppe & Hansford [12],
Keywords - Kinetics, cell growth, Saccharomyces Lee [13] and Aiba et al. [14] only account for the
cerevisiae, Hinshelwood model, Ethanol fermentation effect of product (ethanol) inhibition. For a kinetic
model to appropriately represent microbial activity
1. INTRODUCTION during ethanol fermentation, it should account for the
In order to effectively analyse and effect of all four factors. Even though this is the
subsequently optimise a biological process, the desired outcome, it is not realistic to expect that any
kinetics of the process needs to be understood and kinetic model to will be able to correctly represent real
quantified [1]. The use of kinetic models to describe process situations.
the behaviour of biological systems has been The purpose of this study is to investigate the
acknowledged to be important because it can reduce biokinetics of batch ethanol fermentation. By using a
the number of experiments needed to eliminate kinetic model that accounts for ethanol inhibition, this
extreme possibilities and provide mathematical paper examines the inhibitory effect of ethanol on cell
expressions that can quantitatively describe the growth and ethanol productivity during fermentation.
mechanism of the process as required for optimization Model parameters were estimated using experimental
and control [2], [3]. Though a lot of kinetic models data and these were subsequently used for computer
have been developed for the growth of cells in both simulations to predict how the ethanol concentration
batch and continuous processes, unstructured models affected cell yield, ethanol yield, cell growth rate and
still give the most basic understanding of metabolism ethanol production rate.
of microbiological processes [4–6]. These unstructured
models fairly approximate the dynamic behaviour of 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
these processes for non-steady state cases [7]. 2.1 Materials collection
Corn stover was obtained from a
farm in the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research
(NIFOR), Benin City, Nigeria. The yeast
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2. Amenaghawon N.A, Okieimen C.O, Ogbeide S.E / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.798-803
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 4126 which was
S P
obtained from Bendel Brewery Nig. Ltd., Benin City, max 1
Ks S Pm
(2)
Nigeria was used as fermenting organism in this study.
2.2 Culture medium, inoculum and fermentation Where ( h 1 ) is the specific growth rate, max ( h 1 )
The composition (g/L) of the fermentation is the maximum specific growth rate of biomass,
medium used for ethanol production was: Glucose, K s ( g / L ) is the substrate affinity constant, and Pm
100; Yeast extract, 8.5; NH4Cl, 1.32; MgSO4.7H2O,
0.11; CaCl2, 0.06; Antifoam, 0.01mL; Citric acid, 1.5; ( g / L ) is the maximum concentration of ethanol
Citrate, 0.2; Water, 1L. The fermentation was carried above which cell growth ceases.
out in 1L Erlenmeyer flasks. The fermenting vessel
was tightly corked to ensure anaerobic condition 3.2 Model validation and parameter
prevailed during the fermentation. estimation:
The adopted kinetic model was validated
2.3 Substrate and pretreatment against experimental data by estimating the model
The collected corn stover was sun dried to parameters. Table 1 shows the parameters estimated
reduce its moisture content. The dried corn stover was and their respective optimal estimate.
milled into small particles to increase its surface area Table 1: Values of estimated parameters
and make the cellulose readily available for Model Optimal
hydrolysis. It was subsequently screened using Parameter estimate
standard sieves of known mesh sizes to obtain 0.6mm
particles. Dilute acid hydrolysis of the corn stover was max ( h 1 ) 0.36
carried out using 250ml of 1% sulphuric acid at 190oC
for 2hours. Each hydrolysate was subsequently Ks ( g / L ) 5.42
neutralised with 1.0M Sodium Hydroxide solution and Pm ( g / L )
then allowed to cool at room temperature. The 30.13
neutralised hydrolysate was centrifuged for 20 minutes
to remove any suspended solids [15]. Enzymatic These parameters were used to generate time profiles
hydrolysis was carried out by heating the neutralised of substrate, biomass and product concentrations for
hydrolysate at 100 oC for 10 minutes to gelatinise any the model. Fig. 1 shows the comparison between
starch present. Enzymatic hydrolysis was carried out experimental data and the model predicted data for
with the aid of α and β amylase. At the end of substrate, biomass and ethanol concentrations.
hydrolysis, the enzymes were inactivated by heating at
100 oC for 10 minutes [16].
2.4 Analyses
Liquid samples were taken at intervals of 2
hours and analysed for glucose, biomass, and ethanol.
Cell concentration was measured by dispensing 5 cm3
of fermentation broth into a tube and centrifuging it at
5000 rpm for 30 minutes. The optical density of the
sample was measured spectrophotometrically at
600nm and compared to standard curve of dry weight
of yeast cells. The glucose content of the sample was
determined using the DNS method [17]. The ethanol
concentration was measured by the dichromate
oxidation method, which is based on the complete
oxidation of ethanol by dichromate in the presence of
sulphuric acid [18].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Cell growth kinetics:
The kinetic model developed by
Hinshelwood [10] was adopted for describing cell
growth during fermentation. Figure 1: Comparison between experimental data and
the model predicted data for substrate, biomass and
product concentrations
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3. Amenaghawon N.A, Okieimen C.O, Ogbeide S.E / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.798-803
The results presented in Fig 1 shows that the Figure 2: Effect of ethanol concentration on the yield
kinetic model adopted was able to replicate the of fermenting organism as predicted by the hyperbolic
concentrations of ethanol, substrate, and biomass as and Hinshelwood models
obtained from experiment. This is evident in the high The decrease observed may be as a result of the
level of correlation between the experimental and accumulation of ethanol in the fermentation broth
model predicted results, hence the model exhibits a which inhibits the growth of the fermenting organism.
good fit with the experimental data. There was a Warren et al. [1] and Taylor et al. [21] reported similar
progressive decrease in the concentration of substrate declines in biomass yield with increase in ethanol
with time. The observed trend indicates that the concentration.
substrate is being metabolised by the fermenting
microorganism to produce ethanol. This observation is 3.3.2 Ethanol yield
mirrored by the corresponding progressive increase in The ethanol yield like the cell yield, are
the concentrations of ethanol and biomass since the assumed to be constant. In some cases, parameters
cells metabolise the substrate to induce growth and representing cell death and maintenance are utilised to
subsequently produce ethanol. These results are in account for changes in cell and product yields. The
agreement with those reported by Baei et al. [19] and effect of ethanol concentration on ethanol yield is
Ocloo & Ayernor [20]. According to them, they illustrated in Fig. 3. It can be observed that the yield of
observed similar decrease in the substrate ethanol increases as its concentration increases after
concentration as a result of ethanol formation by the which it becomes somewhat constant. The trend
metabolic consumption of the substrate. observed is easily explained in that as the
concentration of ethanol in the fermentation vessel
3.3 Ethanol inhibition increases, the yield will also increase since yield is an
In the following section, the inhibitory effect indication of the amount of a substance produced. The
of ethanol is evaluated. This was accomplished by yield becomes constant towards the end of the plot
determining the effect of ethanol concentration of key because inhibition has set in and the cells are no longer
fermentation variables. The parameters estimated were producing fresh ethanol. These results agree with those
used to run simulations to evaluate the inhibitory obtained by Warren et al. [1] where the characteristic
effect of ethanol. plot of the yields as a function of ethanol
concentration was similar to that presented here.
3.3.1 Biomass yield
Fig. 2 shows the effect of ethanol
concentration on the yield of fermenting organism. It
can be observed that, cell yield decreases gradually but
progressively as the concentration of ethanol increases
indicating a relationship between biomass yield and
product inhibition.
Figure 3: Effect of ethanol concentration on the yield
of ethanol as predicted by the hyperbolic and
Hinshelwood models
3.3.3 Specific growth rate
The inhibitory effect of ethanol on the specific growth
rate as predicted by the hyperbolic model is shown in
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4. Amenaghawon N.A, Okieimen C.O, Ogbeide S.E / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.798-803
Fig. 4. This was done by comparing the specific
growth rate with its maximum value ( max ).
Figure 5: Effect of ethanol concentration on the
specific ethanol productivity rate as predicted by the
Figure 4: Effect of ethanol concentration on the hyperbolic and Hinshelwood models
specific growth rate as predicted by the hyperbolic and
Hinshelwood models
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this work, the effect of ethanol inhibition
It is observed from Fig. 4 that the model
during batch fermentation of ethanol from pretreated
predicts an almost linear relationship between the
corn stover using Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been
relative specific growth rate and ethanol concentration.
investigated. A low order kinetic model was adopted
A steady decrease in the specific growth rate of
to simulate cell growth. The following conclusions can
fermenting organism relative to its maximum value is
be drawn from this study.
observed as the concentration of ethanol increases.
The almost linear behaviour predicted by the The validated Hinshelwood model which is a
Hinshelwood model is similar to those obtained by kinetic growth model that account for product
previous workers [11], [14]. The results clearly show inhibition can predict the dynamic response
that the inhibitory effect of ethanol on the specific of cell growth during ethanol fermentation.
growth rate is principally due to decreasing biomass This was evident in the high level of
yield as shown in Fig. 2. correlation between the experimental results
and the model predicted results.
3.3.4 Specific ethanol productivity rate A linear relationship exists between relative
Fig. 5 is a plot of the specific rate of ethanol specific growth rate and ethanol
production as a function of ethanol concentration. The concentration. A linear relationship also
model predicts that the specific ethanol productivity exists between specific ethanol productivity
rate decrease steadily as ethanol concentration rate and ethanol concentration.
increases. The Hinshelwood model predicts a linear The primary effect of ethanol inhibition is on
relationship between specific ethanol productivity rate biomass yield which in turn affects other
and ethanol concentration. These results are similar to variables such as the specific growth rate of
those obtained by Daugulis & Swaine [22]. fermenting organism, ethanol yield and
specific ethanol production rate.
For the ethanol fermentation process considered
in this work, a major limitation is apparent i.e. ethanol
inhibition is appreciable. A viable approach to
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5. Amenaghawon N.A, Okieimen C.O, Ogbeide S.E / International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.798-803
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NOMENCLATURE hydrolysate. II. Product and substrate
Ks Half saturation constant (g/l) inhibition and optimization of fermentor
P Ethanol concentration (g/l) design,” Biotechnology and
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