The document summarizes a study that investigated different hydrolysis methods for converting wood saw dust (WSD) into fermentable sugars for ethanol production. WSD was hydrolyzed using chemical methods with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It was also hydrolyzed using enzymes from various fungal strains including Aspergillus fumigatus. The study found that treatment with 1N H2SO4 resulted in the highest saccharification yield of 5.52% (w/v), while enzymes from A. wentii yielded the highest saccharification of 0.119% (w/v) enzymatically.
miniemulsion polymerization of butadiene 2015Ahmed Moustafa
The document summarizes a study on the kinetics of miniemulsion polymerization (MEP) and conventional emulsion polymerization (CEP) of butadiene. Some key findings:
1) MEP of butadiene showed a much faster initial conversion rate and propagation rate compared to CEP, due to MEP polymerizing monomer reservoirs rather than micelles.
2) The maximum swelling of butadiene liquid into hexadecane miniemulsion droplets was achieved within 3 hours at room temperature.
3) Reducing the swelling time to 45 minutes before initiating polymerization still resulted in faster kinetics for MEP compared to CEP.
4) The propagation rate for MEP was found to
This document describes a new method for immobilizing DNA, proteins, and enzymes on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) biochips. Specifically:
1. Biologically active compounds like DNA, antibodies, and enzymes are attached to micrometer-sized beads.
2. The beads are then spotted onto a poly(vinyl chloride) surface and dried, forming an array.
3. PDMS is molded over the bead array, entrapping the beads in the polymer.
4. This allows the creation of either low-density arrays or integrated fluidic chips with the sensing elements directly incorporated into microchannels.
5. The method was shown to successfully create arrays for
Biosorption of ni(ii) ions from electroplating industrial effluent using tino...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on using biomass from the plant Tinospora cardifolia to remove nickel (Ni2+) ions from industrial wastewater via biosorption. Key findings include:
- T. cardifolia biomass was found to efficiently adsorb Ni2+ ions from solution. Maximum adsorption occurred at a pH of 4.0.
- Adsorption capacity increased with increasing biomass dosage and decreasing initial Ni2+ concentration, but decreased with increasing Ni2+ concentration as adsorption sites became saturated.
- Equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes of contact time. Kinetic data fitted well with a pseudo-second order rate model.
- In
Deep Eutetic Solvents for Biomass Activation by Sauli Vuoti, Jaakko Hiltunen et al., VTT
ACel Programme Seminar June 5, 2015
http://fibic.fi/events/acel-program-seminar-jun-5-cellulose-reactivity-and-recycling-of-ionic-liquids
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability ...Maciej Przybyłek
This research paper studied the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to improve the solubility, stability, and delivery of curcumin. The study found that NADES composed of choline chloride and glycerol had the highest solubility for curcumin. This NADES system was also effective at extracting curcuminoids from turmeric and preventing degradation of curcumin when exposed to sunlight. Testing in simulated gastrointestinal fluids showed a significant increase in curcumin bioavailability in the small intestine. Quantum chemistry computations indicated that direct molecular interactions between curcumin and choline chloride or glycerol were responsible for enhancing curcumin's solubility in NADES, especially
Ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents as novel soil washing agent for lead re...Soumyadeep Mukherjee
This document discusses using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural surfactants for removing lead from contaminated soil. DESs were prepared using choline chloride mixed with various hydrogen bond donors like fructose, sucrose, glycerol, and ethylene glycol. Addition of a natural surfactant called saponin, extracted from soapnut fruit, improved the lead removal efficiency of the DESs. Batch tests showed the fructose-based DES combined with 1% saponin solution removed up to 72% of lead from the contaminated soil. The DESs act as mild acids and the saponin further enhances removal by supplying hydrogen ions. This study suggests natural compound-based DESs have
ABSTRACT- Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb.
Key-words- Lead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation
Pretreatment of wheat straw using deep eutectic solvents and ultraoundEuropeanPaper
By Andrea Skulcova, Slovak University of Technology. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
miniemulsion polymerization of butadiene 2015Ahmed Moustafa
The document summarizes a study on the kinetics of miniemulsion polymerization (MEP) and conventional emulsion polymerization (CEP) of butadiene. Some key findings:
1) MEP of butadiene showed a much faster initial conversion rate and propagation rate compared to CEP, due to MEP polymerizing monomer reservoirs rather than micelles.
2) The maximum swelling of butadiene liquid into hexadecane miniemulsion droplets was achieved within 3 hours at room temperature.
3) Reducing the swelling time to 45 minutes before initiating polymerization still resulted in faster kinetics for MEP compared to CEP.
4) The propagation rate for MEP was found to
This document describes a new method for immobilizing DNA, proteins, and enzymes on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) biochips. Specifically:
1. Biologically active compounds like DNA, antibodies, and enzymes are attached to micrometer-sized beads.
2. The beads are then spotted onto a poly(vinyl chloride) surface and dried, forming an array.
3. PDMS is molded over the bead array, entrapping the beads in the polymer.
4. This allows the creation of either low-density arrays or integrated fluidic chips with the sensing elements directly incorporated into microchannels.
5. The method was shown to successfully create arrays for
Biosorption of ni(ii) ions from electroplating industrial effluent using tino...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on using biomass from the plant Tinospora cardifolia to remove nickel (Ni2+) ions from industrial wastewater via biosorption. Key findings include:
- T. cardifolia biomass was found to efficiently adsorb Ni2+ ions from solution. Maximum adsorption occurred at a pH of 4.0.
- Adsorption capacity increased with increasing biomass dosage and decreasing initial Ni2+ concentration, but decreased with increasing Ni2+ concentration as adsorption sites became saturated.
- Equilibrium was reached within 30 minutes of contact time. Kinetic data fitted well with a pseudo-second order rate model.
- In
Deep Eutetic Solvents for Biomass Activation by Sauli Vuoti, Jaakko Hiltunen et al., VTT
ACel Programme Seminar June 5, 2015
http://fibic.fi/events/acel-program-seminar-jun-5-cellulose-reactivity-and-recycling-of-ionic-liquids
Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Agents for Improving Solubility, Stability ...Maciej Przybyłek
This research paper studied the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) to improve the solubility, stability, and delivery of curcumin. The study found that NADES composed of choline chloride and glycerol had the highest solubility for curcumin. This NADES system was also effective at extracting curcuminoids from turmeric and preventing degradation of curcumin when exposed to sunlight. Testing in simulated gastrointestinal fluids showed a significant increase in curcumin bioavailability in the small intestine. Quantum chemistry computations indicated that direct molecular interactions between curcumin and choline chloride or glycerol were responsible for enhancing curcumin's solubility in NADES, especially
Ammonium-based deep eutectic solvents as novel soil washing agent for lead re...Soumyadeep Mukherjee
This document discusses using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and natural surfactants for removing lead from contaminated soil. DESs were prepared using choline chloride mixed with various hydrogen bond donors like fructose, sucrose, glycerol, and ethylene glycol. Addition of a natural surfactant called saponin, extracted from soapnut fruit, improved the lead removal efficiency of the DESs. Batch tests showed the fructose-based DES combined with 1% saponin solution removed up to 72% of lead from the contaminated soil. The DESs act as mild acids and the saponin further enhances removal by supplying hydrogen ions. This study suggests natural compound-based DESs have
ABSTRACT- Tagetes erecta L. was raised in pots containing soil treated with various concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 (500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500mg/kg). At maturity plants were separated into root, stem, leaves and inflorescence and lead accumulated in each part was quantified. The effects of lead accumulation on growth was analyzed by the measurement of various growth parameters like root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and total leaf area per plant. Moreover effect of lead accumulation on biochemical parameters was checked by quantitative estimation of various biochemical parameters like chlorophyll, total protein, free amino acids, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch. Results showed that there is no remarkable negative effect of accumulation of lead on the morphological growth of the plant. Biochemical analysis showed that amount of total protein continuously decreased whereas that of free amino acids continuously increased with increasing concentrations of lead. Amount of chlorophyll, total sugar, reducing sugar and starch contents continuously increased till mid-level i.e., Pb 1500 mg/kg and then continuously decreased at higher concentrations. Results of quantitative estimation of Pb in root, stem, leaves and inflorescence showed that roots accumulated highest amount of Pb followed by stem and leaves, whereas inflorescence contained least amount of Pb.
Key-words- Lead (Pb), Heavy metal, Tagetes erecta L., Accumulation, Phytoremediation
Pretreatment of wheat straw using deep eutectic solvents and ultraoundEuropeanPaper
By Andrea Skulcova, Slovak University of Technology. This was presented during the Two Team Project - Winners' first successes session, organised as part of European Paper Week 2015. More at http://www.cepi.org/epw
Effects of LED light spectra on active oxygen metabolism and expression of an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effects of various LEDs on active oxygen metabolism and patterns of SOD, POD and CAT isozymes in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. seedlings were investigated. After three weeks of light treatment, the MDA content was higher under blue LED compared with the control (P﹤0.05), while it decreased under white, red and yellow LEDs (P﹤0.05). The content of H2O2 was gradually increased in red, yellow, green and blue LEDs. The production rate of superoxide anion increased under yellow and blue LEDs by contrast with the control (P﹤0.05), and it decreased under white LED (P﹤0.05). LEDs altered the banding patterns of POD enzymes where the more loci of POD isozymes were observed under green and blue LEDs. The increased intensities of Fe-SOD were showed in green and blue LEDs. As for Mn-SOD and CAT enzymes, enhanced intensities appeared in all LED groups compared with the control. Our results indicated that the antioxidant system of Houttuynia cordata seedlings were more sensitive to short light wavelength than the long ones.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using nitrated biomass from Cicer arientinum seeds. The effects of contact time, sorbent dose, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on dye adsorption were investigated. Kinetic modeling showed the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy (ΔG) were calculated. The activation energy was low, indicating physical adsorption. Intraparticle diffusion was identified as the rate-limiting step. The nitrated Cicer arientinum biomass was found to be a low-cost, effective sorbent for removing methylene blue from wastewater.
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso,
Centre for Application of Isotopes and Radiation Technology
NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
Jl. Cinere ,Ps Jumat, PO Box 7002 JKSKL, Jakarta 12070
Fax: 021-7513270, E-mail: gatot28 @ batan.go.id, gatot2811@yahoo.com
Radiation processing can modify the molecules weight, hydrophilic and mechanical properties of chitosan resulting in enhanced properties. Radiation processing also provides a simple and fast method for degradation of chitosan for a specific application.
This document summarizes work from Work Package 2 of the FuBio project, which aims to develop efficient and sustainable methods for biomass fractionation using recyclable ionic liquids. It discusses how ionic liquids enable true homogeneous processing of wood, and highlights results on autohydrolysis pretreatment, fibrillation of wood chips, and the IONCELL process for selective extraction of cellulose and hemicellulose from kraft pulp. It also introduces novel recyclable ionic liquid classes developed within the project, including distillable, switchable, and phase-separable ionic liquids, and evaluates their properties and applicability to lignocellulose processing.
Photodegradation of Hexythiaz ox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
The photodegradation of the carboxamide acaricide hexythiazox in three different solvent systems (aqueous
methanolic, aqueous isopropanolic, and aqueous acetonitrilic solutions) in the presence of H2O2, KNO3, and TiO2 under ultraviolet
(UV) light (λmax g 250 nm) and sunlight (λmax g 290 nm) has been assessed in this work. The kinetics of photodecomposition of
hexythiazox and the identification of photoproducts were carried out using liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The rate of
photodecomposition of hexythiazox in different solvents followed first-order kinetics in both UV radiation and natural sunlight, and
the degradation rates were faster under UV light than under sunlight. Hexythiazox was found to be more efficiently photodegraded
in the presence of TiO2 than in the presence of H2O2 and KNO3. Two major photoproducts were separated in pure form using
column chromatography and identified according to IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral information as cyclohexylamine and 5-(4-
chlorophenyl)-4-methylthiazolidin-2-one. Another nine photoproducts were identified according to LC-MS/MS spectral information. The plausible photodegradation pathways of hexythiazox were proposed according to the structures of the photoproducts
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbonGJESM Publication
This document discusses the comparative potential of black tea leaves waste (TLH) and granular activated carbon (GAC) for removing endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) like 17 β-estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and bisphenol A from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of factors like pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and to analyze adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The results showed that TLH had maximum adsorption capacities close to GAC and was able to remove over 95% of the EDCs. Both adsorbents showed better removal at neutral-acidic pH levels. Equilibrium was
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
The document investigates the efficiency of a photo-Fenton-like process (UV/H2O2/Fe0) for removing the pesticide diazinon from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Optimal parameters for diazinon removal were an H2O2 to Fe0 molar ratio of 1:1, pH of 4, reaction time of 30 minutes, and initial diazinon concentration of 10 mg/L.
2) Under these conditions, diazinon removal and COD reduction were 83.05% and 71.34% respectively.
3) The photo-Fenton-like process is suggested as an effective pretreatment for biological
The document summarizes research on using chitosan to remove copper from wastewater. Chitosan is a biopolymer that can effectively sorb and remove copper. The study found that copper removal by chitosan increased with contact time until equilibrium was reached at 140 minutes. Copper removal also increased with increasing copper concentration and temperature, indicating the process is endothermic. Kinetic data showed the removal follows first-order kinetics. Thermodynamic calculations found the process is spontaneous with increasing temperature based on negative Gibbs free energy values and positive enthalpy changes. Copper uptake increased with increasing pH from 2 to 6.5. Overall, the research demonstrates chitosan is an effective and low-cost adsorb
Performance of integrated process using fungal strain corialus versicalor mtcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the degradation of three dyes (Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal) using an integrated process of fungal degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The fungal strain Corialus versicalor was found to efficiently decolorize the dyes. Degradation was measured by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), which decreased by over 90% for the treated effluents. Spectral analysis showed reductions in dye absorption after treatment. The integrated process demonstrates potential for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using modified beech sawdust. Some key findings include:
- Maximum Pb removal efficiency of 91.3% occurred at pH 5, while minimum efficiency of 28.04% occurred at pH 7. Maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3841 mg/g.
- As the initial Pb concentration increased from 1 to 7 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 91.3% to 33.88%. Increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 8 g/L improved removal efficiency from 50% to 97.3%.
- Removal efficiency had a decreasing trend after equilibrium was reached
Enhancement rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol by ad...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of adding methyl cellulose (MC) on the rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions. Density, viscosity, conductivity and other properties were measured for PVA solutions with varying concentrations before and after adding 1-2 grams of MC. The results showed that adding MC increased the viscosity, conductivity and other properties of the PVA solutions. Rheological properties like viscosity increased with concentration due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules. Conductivity also increased with MC addition, making the solutions more electrically conductive. The degree of dissociation results indicated that MC caused the solutions to behave more like electrolytes. In conclusion, adding MC enhanced the properties of P
Adsorption of Methylene blue and Malachite Green in Aqueous Solution using Ja...IJEAB
The adsorption of mixture of two basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green in aqueous solution onto jack fruit leaf ash in a batch system with respect to initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, shaker speed and adsorbent doses was investigated.. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order kinetics model were used to describe the kinetic data. The rate constants at different pH values (3-9.1) were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 20.41mg/g was achieved by Langmuir isotherm model. Error analysis was done to find the best model that described the experimental data well and it was the Langmuir model. The result indicated that jack fruit leaf ash could be fruitfully employed as low cost adsorbent for the removal of mixture of two basic dyes MB and MG from the wastewater.
A comparison of cardanol and its derivatives as reactiveAlexander Decker
This document discusses the use of cardanol, cardanol acetate, and cardanyl methyl ether as reactive diluents in alkyd coatings to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The compounds were characterized and evaluated as partial replacements for solvent in long oil alkyd coatings. Coatings with the reactive diluents showed lower VOC levels (up to 39% reduction), faster drying times, and better properties compared to conventional coatings. Using these cardanol derivatives from cashew nut shell liquid provides advantages over petroleum-based solvents as it is renewable and reduces pollution from burning cashew nut shells.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Strobilanthes crispus extract on lipid profiles, antioxidant status, and toxicity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Specific objectives were to determine the extract's effects on total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, lipid peroxidation, liver enzymes, and atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed one of four diets for 12 weeks: control, high-cholesterol, high-cholesterol with 0.2% extract, or high-cholesterol with simvastatin. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed for biomarkers.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
The document summarizes a study that used a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) system to treat municipal wastewater. The MBR consisted of influent and effluent tanks and submerged PVDF hollow fiber membrane modules. Over a 120-day period, the MBR achieved over 99.5% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 88.9% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Results showed the MBR system is effective at treating high-strength wastewaters and can maintain performance during fluctuations in influent levels.
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
This document summarizes a study that investigated an alternative enzymatic method for producing microalgal biodiesel using an immobilized lipase from Bacillus sp.S23. The lipase was immobilized using sodium alginate beads. Various reaction parameters were optimized, including enzyme loading, temperature, water content, molar ratio, reaction time and agitation. Under optimal conditions of 1.5 g immobilized lipase, 1:12 oil to methyl acetate molar ratio, 35 °C, 8% water, 60 h reaction time and 250 rpm agitation, a maximum conversion efficiency of 95.68% was achieved. The immobilized lipase beads maintained high stability and activity even after 10 cycles of repeated use.
Characterization of the dual activity of an endo-beta-D-glycosidase from sali...Open Access Research Paper
This work reports the characterization of endo-beta-D-glycosidase from salivary gland of little soldier of Macrotermes subhyalinus. Based on thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the degradation products, the carboxymethylcellulaseactivity produced glucose, cellobiose and cellodextrins from carboxymethylcellulose as the substrate. When xylan from Birchwood was used, end products were xylobiose and xylodextrins. The presence of metal ions such as NaCl, MgCl2 and NH4Cl positively influenced the activity of β-glucosidase but the activity was inhibited in presence of CuCl2, ZnCl2, SDS.
Effects of LED light spectra on active oxygen metabolism and expression of an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effects of various LEDs on active oxygen metabolism and patterns of SOD, POD and CAT isozymes in Houttuynia cordata Thunb. seedlings were investigated. After three weeks of light treatment, the MDA content was higher under blue LED compared with the control (P﹤0.05), while it decreased under white, red and yellow LEDs (P﹤0.05). The content of H2O2 was gradually increased in red, yellow, green and blue LEDs. The production rate of superoxide anion increased under yellow and blue LEDs by contrast with the control (P﹤0.05), and it decreased under white LED (P﹤0.05). LEDs altered the banding patterns of POD enzymes where the more loci of POD isozymes were observed under green and blue LEDs. The increased intensities of Fe-SOD were showed in green and blue LEDs. As for Mn-SOD and CAT enzymes, enhanced intensities appeared in all LED groups compared with the control. Our results indicated that the antioxidant system of Houttuynia cordata seedlings were more sensitive to short light wavelength than the long ones.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions using nitrated biomass from Cicer arientinum seeds. The effects of contact time, sorbent dose, pH, temperature, and initial dye concentration on dye adsorption were investigated. Kinetic modeling showed the adsorption process followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Thermodynamic parameters like free energy (ΔG) were calculated. The activation energy was low, indicating physical adsorption. Intraparticle diffusion was identified as the rate-limiting step. The nitrated Cicer arientinum biomass was found to be a low-cost, effective sorbent for removing methylene blue from wastewater.
Gatot Trimulyadi Rekso,
Centre for Application of Isotopes and Radiation Technology
NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
Jl. Cinere ,Ps Jumat, PO Box 7002 JKSKL, Jakarta 12070
Fax: 021-7513270, E-mail: gatot28 @ batan.go.id, gatot2811@yahoo.com
Radiation processing can modify the molecules weight, hydrophilic and mechanical properties of chitosan resulting in enhanced properties. Radiation processing also provides a simple and fast method for degradation of chitosan for a specific application.
This document summarizes work from Work Package 2 of the FuBio project, which aims to develop efficient and sustainable methods for biomass fractionation using recyclable ionic liquids. It discusses how ionic liquids enable true homogeneous processing of wood, and highlights results on autohydrolysis pretreatment, fibrillation of wood chips, and the IONCELL process for selective extraction of cellulose and hemicellulose from kraft pulp. It also introduces novel recyclable ionic liquid classes developed within the project, including distillable, switchable, and phase-separable ionic liquids, and evaluates their properties and applicability to lignocellulose processing.
Photodegradation of Hexythiaz ox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influ...Dr. Sudeb Mandal
The photodegradation of the carboxamide acaricide hexythiazox in three different solvent systems (aqueous
methanolic, aqueous isopropanolic, and aqueous acetonitrilic solutions) in the presence of H2O2, KNO3, and TiO2 under ultraviolet
(UV) light (λmax g 250 nm) and sunlight (λmax g 290 nm) has been assessed in this work. The kinetics of photodecomposition of
hexythiazox and the identification of photoproducts were carried out using liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. The rate of
photodecomposition of hexythiazox in different solvents followed first-order kinetics in both UV radiation and natural sunlight, and
the degradation rates were faster under UV light than under sunlight. Hexythiazox was found to be more efficiently photodegraded
in the presence of TiO2 than in the presence of H2O2 and KNO3. Two major photoproducts were separated in pure form using
column chromatography and identified according to IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral information as cyclohexylamine and 5-(4-
chlorophenyl)-4-methylthiazolidin-2-one. Another nine photoproducts were identified according to LC-MS/MS spectral information. The plausible photodegradation pathways of hexythiazox were proposed according to the structures of the photoproducts
Comparative potential of black tea leaves waste to granular activated carbonGJESM Publication
This document discusses the comparative potential of black tea leaves waste (TLH) and granular activated carbon (GAC) for removing endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) like 17 β-estradiol, 17 α-ethinylestradiol, and bisphenol A from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to examine the effects of factors like pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature, and to analyze adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The results showed that TLH had maximum adsorption capacities close to GAC and was able to remove over 95% of the EDCs. Both adsorbents showed better removal at neutral-acidic pH levels. Equilibrium was
The pH Behavior of Seventeen Deep Eutectic SolventsMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a unique category of green solvents that have gained attention in biomass processing due to their distinctive properties not offered by traditional solvents. The pH behavior of 17 selected DESs along with their temperature dependence on pH were evaluated in this study. For all investigated DESs, a temperature increase caused a decrease in pH value.
The document investigates the efficiency of a photo-Fenton-like process (UV/H2O2/Fe0) for removing the pesticide diazinon from aqueous solutions. Key findings include:
1) Optimal parameters for diazinon removal were an H2O2 to Fe0 molar ratio of 1:1, pH of 4, reaction time of 30 minutes, and initial diazinon concentration of 10 mg/L.
2) Under these conditions, diazinon removal and COD reduction were 83.05% and 71.34% respectively.
3) The photo-Fenton-like process is suggested as an effective pretreatment for biological
The document summarizes research on using chitosan to remove copper from wastewater. Chitosan is a biopolymer that can effectively sorb and remove copper. The study found that copper removal by chitosan increased with contact time until equilibrium was reached at 140 minutes. Copper removal also increased with increasing copper concentration and temperature, indicating the process is endothermic. Kinetic data showed the removal follows first-order kinetics. Thermodynamic calculations found the process is spontaneous with increasing temperature based on negative Gibbs free energy values and positive enthalpy changes. Copper uptake increased with increasing pH from 2 to 6.5. Overall, the research demonstrates chitosan is an effective and low-cost adsorb
Performance of integrated process using fungal strain corialus versicalor mtcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the degradation of three dyes (Quinoline Yellow, Eosin B, and Rose Bengal) using an integrated process of fungal degradation and electrochemical oxidation. The fungal strain Corialus versicalor was found to efficiently decolorize the dyes. Degradation was measured by monitoring chemical oxygen demand (COD), which decreased by over 90% for the treated effluents. Spectral analysis showed reductions in dye absorption after treatment. The integrated process demonstrates potential for treating and reusing textile dye wastewater.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the adsorption of lead (Pb) from aqueous solution using modified beech sawdust. Some key findings include:
- Maximum Pb removal efficiency of 91.3% occurred at pH 5, while minimum efficiency of 28.04% occurred at pH 7. Maximum adsorption capacity was 0.3841 mg/g.
- As the initial Pb concentration increased from 1 to 7 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased from 91.3% to 33.88%. Increasing adsorbent dose from 2 to 8 g/L improved removal efficiency from 50% to 97.3%.
- Removal efficiency had a decreasing trend after equilibrium was reached
Enhancement rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol by ad...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of adding methyl cellulose (MC) on the rheological and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions. Density, viscosity, conductivity and other properties were measured for PVA solutions with varying concentrations before and after adding 1-2 grams of MC. The results showed that adding MC increased the viscosity, conductivity and other properties of the PVA solutions. Rheological properties like viscosity increased with concentration due to hydrogen bonding of water molecules. Conductivity also increased with MC addition, making the solutions more electrically conductive. The degree of dissociation results indicated that MC caused the solutions to behave more like electrolytes. In conclusion, adding MC enhanced the properties of P
Adsorption of Methylene blue and Malachite Green in Aqueous Solution using Ja...IJEAB
The adsorption of mixture of two basic dyes methylene blue and malachite green in aqueous solution onto jack fruit leaf ash in a batch system with respect to initial dye concentrations, pH, contact time, shaker speed and adsorbent doses was investigated.. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second- order kinetics model were used to describe the kinetic data. The rate constants at different pH values (3-9.1) were evaluated. The experimental data fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Equilibrium isotherms were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity was 20.41mg/g was achieved by Langmuir isotherm model. Error analysis was done to find the best model that described the experimental data well and it was the Langmuir model. The result indicated that jack fruit leaf ash could be fruitfully employed as low cost adsorbent for the removal of mixture of two basic dyes MB and MG from the wastewater.
A comparison of cardanol and its derivatives as reactiveAlexander Decker
This document discusses the use of cardanol, cardanol acetate, and cardanyl methyl ether as reactive diluents in alkyd coatings to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The compounds were characterized and evaluated as partial replacements for solvent in long oil alkyd coatings. Coatings with the reactive diluents showed lower VOC levels (up to 39% reduction), faster drying times, and better properties compared to conventional coatings. Using these cardanol derivatives from cashew nut shell liquid provides advantages over petroleum-based solvents as it is renewable and reduces pollution from burning cashew nut shells.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of Strobilanthes crispus extract on lipid profiles, antioxidant status, and toxicity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Specific objectives were to determine the extract's effects on total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, lipid peroxidation, liver enzymes, and atherosclerotic lesions. Rabbits were fed one of four diets for 12 weeks: control, high-cholesterol, high-cholesterol with 0.2% extract, or high-cholesterol with simvastatin. Blood and tissue samples were analyzed for biomarkers.
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
The document summarizes a study that used a hollow fiber membrane bioreactor (MBR) system to treat municipal wastewater. The MBR consisted of influent and effluent tanks and submerged PVDF hollow fiber membrane modules. Over a 120-day period, the MBR achieved over 99.5% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 88.9% removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Results showed the MBR system is effective at treating high-strength wastewaters and can maintain performance during fluctuations in influent levels.
Removal of basic dye from aqueous solution by adsorption on melon husk inAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the adsorption behavior of the cationic dye methylene blue in single, binary, and ternary solutions using melon husk as an adsorbent. Experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium was reached within 120 minutes for all systems. Kinetic data fit best to a pseudo-second order model. Isotherm data fit best to the Langmuir model for single systems and Freundlich model for binary and ternary systems. Adsorption was found to be thermodynamically feasible and exothermic for single and binary systems but endothermic for ternary systems.
In-vitro antioxidant and GC-MS analysis ethanolic extract of poly herbal drugSkyfox Publishing Group
Antioxidants play an important role in inhibiting and scavenging free radicals, thus providing protection to human against
infections and degenerative diseases. Current research is now directed towards natural antioxidants originated from plants due to safe
therapeutics. Poly herbal drugs is used in Indian traditional medicine for a wide range of various ailments. To understand the mechanism
of pharmacological actions, antioxidant properties of the Poly herbal drugs extract were tested using standard in vitro models. The
ethanolic extract of Poly herbal drugs exhibited strong scavenging effect on superoxide, nitric oxide radical and reducing power radical
scavenging assay. The free radical scavenging effect of Poly herbal drugs extract was comparable with that of the reference antioxidants.
The data obtained in the present study suggests that the extract of Poly herbal drugs have potent Invitro antioxidant and Anti Diabetic
activity against free radicals, prevent oxidative damage to major biomolecules and afford significant protection against oxidative damage.
This document summarizes a study that investigated an alternative enzymatic method for producing microalgal biodiesel using an immobilized lipase from Bacillus sp.S23. The lipase was immobilized using sodium alginate beads. Various reaction parameters were optimized, including enzyme loading, temperature, water content, molar ratio, reaction time and agitation. Under optimal conditions of 1.5 g immobilized lipase, 1:12 oil to methyl acetate molar ratio, 35 °C, 8% water, 60 h reaction time and 250 rpm agitation, a maximum conversion efficiency of 95.68% was achieved. The immobilized lipase beads maintained high stability and activity even after 10 cycles of repeated use.
Characterization of the dual activity of an endo-beta-D-glycosidase from sali...Open Access Research Paper
This work reports the characterization of endo-beta-D-glycosidase from salivary gland of little soldier of Macrotermes subhyalinus. Based on thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the degradation products, the carboxymethylcellulaseactivity produced glucose, cellobiose and cellodextrins from carboxymethylcellulose as the substrate. When xylan from Birchwood was used, end products were xylobiose and xylodextrins. The presence of metal ions such as NaCl, MgCl2 and NH4Cl positively influenced the activity of β-glucosidase but the activity was inhibited in presence of CuCl2, ZnCl2, SDS.
Characterization of the dual activity of an endo-beta-D-glycosidase from sali...Open Access Research Paper
This work reports the characterization of endo-beta-D-glycosidase from salivary gland of little soldier of Macrotermes subhyalinus. Based on thin-layer chromatographic analysis of the degradation products, the carboxymethylcellulaseactivity produced glucose, cellobiose and cellodextrins from carboxymethylcellulose as the substrate. When xylan from Birchwood was used, end products were xylobiose and xylodextrins. The presence of metal ions such as NaCl, MgCl2 and NH4Cl positively influenced the activity of β-glucosidase but the activity was inhibited in presence of CuCl2, ZnCl2, SDS.
This document summarizes a study that determined the concentrations of lead, cadmium, and chromium in spice samples from eastern Ethiopia using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Spice samples of fenugreek, black cumin, garlic, and ginger were collected and digested using microwave digestion with nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Lead, cadmium, and chromium concentrations were then measured. The study found detectable levels of all three metals in the samples tested, with the highest lead level found in ginger and the only detectable cadmium found in fenugreek. Microwave digestion was determined to be the optimal sample preparation method compared to dry and wet digestion based on shorter time and smaller deviations in results.
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Fractionation of Wheat StrawMichal Jablonsky
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a relatively new topic in science. Their usage is not yet clearly defined, and the areas in which DESs may be applied are constantly growing. A simple and clean fractionation of the main components of biomass represents a very important step in creating a clean, renewable carbon economy. A major challenge is the use of DESs for fractionation of biomass components at lower temperatures, without the use of expensive raw materials. In this work, wheat straw was pretreated with six different DES systems composed of choline chloride with urea (1:2), malonic acid (1:1), lactic (1:9; 1:10), malic (1:1), and oxalic acid (1:1). The pretreated biomass was characterized in terms of lignin content, ash, and holocellulose. A deep eutectic solvent, composed of choline chloride and oxalic acid, was found to produce the best delignification results. The solvents are not selective in the process of delignification.
This document summarizes a study that used a continuous stirred bed reactor (SBR) to treat textile wastewater through bacterial decolourisation. A mixture of three bacterial strains - Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Bacillus sp., and filamentous bacteria - were introduced to the SBR. The study used a mixture experimental design to optimize the formulation of bacterial strains and assess colour and COD removal. The results found that the highest predictable decolourisation and COD removal rates were 86.72% and 75.06% respectively. Regression analysis showed excellent correlation between the bacterial mixtures and responses of decolourisation and COD removal.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes research on the preparation and characterization of succinylated corn starch as an adsorbent for removing Pb(II) ions from aqueous media. Corn starch was reacted with succinic anhydride at different concentrations to introduce carboxyl groups and obtain succinylated corn starches with degrees of substitution from 0.19 to 0.47. The succinylated starches were characterized using techniques such as FTIR, SEM, TGA and BET surface area analysis. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the optimal pH for Pb(II) ion removal was 6.0. Adsorption capacity increased with increasing initial Pb(II) ion concentration and degree of substitution.
Antiaging Effect of Leaves of Different Extract Salvia SplendensBRNSS Publication Hub
The objective of the present work is to study the in vitro antioxidant activities of petroleum ether,
ethyl acetate, and methanolic extracts of leaves of Salvia splendens. The extracts were studied using
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total phenolic content (TPC), and total
flavonoid content (TFC). The TPC and TFC were estimated taking gallic acid and rutin calibration curve,
respectively. All the extracts possess in vitro antioxidant activities. However, the order of possessing
activities was methanolic > ethyl acetate > petroleum ether extracts of leaves S. splendens. The TPC and
TFC were highest in methanolic extract. It can be concluded that the extract of the leaves of S. splendens,
possess antioxidant activities. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. splendens possesses highest antioxidant
activity in-vitro.
The effect of temperature onthe micellization of an anionic surfactant in mix...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Agricultural and food chemistry sudeb mandal acsDr Sudeb Mandal
Photo-degradation of Hexythiazox in Different Solvent Systems under the Influence of Ultraviolet Light and Sunlight in the Presence of TiO2, H2O2, and KNO3 and Identification of the photo-metabolites
Redox Mediated Decolorization and Detoxification of Direct Blue 80 by Partial...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Textile industries are releasing a large number of toxic synthetic dyes into waste waters. Hence, the removal of such compounds from environment prior to their final disposal is necessary. In the present study, potential use of ginger (Zingiber officinale) peroxidase in decolorization and detoxification of direct blue 80 has been investigated. It was found that only 0.166 U/ml of ginger peroxidase was sufficient for maximum decolorization of dye (25 mg/L). H2O2 was required in low concentration (0.3 mM) in the presence of 0.6 mM 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. Direct blue 80 was also successfully removed in stirred batch process. It was observed that ginger peroxidase was highly stable over a wide range of pH and temperatures. Km and Vmax of the enzyme for direct blue 80 was found to be 27.8 mg/L and 2.09 mg/L/min, respectively. In UV-visible spectral analysis a sharp decline in peak was observed for the treated direct blue 80 which substantiates the breakdown of chromophore group of dye. Genotoxicity assessment by comet assay and chromosomal aberration test confirmed that the direct blue 80 was successfully detoxified by ginger peroxidase. Other direct and acid dyes were also treated either as a single or a mixture of different dyes and it was observed that these dyes were also decolorized significantly under similar experimental conditions. Our study suggests that this enzyme-redox mediator system constitutes a cost effective model which can decolorize the industrial textile effluents and also can reduce the toxic load of environment.
This document summarizes a study on using granular activated carbon to adsorb synthetic batik dye from wastewater in a continuous system. The study examined the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto activated carbon in fixed bed columns. Key findings include: (1) Activated carbon showed good potential for removing methylene blue from aqueous solutions, with up to 87.7% removal achieved; (2) Higher initial dye concentrations led to higher adsorption capacity; (3) Adsorption reached completion within 3 hours of contact time. The continuous adsorption process using activated carbon is presented as a potential wastewater treatment method.
This document describes a rapid method for isolating pure alpha-cellulose from small quantities of plant cell wall material. The method uses acetic acid and nitric acid to simultaneously delignify and remove non-cellulosic polysaccharides. Elemental analysis found the isolated pine wood cellulose had a carbon content of approximately 43.7%, indicating high purity and reproducibility. High-performance anion exchange chromatography and diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the cellulose purity was approximately 99%. The method isolates cellulose suitable for accurate carbon isotopic composition analysis in under 8 hours using only standard laboratory equipment and chemicals.
The endo-glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) was produced by Aspergillus terreus adopting solid state fermentation (SSF) using agro residues as main substrate. To recover the enzyme from the fermented mass, different extraction liquids were tried and 10% aqueous solution of glycerol was found to be superior. When the selected extractant was applied at different ratio to the fermented solid mass, maximum enzyme was recovered at 1:5 (w/v) ratio. The other process parameters (time, temperature and mixing speed) effects on the enzyme recovery were subsequently studied by response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Bhenken Design of experiment
2. GERF Bulletin of Biosciences 2011, 2(2):29-31 30
Reducing sugar quantification by DNS method
Table 2: Effect of wood saw dust (WSD) fungal enzyme
One gm of 3, 5 Dinitro salicylic acid (DNS) was mixed and chemical treatment for saccharification for bio-energy
with 20 ml of 2 N NaOH. Thirty gm of sodium potassium production
tartrate was added and volume was made up to 100 ml.
Enzymatic and Autoclaved Un-Autoclaved
Substrate (0.4 ml) was taken in a fresh tube and 0.1 ml of gm % (w/v) gm% (w/v)
Chemical treatment
enzyme was added into it, then 1 ml of 3, 5 DNS was mixed in Control 0.60±0.05 0.07±0.03
the solution and kept in boiling water bath for 10 min. The Aspergillus fumigatus 1.69±0.01 1.32±0.04
samples were with drawn and cooled under running tap water. NaOH (1N) 0.57±0.02 0.072±0.02
Ten ml of distilled water was added and reading was taken at H2SO4(1N) 5.52±0.05 1.1±0.02
546 nm (Jurcoane et al., 2009).The amount of reducing sugar HCl(1N) 4.67±0.08 0.86±0.01
was determination as per method described by Sadasivam
and Manickam (1996). Values are presented as mean + standard deviation (n=3)
Results and Discussion
2 .5 0 1 4 .0 0
Enzyme hydrolysis from several fungal strains was tested.
Hydrolysis of Enzyme (mg/ml)
2 .2 01 2 .0 0
Hydrolysis with acid (mg/ml)
2 .0 0 1 1 .0 0
It was found that the values of the reducing sugars obtained 1 0 .0 0
1 .7 2
from the WSD are shown in Table 1. T. viride produced 1 .5 0 8 .0 0
7 .0 0
enzymes showed lowest value (0.022±0.002 g/l) for 6 .0 0
5 .0 9
hydrolysis as well as a saccharification and maximum 1 .0 0 4 .0 7 4 .0 0
saccharification was observed (0.119±0.136 g/l) with A. wentii 0 .7 2
2 .0 0
generated microbial enzyme. 0 .5 0 1 .3 0
0 .2 5 0 .4 1
0 .02 0 .0 0
0 .1 3
Treatment with 1 N H2SO4 after A. fumigatus extracellular 0 .0 0 0 .03 0 .0 5 -2 .0 0
0 1 3 5 7 17 21
enzymatic hydrolysis showed higher value (0.99±0.001g/l).
Tim e Inter va l (hour)
It increases 24% more than enzymatic saccharification. Most
En zym e Su lfu ric a cid
lignocellulosic wastes, due to the presence of cellulose
crystallinity, the chemical attack on the cellulose is retarded Fig1: Effect of enzyme and sulfuric acid on hydrolysis of
(Mosier et al., 2002). Therefore, chemical pretreatment was wood saw at dust different time interval.
necessary to increase the susceptibility of lignocellulose for
hydrolysis reaction. Chemical treatment may accelerate the significant effect for saccharification in horticulture waste.
rate of reaction and the extent of cellulose hydrolysis Earlier (Nzelibe et al., 2007) also reported that sulfuric acid
(Najafpour et al., 2007). hydrolysis was better than alkaline hydrolysis. Perhaps WSD
waste might have high cellulose and hemicellulose contents
Table1: Effect of wood saw dust (WSD) fungal enzyme and low lignin content. Enzyme is placed beneath the network
and chemical treatment for saccharification. of lignin and hemicellulose components. Pretreatment or
hydrolysis with sulphuric acid might have removed and
Hydrolysis of wood saw dust Sugar gm% hydrolysed hemicellulose to their monomeric constituent
waste (WSD) and lignin hemicellulose cellulose interactions partially
Aspergillus fumigatus 0.024±0.001 disrupted. Compared to acid hydrolysis 11.0±0.75 g/l was
Rhizopus 0.026±0.005 found better than enzyme hydrolysis (2.20±0.08 g/l) in Fig.1.
Trichoderma viride 0.022±0.002 This showed acid hydrolysis significantly (P<0.01) enhanced
Aspergillus wenti 0.119±0.136 saccharification of saw dust waste. Increasing their
Aspergillus fumigatus+ HCl (1N) 0.990±0.001 concentration (1, 3 and 5 N) sulfuric acid lowered hydrolysis
Rhizopus+ HCl (1N) 0.893±0.001 (7.7±0.1 g/l) at unautoclaved condition but maximum
Trichoderma viride+ HCl (1N) 0.025±0.002 hydrolysis was found same concentration (1 N sulfuric acid)
Aspergillus wenti+ HCl (1N) 0.029±0.003 at autoclaved condition (23.4375±0.2 g/l) and 5 N sulfuric
Values are presented as mean + standard deviation (n=3) acid does not shows any significant result for hydrolysis
By comparison of enzyme and chemical hydrolysis, it was compared to low acid concentration (1N and 3 N). As clearly
found that autoclaved enzyme treatment followed by stated by the numbers, the sugar concentration was
sulphuric acid hydrolysis resulted in maximum saccharifica- increased with an increase in the acid concentration that
tion (5.52±0.05 g/l) in Table 2. It was approximate increase of was applicable to the acid, catalyzed the hydrolysis process.
5% than unautoclaved but sodium hydroxide showed no The catalyst activity was proportional to H+ concentration.
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3. 31 GERF Bulletin of Biosciences 2011, 2(2):29-31
The more hydrogen ions formed in the solution, the more hydrolysis of pretreated palm oil lignocellulosic
rapid the hydrolysis process occurred (Mosier et al., 2002). wastes. IJE Transactions. 20(2): 147-156.
Aonla pomace was used as strong hydrolyser because it 9. Nzelibe HC and Okafoagu CU (2007). Optimization
was acidic in pH (>2) which help saccharification of wood. of ethanol production from Garcinia kola (bitter
The WSD hydrolyzed with extracellular enzyme, dilute kola) pulp agrowaste. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 6(17):
sulfuric acid (1 N) and aonla pomace waste as hydrolyser 2033-2037.
produced sugars, 3.28, 23.11 and 2.61 g/l, respectively. It’s 10. Sadasivam S and Manickam A (1996). Biochemical
showed 11.29% hydrolysis compared to dilute sulfuric acid. Methods, New Age. International Publishers (P)
Ltd., New Delhi, India.
Conclusion 11. Vintila T, Dragomirescu M, Croitoriu V, Vintila C,
Barbu H and Sand C (2010 ). Saccharification of
This study revealed that WSD was hydrolyzed at 1.69 g/ lignocellulose using different cellulases. Romanian
l, using a A fumigatus extracted crude culture filtrate at pH Biotechnol. Lett. 15(4): 5498-5504.
5.0, 30 ºC in acetate buffer 50 mM, while when using 1 N
sulfuric acid at a temperature of 121ºC for 20 min, was 23.3 g/
l but in 5 N there was no significant effect. This study also
suggested that aonla pomace waste could be used as
hydrolyser.
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